UGC NET Paper 2 Education Mock Test - 5 - UGC NET MCQ

The correct answer is 1 and 2 only.

Key Points

• Charvaka school of philosophy : 
  • It is also known as the Lokayata school of philosophy.
    • Hence statement 1 is correct.
  • The terms Lokayata and Charvaka have historically been used to denote the philosophical school of Indian Materialism. 
  • Literally, “Lokayata” means the philosophy of the people.
  • It is regarded as the most radical of the Indian philosophical systems. 
  • Brihaspati is believed to be the founder of this school.
  • It rejects the existence of otherworldly entities such as an immaterial soul or god and the after-life. 
    • Hence statement 2 is correct.
  • Its primary philosophical import comes by way of a scientific and naturalistic approach to metaphysics. 
  • Thus, it rejects ethical systems that are grounded in supernaturalistic cosmologies. 
  • It rejected the philosophy of the Upaniṣadic teachings as well as the ethical teachings of Buddhism and Jainism.
  • The followers of the Charvaka school believed only in the things that could be touched and be experienced by the human senses.

Important Points

• Schools of Indian philosophy - 
  • Orthodox schools - 
    • They recognize the authority of Vedas. 
    • It consists of the 6 classical schools - Sankhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshik, Purva Mimansa and Uttar Mimansa (Vedanta).
    • They accepted the theory of karma and rebirth, and the ideal of moksha is conceived as liberation from the cycle of births and deaths. 
  • Heterodox schools -
    • They don’t believe in the authority of Vedas. 
    • They questioned the existence of God.
    • The major Hetherodox schools are - Charvaka, Buddhists, Jain and Ajivikas. 
      • ​Hence statement 3 is incorrect.

 Statement 1: Each child has her/his own style of learning.

• Based on the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky, we believe that every child is unique and has his or her own temperament and learning style.
• The child brings this uniqueness into each new experience and takes an active role in the process of learning through their engagement in these experiences.

Hence, statement 1 is correct.

Statement 2: Auditory learner enjoys listening to stories.

• Auditory learning means that a student learns most effectively by listening.
• They would prefer listening to a lecture over reading a textbook or hearing the instructions for a project instead of figuring it out hands-on.
• They also enjoy listening to stories instead of reading them.

Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Statement 3: Children learn through discussions and debates in a group.

• Group discussion refers to a process where a group of people sits together to discuss a given topic.
• Contrary to the concept of debating, group discussions are friendlier in approach.
• In group discussions, no further deviation is made into the group formed.
• The group discusses a topic in a friendly manner and arrives at a conclusion derived upon considering all the points discussed therein.

Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Confusion PointsIt is not correct that children carry their experiences of religious practices from school to home. Religious practices may include rituals, sermons, commemoration, or veneration that supports the religious belief.

Therefore, statement 4 is incorrect and all other statements are correct.

Jean Piaget', a swiss psychologist, is famous for his work on child development. He made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized into four stages.​

Jean Piaget observed his children and their process of making sense of the world around them and developed a model of how the mind processes new information encountered.

Key Points

Formal operational stage: This stage starts from around eleven years and goes on till adulthood (adolescence 11-17 years. Remember, it was stated in the beginning that this stage is of the highest order in the development of thinking and that many people never reach this stage.

• This is the age when the child is in late elementary classes. In this phase as the name suggests children can engage in operational thinking. That is, they gradually become capable of abstract thinking. That is, their thought is no longer tied only to concrete things; they can think and engage with symbols (like numbers).
• This is the stage where children start hypothetic deductive reasoning and propositional thought.
• It is important to note that mathematics and grammar are subjects that demand higher abstract thinking as the student has to work with symbols and with ideas that may not be visible in concrete reality.
• It is only in this stage that children’s capacity to think mathematically emerges.

Thus from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that according to Piaget, formal operational is a stage of cognitive development that begins in adolescence.

Important Point

Many writers have argued that education is one of the causes of social change in society, but another school of thought is of the opinion, that educational change tends to follow other social changes, rather than initiate them.

• Ottaway said that "education follows social change" as he observed that education is the process of preparing people to fit into this complex social structure and to play particular social roles as members of more than one institutional group.
• society is the whole range of social relationships of people living in a certain geographical territory and in every society, whether developing or developed there is an education system.
• children are potentially the society of the future, which still belongs to the non-social community, and education in this respect can be regarded as a socialization of the young.

Hence, it could be concluded that Ottaway said that "education follows social change".

Creativity

Creativity is the interaction between the learning environment, both physical and social, the attitudes and attributes of both teachers and students, and a clear problem-solving process which produces a perceptible product. 

Key Points

•  Creativity is a cognitive ability to produce something original by offering a fresh perspective.
• It is related to divergent thinking which refers to a way of solving problems by more than one approach.
• Guilford considered creative thinking, which consists of four elements such as Fluency, Flexibility, Originality, and Elaboration. Let's understand in brief:-

Fluency

• Shows an ability to produce a number of figural.
• It refers to how rapidly the person comes up with ideas.

Flexibility

• It refers to the ability to produce a large variety of ideas such as thinking of varied uses of a particular object.
• For ex- list the different ways of using a rope or a news paper.

Originality

• The numbers of statistically infrequent ideas; shows an ability to produce uncommon or unique responses.
• It is the ability to produce ideas that are unusual, statistically infrequent, and not obvious.

Elaboration/Problem identification

• The number of added ideas; demonstrates the subject's ability to develop and elaborate ideas.
• For ex- what would happen if no sleep is required?

Thus, option 1 is correct.

Hence, we can conclude that Guilford proposed that fluency, flexibility, originality, and problem identification are the key elements of Creativity.

A teacher-centered approach is one where activities in the classroom are controlled by the teacher. In teacher-centered education, students put all of their focus on the teacher. The teacher leads the activity in the classroom and provides necessary information. Key Points

• It focuses on the discipline of students.
• Emphasis is given to the right answer by students.
• The teacher gives instructions while students only listen to teachers not give any responses.
• Courses prescribed for a class can be completed in a time because all activities are controlled by the teacher.
• Power is primarily with teachers.
• Acquisition of knowledge is focused.

Important Points

• Reading ability may not develop in a teacher-centered curriculum because the classroom is in control of the teacher so it depends upon the teacher that he wants to increase student's abilities or not.

Hence, we can say about a teacher-centered approach that it focuses on that a course to be completed in a fixed time and students should be disciplined.

The "triangle of evaluation" in education often refers to a model where the three key components are learning experience, teaching effectiveness, and assessment outcomes. In this context, the learning experience is a major part of the evaluation.

Key Points

Learning experience refers to the interactions, practices, resources, and tasks through which students learn.

• It encompasses the quality of instruction they receive, the classroom dynamics, the materials they engage with, the modes of instruction (group work, independent study, lecture, discussion, etc.), the application of learning in real-world contexts, and their overall engagement and motivation.
• An effective learning experience is student-centered, fosters active learning, and cultivates critical thinking and problem-solving learning experience significantly impacts students' knowledge acquisition, skill development, and attitudes towards learning.
• Evaluating the learning experience helps educators determine what strategies are working well, what needs improvement, and how to best facilitate student learning.

Hence, we can conclude that option 4 is the correct answer.

The Correct Answer is 2009.

• The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act or Right to Education Act is an Act that was enacted on 4 August 2009.

 Key Points

• The RTE Act, 2009 guarantees the right to free and compulsory elementary education for children between the ages of six and 14 years in a neighborhood school.
• The provision of free and compulsory education to children was added by the Constitution (Eighty-Sixth Amendment) Act, 2002.

Research is a systematic inquiry towards understanding a complex social phenomenon or a process. Based on the research problem, the selection of research methods by the researcher may vary.

Ex-post facto method:

• Ex-post facto research is a kind of research in which the researcher predicts the possible causes behind an effect that has already occurred.
• The conclusions regarding the relationship between the variables are inferred without intervening or varying the independent or dependent variable.
• The independent variable is explored and cannot be manipulated in ex-post facto research.
• For example, if a child is delinquent (that is, one who indulges in criminal activities), then in order to find the basic reason behind such delinquency, the researcher would try to find out the various events that have occurred and the many possibilities that could have contributed to the concerned delinquent behaviour. The expected possibilities can be a lack of discipline at school/ family history/ peer effect/neighbourhood or socialization.
• It is an interesting point to note that, the researcher predicts a cause on the basis of a controlled effect (since no variation can be done on the effect which has already taken place on the basis of the independent variable or the cause).
• Thus, ex-post-facto research can be defined as an empirically based investigation that does not involve the researchers’ direct control over the independent variables because they have already led to effects that can no more be manipulated.

Thus, when the independent variable is explored rather than manipulated, to observe the effect on the dependent variable, the method of research is called the Ex-Post Facto Method.

Additional Information

Key Points 
The behavioristic model of teacher education:

• The behavioristic model of teacher education is a model of teacher training based on behaviourism principles. This psychological theory emphasizes observable behaviours and the role of reinforcement in learning.
• According to the behavioristic model of teacher education, teachers can be trained to modify their behaviour through specific techniques and strategies. This model emphasizes the importance of developing specific skills and behaviours necessary for effective teachings, such as classroom management, lesson planning, instructional delivery, and assessment.
• The behavioristic model of teacher education strongly emphasises practice and feedback in skill development. Teachers are encouraged to engage in repeated practice and to receive feedback from peers and mentors to refine their skills and improve their teaching effectiveness.
• The behavioristic model of teacher education is often contrasted with more humanistic models of teacher training, which emphasize the importance of individualized and self-directed learning and the development of values and attitudes as well as skills and behaviours. While the behavioristic model is criticized for overly focused on observable behaviours and neglecting the importance of values and attitudes in teaching, it is still widely used in many teacher education programs today.

Therefore it is clear that In the behaviouristic model of teacher education, more stress is given on. Skill development.

Hence the correct matching is (a) - (1), (b) - (4), (c) - (6), (d) - (2).

a) Thesis/ Dissertation :

• A detailed document presenting the author's research and findings on a particular topic of choice, submitted at the end of an academic degree.
• A dissertation leads up to degrees such as MSc/MPhil etc and a thesis leads to a doctoral degree.
• In the dissertation, already collected information is used to prepare it whereas, in the thesis, a researcher has to conduct research by himself.
• The structure or format of a dissertation or thesis writing is prescribed by the university to the students.

b) Research Paper :

• A research paper is a common form of academic writing.
• It is a summary of the research that has been done in a systematic manner.
• It may also refer to a scholarly article that contains the results of original research.
• While writing research paper proper structure is followed :

c) Workshops :

• An assembled group of people who share a common interest or problem
• Students meet together to improve or practice a skill under the watchful eye of an instructor.
• Participants work on a targeted issue or problem through intensive practice and discussion.

d) Seminar :

• Focuses on some particular subject in which everyone present is requested to actively participate. 
• It is a formal presentation conducted on regular basis, weekly or monthly.
• Usually, there are one or more speakers who are experts in their subjects.
• The motive behind is to familiarize students extensively with vital & practical aspects of their subject.

e) Brainstorming :

• A large or small group activity that encourages students to focus on a topic and contribute to the free flow of ideas.
• This encourages new ideas among students which wouldn't have been possible under normal conditions. 
• Students adjust their previous knowledge, accommodate new information, increase their level of awareness, and put aside social inhabitations.

Various committees and commissions were formed to recommend steps to improve women's education after Independent India. 

Key Points

Statement I: The Hansa Mehta committee made a recommendation that there is a need to make differentiation in the curriculum on the basis of sex.

• In 1962, the National Council on Women's Education created the Hansa Mehta Committee to recommend steps to improve women's education.
• Some major recommendations of the committee are the following: 
  • At the primary school level, no distinction should be made in the curricula for boys and girls
  • Simple needlework, cooking, music, and dance should be introduced in primary schools, both for boys and girls, to remove gender stereotyping from the tender minds of children and to instill new and healthy attitudes.
  • Home science should be included as part of the common core curriculum for boys and girls up to the eighth grade
  • After the middle stage of one to three years, courses should be divided to train boys and girls for distinct life vocations.

Thus, Statement I is incorrect 

Statement II: Bhaktavalsalan committee recommended that the government and public should both act jointly, realize their responsibilities, and proceed in a planned manner with regard to the education of girls in the future.

• It was established under the chairmanship of Mr. M. Bhaktavatsalam was established by the National Council for Women's Education to investigate the reasons for the lack of public support for girls' education, particularly in rural regions. 
• Some major recommendations of the committee for the improvement of girls' education:  
  • When it comes to girls' education, the government and the general public should work together and proceed in a systematic manner.
  • At the primary level, co-education should be popular.
  • The establishment of women's social education centers in rural areas.
  • Incentives like reservation of seats in training institutions for women, as well as appealing remuneration, housing quarters, and transportation costs, should be promoted to increase the participation of girls.

So, Statement II is correct. 

Therefore, Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

Key Points

• Rabindranath Tagore's educational philosophy emphasized nurturing students' creativity and individuality through experiential learning.
• He believed that education should be a liberating and transformative experience for students and that the traditional teaching methods and rote learning hindered students' ability to think freely and independently.
• Tagore's philosophy is still relevant today, inspiring many educational reforms prioritising experiential learning and creativity in the classroom.

The correct answer is Creativity, self-realization, and experiential learning

Key Points

• The UNESCO Prize for Peace Education was awarded to Visva-Bharati, the parent institution of Santiniketan, for promoting Tagore's educational philosophy of nurturing creativity, self-realization, and experiential learning.

Therefore Visbva Bharati University received the UNESCO Prize for Peace Education for promoting Tagore's educational philosophy.

1. Here are the six types of questions Socrates posed:
2. Clarifying concepts. 
3. Probing assumptions. 
4. Probing rationale, reasons and evidence. 
5. Questioning viewpoints and perspectives. 
6. Probing implications and consequences. 
7. Questioning the question.

Leadership is the art of motivating a group of people to act toward achieving a common goal. In a business setting, this can mean directing workers and colleagues with a strategy to meet the company's needs.

In Lecture Method method only the teacher talks the students are passive listeners and they do not take any active part.

The quality of test showing ease of time, cost, administration and interpretation is called Usability.

Interaction of nature and nurture is the following affects an individual's development at a given time.

​Instrumental learning is based on responses by the organism to determine whether learning occurs whereas classical condition is not contingent on the organisms’ response.

• Both instrumental learning and classical conditioning can vary in the length of time for associations and learning to occur based on schedules of reinforcement and rate of pairings.
• As we have seen, classical conditioning allows an animal to learn about the relationship between events in the environment and so anticipate what will happen next based on stimuli currently present.
• If there are grey clouds in the sky, then it will probably rain; if the light is presented, then the food may well follow.
• Instrumental learning is the process by which an animal learns about the relationship between its behavior and the consequences of that behavior. And it serves a complementary but equally important function in allowing the animal to control (at least partially) the occurrence of environmental events – in other words, to bring about a desired event or to avoid an aversive event by responding in a particular way.
• Instrumentally trained responses are not entirely elicited by identifiable stimuli. Instead, they are controlled by their consequences, becoming more likely when they produce a positive result and less likely when they lead to an aversive outcome.

Hence, we can conclude that all of the above statements apply to instrumental learning.

The triangle of evaluation in education refers to the three main perspectives involved in the evaluation process: students, teachers, and parents. Each perspective provides unique insights and feedback on the effectiveness of teaching and learning.

Key Points 

The triangle of evaluation in education consists of the following three components:

• Teachers' experiences: This includes the teacher's perspective on their teaching practices, the learning environment, and student progress.
• Parents' experiences: This includes the parents' perspective on their child's learning, the school environment, and their involvement in their child's education.
• Learning experiences: This includes the students' perspective on their learning, the teaching methods used, and the classroom environment.

Therefore, the triangle of evaluation in education is a comprehensive approach that considers the perspectives of teachers, parents, and students. 

Concept:

• Program Evaluation Review Technique -> is used as a project management planning tool used to calculate the amount of time it will take to realistically finish a project. PERT charts are used to plan tasks within a project and its expected completion time.
• PERT Event -> is the point at which one or more tasks are started or completed.
• PERT activity: The performing of a task, recorded by the time taken to do so and the resources required. 
• Critical Path -> Analysis and PERT are  mainly powerful tools that help you to schedule and manage complex projects.
• Slack time -> is defined as the amount of time a task can be delayed without causing another task to be delayed or impacting the completion date of the project. It usually happens whenever the flow becomes unbalanced.

Additional Information

Steps to create PERT  

1. Identify the specific activities and milestones
2. Determine the proper sequence of the activities
3. Construct a network diagram
4. Estimate the time required for each activity
5. Determine the critical path
6. Update the PERT chart as the project progresses

“Higher education provides people with an opportunity to reflect on the critical, social, economic, cultural, moral, and spiritual issues facing humanity. It contributes to national development through the dissemination of specialized knowledge and skill. Being at the apex of the educational pyramid, it has also a key role in producing teachers for the education system.”

The main objective of teaching at the higher education level is to develop reasoning and thinking abilities.

1. One of the most challenging skills to be taught at the higher educational level is critical thinking, providing students with enough tools not only to replicate information but to construct knowledge.
2. It requires lots of planning and feedback. 
3. Logical thinking is the act of analyzing a situation and coming up with a sensible solution.
4. Similar to critical thinking, logical thinking requires the use of reasoning skills to study a problem objectively, which allows making a rational conclusion about how to proceed.
5. Logical thinking and reasoning skills are important because they can help you reason through important decisions, solve problems, generate creative ideas, and set goals—all of which are necessary for developing your career. 

Thus, option 2 is the correct answer.

Note that to give information, to develop expression power, to develop study habits are objectives followed at earlier stages of education.

Consistency theories are characterized by the assumption that humans strive for a balanced state of → cognitions and behaviors. If a set of cognitions or of cognitions and behaviors are contradictory in some manner to the person experiencing them, a state of imbalance, i.e., “dissonance,” occurs.

A fundamental task in many statistical analyses is to characterize the location and variance of a data set. Skewness tells us about the direction of variation of the data set.

Definition:

Skewness is a measure of symmetry or more precisely the lack of symmetry. A distribution or data set is symmetric if it looks the same to the left and right of the center point.

A distribution is negatively skewed if the scores fall toward the higher side of the scale and there are very few low scores. It means the test was easy.

Student misbehavior can be referred to as the actions and inactions of students that distract the learning continuum in the classroom. Most often these behaviors are negative attitudes such as students' failure to participate in activities disrespect excessive sociability partial or negated participation etc.

Team teaching has the potential to develop the habit of supplementing the teaching of each other.