UGC NET Paper 2 History Mock Test - 10 - UGC NET MCQ

Solution:

Music in the Mughal Period (1526-1856 CE):

• Indian classical music entered a rich and productive phase during this period.
• The emergence of new forms of music such as Ghazal and patronization to forms of Dhrupad by Mughal emperors led to the growth in the popularity of music. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Abul Fazl gave a summary of the theory of Indian music in his Aín-i-Akbari records the names of 36 masters of vocal and instrumental music employed by Akbar, Tansen being one of them.
• Dhrupad began to be the favoured musical composition, of which Nayak Bakhshu was the master.
• Mughal miniature paintings give evidence that music was used in Mughal courts. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• The emphasis of the Mughal court had shifted from Central Asian to Indian music. A Baburnama painting shows Babur celebrating Humayun’s birth in Kabul. In this, four men and three women are shown playing different instruments.
• Another painting in Padshahnama, a celebration of Shah Jahan’s birthday is portrayed in which men can be seen playing diverse instruments, and some men are shown singing.
• Khayal developed as a new form of music, originated by Amir Khusrau.
• Accordingly, option (c) is correct.

The correct answer is 1 and 3 only.​
Key-Points

• Bose met Hitler under the pseudo name, Orlando Mazzotta.
• With the help of Hitler, the ‘Freedom Army’ (Mukti Sena) was formed which consisted of all the prisoners of war of Indian origin captured by Germany and Italy.
• Dresden, Germany was made the office of the Freedom Army. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Bose came to be called ‘Netaji’ by the people of Germany. He gave the famous slogan, ‘Jai Hind’ from the Free India Centre, Germany. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Additional Information

Subhash Chandra Bose’s Role in Indian Independence Struggle

• His political guru was Chittaranjan Das.
• Bose was sent to prison in Mandalay for nationalist activities in 1925.
• He was released in 1927 and became the INC’s general secretary.
• He worked with Jawaharlal Nehru (Born on November 14 – 1889) and the two became the Congress Party’s young leaders gaining popularity among the people.
• He advocated complete Swaraj and was in favor of the use of force to gain it.
• He had differences with Gandhi and he wasn’t keen on non-violence as a tool for independence.
• Bose stood for and was elected the party’s president in 1939 but was forced to resign due to differences with Gandhi’s supporters.
• Bose’s ideology tilted towards socialism and leftist authoritarianism. He formed the All India Forward Bloc in 1939 as a faction within Congress. At the start of the Second World War, Bose protested against the government for not consulting Indians before dragging them into the war.
• He was arrested when he organized protests in Calcutta for the removal of the monument memorializing the Black Hole of Calcutta. He was released after a few days but was kept under surveillance. He then made his escape from the country in 1941 to Germany via Afghanistan and the Soviet Union.
• He had previously traveled to Europe and met with Indian students and European political leaders. In Germany, he met with the Nazi leaders and hoped to stage an armed struggle against the British to gain independence.
• He hoped to befriend the Axis powers since they were against his ‘enemy’, the British.
• He founded the Indian Legion out of about 4500 Indian soldiers who were in the British army and had been taken prisoners by the Germans from North Africa.
• In 1943, he left Germany for Japan disillusioned with the lukewarm German support for Azad Hind.
• Bose’s arrival in Japan revived the Indian National Army (Azad Hind Fauj) which had been formed earlier with Japanese help.
• Azad Hind or the Provisional Government of Free India was established as a government-in-exile with Bose as the head. Its headquarters was in Singapore. The INA was its military.
• Bose motivated the troops with his fiery speeches. His famous quote is, “Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom!”
• The INA supported the Japanese army in its invasion of northeast India and also took control of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. However, they were forced to retreat by the British forces following the Battles of Kohima and Imphal in 1944.

The correct answer is 2 and 3 only

Key Points

• It was on 12 August 1765, the Mughal emperor appointed the East India Company as the Diwan of Bengal and apart from Bihar and Orissa. The Treaty of Allahabad was signed on 12 August 1765, in between the Mughal Emperor and Robert Clive, of the East India Company after the Battle of Buxar. Therefore Statement 1 is not true
• The Great Bengal Famine of 1770: A disastrous famine affected the lower Gangetic Plains of India including the regions of Bengal and Bihar between 1769 and 1773 where 1/3rd of the population perished. Therefore Statement 2 is true.
• After two decades of debates, Charles Cornwallis, who was the Governor-General at the time, introduced the Permanent Settlement in 1793. According to the Permanent Settlement, the rajas and taluqdars were recognized as Zamindars. Hence Statement 3 is also true.

All the given statements about the characteristics of the Christian view of history are correct.

Important Points

• The important characteristics of Christian historiography are:
  • Universal History: Christian historiographers composed universal history. They portrayed the history of the universe from the genesis to the last judgement. It was the Biblical version of history.
  • Chronological Organisation of History: Christian historiographers brought the chronological organisation of historical events. All the events were brought within a single chronological framework. The events were arranged in chronological sequence.
  • Periodisation in History: Christian historiographers brought periodisation into history. They divided the historic period into two parts with Christ as the centre. The various events are dated backwards and forward from the birth of Christ. They also divided history into two – the period of light and the period of darkness and further subdivided it into several periods.
  • Established a relationship between the Church and the State: Christian historiography brought the first effort to establish a relationship between the church and the state. Through his work City of God, St. Augustine represented the church and the state as the two intermingled cities. This shaped the attitude of the church towards the state and politics.
  • The Providential Philosophy of History: Christian historiography attributed the historical development to the will of God. This idea of providence constituted the Christian historical approach and shaped the course of Christian historical thought.
  • The idea of the Conflict of Two: Christian historiography brought out the idea that the conflict of two is the moving force behind the course of history. St. Augustine argued that the task of the historical study is to trace the step by step development of the conflict between the church and the state.

  • Apocalypticism: Apocalypticism is the religious belief that the end of the world is imminent, even within one's own lifetime. This belief is usually accompanied by the idea that civilization will soon come to a tumultuous end due to some sort of catastrophic global event. So, the Christian view is that the history is apocalyptic.

Based on the above discussion, we can conclude that all the given statements about the characteristics of the Christian view of history are correct.

Indo-Saracenic Architecture

• The term Saracenic was used to refer to the Roman people that lived in the desert areas of Arabia. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• It is an amalgamation of elements of Mughal architecture with the Victorian Gothic style. It is also known as Indo-Gothic, or Neo-Mughal style.
• British governmental and public buildings drew inspiration from local architetural traditions and also Gothic features (pointed arch, ornate decoration and grandeur).
• Chepaul Palace in Chennai built for the Nawab of Arcot was the first Indo-Saracenic building India. Other examples include the Mysore Palace (Karnataka), Victoria Memorial (Kolkata), Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (Mumbai).

Pietra Dura

• The term has been derive from Italian, and it means ‘’hard stones’’.
• The technique was developed in ancient Rome and was known as opus sectile, and reached its full maturity in Florence, Italy. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect, as the technique did not develop from French architecture.
• It involves cutting and fitting of highly polished coloured precious or semi-precious stones to create images. The stones are glued one by one to the surface which has been cut and sliced in the shape of the stone. The stones fit interlock in the frame like a jigsaw puzzle, creating beautiful patterns.
• After this, the stones are heated to get the desired shaded coloured effect.
• Finally, the stones and edges are polished for a lasting shine.
• From Florence, the art was diffused all over the world, including the Mughal court in India. Here, the art developed with the name Parchin Kari or inlay work.
• It started to be used extensively from Jahangir’s reign. The Taj Mahal is a fine example of art in India

The correct matching of the ruler with the related inscription is: (a) - i, (b) - ii, (c) - iii, (d) - iv

Key Points

• Dharmapal:
  • ​Dharmapala (770–810 CE) was the second emperor of the Pala Empire of Bengal and Bihar.
  • He renovated the Nalanda university, built the Vikramasila university and Somapura Mahavihara, all of them were Buddhist academic centres.
  • The copper plate inscription of Dharmapal found in Khalimpur village of West Bengal gives an account of Dharmapal's great power and influence.
• Devpal:
  • Devapala was a great ruler who ruled the Pala Empire of Bengal in the Indian Subcontinent from 810 to 850 CE.
  • He succeeded his father, Dharamapala (ruled 770–810 CE), as the third king of the dynasty.
  • Earlier historians considered Devapala as a nephew of Dharmapala, but the discovery of the Munger (Monghyr) copper inscription changed this view.
  • This particular inscription clearly describes Devapala as the son of Dharmapala.
• Narayanpal:
  • ​Narayanapala was the seventh emperor of the Pala dynasty.
  • The Bhagalpur copper-plate grant dated in his 17th regnal year provide information about his reign.
• Mahipal-I:
  • ​Mahipala was the 9th Pala king and his reign continued for 50 years.
  • He was successful in restoring the older glory of the Pala dynasty and gave it a new lease of life.
  • He was the son of Vigrahapala II and succeeded him to the throne.
  • After assuming the throne, he immediately began the process of restoring Bengal to its former glory.

  • According to the Sarnath inscription, he gave orders for the construction of sacred structures throughout Bihar.

Therefore, the correct matching of the ruler with the related inscription is:

The correct code is (i) (ii), (iii) and (iv).Key Points

• Throughout his edicts, Emperor Asoka is commonly referred to as 'Devanampiya' and 'Piyadasi.'
• However, there are a few exceptions where these titles are not used.
• These exceptions are found in the edicts located in Maski, Gujarra, Nittur, and Udegolam.
• In these specific edicts, Emperor Asoka does not refer to himself as 'Devanampiya' and 'Piyadasi.'
• The reasons behind this variation are not explicitly mentioned in historical records.
• It is possible that Asoka chose to use different titles or variations of his name in these locations for local or contextual reasons.

• Overall, the titles 'Devanampiya' and 'Piyadasi' are the most commonly used by Emperor Asoka in his edicts, but the exceptions in Maski, Gujarra, Nittur, and Udegolam demonstrate some variation in the way he referred to himself in those specific locations.

Hence we conclude that the correct code is (i) (ii), (iii) and (iv).

The correct answer is Asokan Rock Edict IV.Key Points

• According to the passage, Aśoka succeeded to the throne of Pātaliputra by winning a fratricidal war.
• However, Asokan Rock Edict IV contradicts this tradition.
• Asokan Rock Edict IV, as mentioned in the passage, reveals that Aśoka regretted the violence and bloodshed caused by the Kalinga war.
• He expressed remorse for the suffering endured by people as a result of the war, emphasizing the plight of pious men and women who experienced personal violence, death, or separation from their loved ones.
• In the edict, Aśoka renounced war as a means of governance and proclaimed his commitment to conquest through Dharma, which refers to the pursuit of righteous actions and moral principles.
• He established a network of missions to spread the teachings of Dharma and declared that all men were his children.
• Aśoka's primary objective was to alleviate the suffering of all creatures, bring happiness to people in this life, and enable them to attain heaven in the next.

• As Asokan Rock Edict IV contradicts the notion of a fratricidal war and presents Aśoka as a remorseful emperor who renounced violence, it provides evidence that challenges the traditional account of Aśoka's rise to power through fratricide.

Hence we conclude that the correct answer is Asokan Rock Edict IV.

The correct answer is Minor Rock Edict I.Key Points

• Minor Rock Edict I, also known as the Kalinga Minor Rock Edict, is one of the rock edicts issued by Asoka.
• In this particular edict, Asoka expresses his concern and compassion for all people within his empire.
• He declares that all his subjects, regardless of their social status, are like his own children to him.
• By stating that all people were his children, Asoka conveys a sense of paternal responsibility and care for his subjects.

• This declaration emphasizes his intention to rule with benevolence and provide for the welfare of his people.

​So the correct answer is Minor Rock Edict I.

The correct answer is A Forgotten Empire.

Key Points

• A Forgotten Empire Vijayanagar: A Contribution to the History of India by Robert Sewell is arguably the first serious attempt to narrate the history of this fallen empire in a systematic way. Hence, option 2 is the correct answer.
• In his book, Sewell puts into perspective the political background of south India that eventually led to the founding of Vijayanagara.
• Further, he narrates the rise of the kingdom that systematically expanded to the whole of south India.

Additional Information

• In 1336, the Vijayanagar kingdom was established by Harihara and Bukka, who were two brothers and served in the army of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq.
• Between 1336 and 1565, Vijayanagar was ruled by three different dynastiesSangama, who remained in power till 1485; the Saluva who remained in power till 1503 and the Tuluvas.
• The last dynasty was the Aravidu dynasty which ruled till the seventeenth century.
• One of the most important rulers of the Vijayanagar states was Krishnadevaraya, the founder of the Tuluva dynasty.
• He completely shattered the Adil Shahi forces of Bijapur first and attacked Gulbarga and set free three Bahamani princes who were imprisoned there.
• Krishnadevaraya built some fine stone temples and added impressive gopurams or gateways to many important South Indian temples.
• After Krishna Deva Raya, his brother Achyuta Deva Raya ascended the throne in 1530 AD.
• The struggle for power was mainly between Saluva Vira Narasimha and Aravidu Rama Raya, in which the latter emerged victorious.
• Rama Raya did not assume the throne, yet he placed Sada Siva Raya on the throne and ruled as the defacto ruler.
• The Deccan states formed a confederacy and inflicted a crushing blow on the Vijayanagar armies in the battle of Talikota.

• The Hindu Code Bills which came into existence in 1956 are actually a collection of 4 laws. The first amongst the four laws ‘The Hindu marriage act of 1955’ was introduced to codify the laws of marriage amongst all Hindu castes and sects in addition to Sikhs, Buddhists and Jains. This law brought uniformity of laws for all Hindus and also introduced separation and divorce which was non-existent in earlier Sastrik law.
• The second of the acts of the Hindu code was the Hindu succession act of 1956. This law codified the succession of the estate via inheritance amongst all sections of Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists and Jains. This law gave equal rights for an inheritance to men and women. It also gave absolute authority to a woman over any property possessed by a female belonging to the above-mentioned communities.
• The third statue introduced as part of the Hindu code was the ‘Hindu minority and Guardianship act, 1956’.This law defines guardianship relationships between adults and minors and also between people of all ages. This law is also applicable to all sections of Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists and Jains. As per this law, the father is the primary guardian and the mother is the secondary guardian for a legitimate boy and a legitimate unmarried girl and their property. The mother is the primary guardian for a boy or girl less than 5 years old and the father is the secondary guardian.
• The last law of the Hindu code passed by the parliament was the ‘Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956’. This law defined the legal process to adopt children by an adult and also defined the legal obligations for an adult to provide maintenance for various family members. This law was also applicable to all sections of Hindus along with Sikhs, Buddhists and Jains.
• These laws were met with fierce opposition from conservative sections of Indian society including from conservative Congress politicians. However, it received overwhelming support from Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and the law minister B.R. Ambedkar which led to the laws being passed in 1956 despite them being introduced in the Indian parliament post-independence for the first time in 1951. Thus while both the statements are correct. R is not the correct explanation of A.

The correct answer is Only 3

Important Points

• Akbar appointed Amil or Karoris in the year of 1574. Hence, pair 1 is correctly matched.
  • The most important revenue collector was the amil or amalguzar.
  • His primary duty was to assess and supervise the revenue collection through other subordinate officials.
  • A good amil was supposed increase the land tinder cultivation and induce the peasants to pay revenue willingly without coercion.
• Akbar brought the territory of Hindustan (from Lahore to Allahabad) under Khalisa in 1576. Hence, pair 2 is also correct matched.
• Akbar tried to standardize the schedule (dastur), in 1578, instead of fixing the rai at each harvest and the task was assigned to Raja Todar Mal. Hence, pair 3 is not correctly matched.
  • To prepare a dastur an average yield of last ten years( 15th regnal year to 24th regnal year of Akbar's reign ) were taken and an average of prevalent prices of the same ten years were calculated.

  • By commuting these average prices with average yield a standard final dastur(cash revenue rate per bigha) were worked out and thus the revenue demand was assessed and cash revenue demand per unit of area for each crop was fixed.

Thus, option 3 is the correct answer.

The East India Company had secured valuable privileges in 1717 under the royal farman by the Mughal Emperor, which had granted the Company the freedom to export and import their goods in Bengal without paying taxes and the right to issue passes or dastaks for the movement of such goods. The company servants were also permitted to trade but were not covered by this farman. They were required to pay the same taxes as the Indian merchants. This farman was a source of perpetual source of conflict between the Company and the Nawabs of Bengal.

Three different schools of Art represent Buddhism to a large extent. Mathura school of Buddhist art was developed by the Sunga dynasty. It comprises of images of Buddha in sitting postures, in deep meditation with Gyan Chakra (Wisdom Wheel) behind his head. Gandhara school of Art was developed by Kushan dynasty. It is representative of the influence of Greek and Roman traditions. Buddha is shown with thick curly hair, drapes, greek-like, masculine physique modeled on Apollo, always in standing posture and preaching like a teacher. Amravati School was developed by the Satvahana dynasty. It is the most decorative form. The at is depicted on white limestone slabs where the theme of Buddha’s life is engraved in all kinds of postures.

Amidst all the controversies, British were more successful in the introduction of modern education.

1) A humble beginning was made in Charter Act of 1813, which incorporated the principle of encouraging learned Indians and promoting the knowledge of modern sciences in the country. The Act directed the Company to spend the sum of one lakh of rupees for the purpose.

2) English Education Act 1835 decided to devote the limited resources it was willing to spare to the teaching of Western Sciences and literature through the medium of English alone

3) The Wood’s Dispatch of 1854 was another important step in the development of education in India. The dispatch asked the government of India to assume responsibility for the education of the masses. It thus repudiated the ‘downward filtration’ theory, at least on paper. In practice, the government did little to spread education and spent very little on it.

The general weakness of chalcolithic cultures is evident from the burial of a large number of children in western Maharashtra. In spite of the food-producing economy, the rate of infant mortality was very high. It might be attributed to the lack of nutrition, absence of medical knowledge or outbreak of epidemics.

• Historical Materialism, a core concept in Marxist philosophy, emphasizes the economic system (mode of production) as the foundation for understanding social change throughout history.

• The mode of production refers to how a society produces goods and services. It includes the following:

1. Forces of Production: This refers to the technology, tools, and human labor used in production.

2. Relations of Production: This refers to the social relationships people have during production, such as the relationship between owners and workers.

• Historical Materialism suggests that the forces of production constantly develop, leading to contradictions with the existing relations of production. This creates tension and eventually a revolution, leading to a new mode of production and a new social order. For example, the rise of machinery in capitalism created a class conflict between factory owners (bourgeoisie) and workers (proletariat).
• Historical Materialism offers a powerful tool for analyzing social change and class struggle. However, critics argue it overemphasizes economics and downplays the role of ideas, culture, and individual agency in history.

Additional Information

• Great leaders and historical figures: While influential, these figures are seen by Marxists as products of their time and the underlying economic conditions. They may act as catalysts for change, but the underlying cause lies in the economic base.
• Ideas, philosophies, and religions: Marx acknowledged the importance of ideas, but argued they are shaped by the material conditions of society. Religion, for instance, might be used to justify an existing class structure.
• Natural disasters and environmental upheavals: These can certainly impact societies, but Historical Materialism focuses on long-term, systemic change driven by economic factors.

The correct answer is Fernao Nuniz.

Key Points

• He was a Portuguese traveler, chronicler, and horse trader who visited India during the reign of Achyutaraya.
• He gave a detailed account of the history of Vijaynagar.
• He gave the history of the foundation of the city, the subsequent careers of three dynasties of rulers.

Important Points

• List of important Foreign Travellers visited the Vijayanagar Kingdom:

The correct answer is option 1.

Key Points

Local Leader during Revolt of 1857

• Shah Mal lived in a large village in pargana Barout in Uttar Pradesh. Hence, pair 1 is correct.
  • Shah Mal mobilised the headmen and cultivators of chaurasee des, moving at night from village to village, urging people to rebel against the British.
  • As in many other places, the revolt against the British turned into a general rebellion against all signs of oppression and injustice.
  • Shah Mal’s men attacked government buildings, destroyed the bridge over the river, and dug up metalled roads – partly to prevent government forces from coming into the area, and partly because bridges and roads were seen as symbols of British rule.
  • Locally acknowledged as the Raja, Shah Mal took over the bungalow of an English officer, and turned it into a “hall of justice”, settling disputes and dispensing judgments.
  • He also set up an amazingly effective network of intelligence. For a period the people of the area felt that firangi raj was over, and their raj had come.
  • Shah Mal was killed in battle in July 1857
• Maulvi Ahmadullah Shah was one of the many maulvis who played an important part in the revolt of 1857.
  • During the freedom struggle, Maulavi made Faizabad the centre and launched revolts in all of the Awadh region. Hence, pair 3 is incorrect.
  • He was seen moving from village to village preaching jehad (religious war) against the British and urging people to rebel. He moved in a palanquin, with drumbeaters in front and followers at the rear. He was therefore popularly called Danka Shah – the maulvi with the drum (danka).
  • British officials panicked as thousands began following the maulvi and many Muslims began seeing him as an inspired prophet.
  • When he reached Lucknow in 1856, he was stopped by the police from preaching in the city. Subsequently, in 1857, he was jailed in Faizabad.
  • When released, he was elected by the mutinous 22nd Native Infantry as their leader.
  • He fought in the famous Battle of Chinhat in which the British forces under Henry Lawrence were defeated. He came to be known for his courage and power.
• Gonoo, a tribal cultivator of Singhbhum in Chotanagpur, became a rebel leader of the Kol tribals of the region. Hence, pair 2 is incorrect.
  • He mobilized the natives in an anti-colonial struggle and although he declared himself to be a follower of Raja of Porahat with whom the Kols had traditional ties, the latter had no authority over the tribal leader and might have been compelled to support Gonoo in his plan of action.
  • Gonoo was an ordinary cultivator in Singhbhum but the events of 1857 made him a rebel leader.

The correct answer is Both I and II

Key Points:

• Tipu Sultan was the ruler of the Mysore Kingdom and he is known as the Tiger of Mysore.
• He reigned from 1782 to 1799.
• Tipu Sultan expanded the iron-cased Mysorean rockets and commissioned the military manual Fathul Mujahidin.
• The French commander-in-chief, Napoleon Bonaparte, sought an alliance with Tipu Sultan.

Additional Information:

• Hyder Ali fought the first Anglo-Mysore War in 1767-69 at the age of 17 and then Second Angle Mysore in 1780-84.
• Hyder Ali died during the Second Anglo-Mysore War and then Tipu Sultan led Mysore.
• He reformed the tax system and imposed tax directly on the peasant and collected through salaried agents in cash.
• Tipu Sultan deployed rockets against the advances of British forces and their allies during the Anglo-Mysore Wars, including the Siege of Seringapatam and the Battle of Pollilur.

The Rig Vedic society was a tribal society. The people lived a semi-nomadic life. Aryan tribes were called Janas. They were nomadic hinters and agriculture had no importance in their life.

The fifth king of the Adil Shahi dynasty is known as Jagadguru Badshah in Indian history. He tried to create cultural harmony between the Shias and the Sunnis, and between Hindus and Muslims through music.

He loved the art form, played musical instruments, sang and composed praises of Hindu deities Saraswati and Ganapati.

Big buildings distinguished both Harappa and Mohenjo-daro; the latter was extremely rich in structures. Their monuments symbolized the ability of the ruling class to mobilize labour and collect tax; the huge brick constructions also impressed common people with the prestige and influence of their rulers.

By the 7th century, Mahabalipuram was a port city of the South Indian dynasty of the Pallavas. 

Most monuments at Mahabalipuram are rock-cut and monolithic.

Panch Rathas (Five Chariots) - Each of the five monuments in the Panch Rathas complex resembles a chariot (Rathas), and each one is carved over a single, long stone (monolith) of granite which slopes in north-south direction with a slight incline. Though sometimes mistakenly referred to as temples, the structures were never consecrated because they were never completed due to the death of Narasimhavarman I.

Look closely at these Rathas reveals that there used to be a school of young sculptors as each Ratha had been carved in a different style.

A Hindu temple is called Panchayatana, when the main shrine is surrounded by four subsidiary shrines. The name is originated from the Sanskrit words ‘Pancha (five)’ and ‘Ayatana (containing)’. Generally, Hindu temples are built along a west-east axis. So, the four subsidiary shrines are at the north-east, south-east, south-west and north-west. The “Gupta Temple”, dedicated to god Vishnu, was first discovered by Captain Charles Strahan. It was given its name by the archaeologist, Cunnigham. Archaeologists have inferred that it is the earliest known Panchayatana temple in North India. It was subsequently renamed by Cunningham as Dashavatara Mandir or Dashavatara Temple (because the temple depicts ten incarnations of Vishnu), and also as Sagar Marh (the temple by the well).

Goswami Tulsidasji was one of the greatest saints of medieval India. He, through the Ramcharitmanas, immortalized his devotion to Lord Ram. He gave such an epic to people, which is perhaps the most popular epic of all times. It has even laid down the ideals for them to guide them through their lives. He spent all his life in promoting and preaching Ram-bhakti. Gitawali, Kavitawali and Vinay Patrika are composed by Tulsidas.

Duke Memorandum is associated with Sir William Duke, a member of the English Round Table Group and he had formulated a scheme which eventually became the basis of Joint Report of Montague and Chelmsford.

Hence, the correct option is B.

Both are correct statements

Kranti Diwas is observed on 9th August to remember the historic 'Quit India Movement' initiated by Mahatma Gandhi. Freedom fighters who are still alive are honoured by their respective states and concerned authorities at Rashtrapati Bhavan in Delhi.

Battle of Mandsaur took place in India between Marathas, commanded by Malharrao Holkar, and Jaisingh of Rajputs of Amber.

On February 1732, the Marathas completely surrounded Jai Singh with their enormous cavalry and started cutting of his supplies. The Jaipur Raja was forced to sue for peace, he offered the Marathas six lakhs, but Holkar refused and demanded more.

The name of the author of the book ” The first war of Indian Independence” is V. D. Savarkar. In this book, he termed the great revolt of 1857 as a “planned war of national independence”.