UGC NET Paper 2 Education Mock Test - 7 - UGC NET MCQ

Key PointsRegression line: Regression line is a line that depicts the linear relationship between two sets of variables. Since it displays the line that is closest to each data point overall, it is also known as a line of best fit.

Analysis of variance (ANOVA): When comparing the means of two or more groups, a statistical technique called analysis of variance, or ANOVA, is performed to see if there are any significant differences. It breaks down the observed variance within a data set into parts that can be attributed to various causes of variation.

Important Points

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA):

• An ANOVA's test statistic is represented by the letter F. F = variance resulting from treatment; variance resulting from chance is the formula for an ANOVA.
• When p .05., the ANOVA F value can be used to determine whether there is a significant difference between the values of the independent variable. Therefore, a higher F value denotes the significance of the treatment variables.
• Keep in mind that the ANOVA does not directly inform us which meanings differ from one another. We would need to do additional multiple comparisons (or post-hoc) tests to ascertain that.
• Post hoc tests are helpful for identifying which individual means are significantly different when you don't have any particular hypotheses that you want to test and the original F test shows that there are significant variations between group means.
• Like t-tests, post hoc tests compare every pair of means, but unlike t-tests, they adjust the significance estimate to take into account the numerous comparisons.

Thus, in regression line, analysis of variance (ANOVA) calculates the F-ratio.

Additional Information

• Z-score: Z-score is a metric that quantifies how closely a value relates to the mean of a set of values. The Z-score is calculated in terms of standard deviations from the mean.
• Chi-square: A statistical method for assessing the discrepancy between observed and expected data. This test can also be performed to see if our data's categorical variables are related to it.
• T-score: The test statistic used in t-tests and regression testing is the t-score. When the data follows a t-distribution, it can also be used to describe how far an observation is from the mean.

Key Points

• The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is a common framework for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, both now and in the future, 
• It was accepted in 2015 by all United Nations Member States and is set to achieve by 2030.
• This 2030 agenda consists of 17 major Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and sub-goals which are an urgent call to action for all nations—developed and developing—in a global partnership
• These 17 Goals stressed that combating poverty and other forms of deprivation requires policies that enhance health and education, lessen inequality, promote economic growth, combat climate change, and fight to safeguard our oceans and forests.
• SDG 04 "Quality Education" list quality education as the fundamental driver that can realize change, especially in developing States. One of the SDG 04 targets is to “substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers by 2030, to address the qualified teacher shortage and to ensure that learners have access to quality primary and secondary education”.

Additional Information 
Here is the list of 17 Sustainable Development Goals

1- No Poverty

2- Zero Hunger

3- Good Health and Well Being

4- Quality Education

5- Gender Equality

6- Clean Water and Sanitation

7- Affordable and Clean Energy

8- Decent work and Economic Growth

9- Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure

10- Reduced Inequalities

11- Sustainable Cities and Communities

12- Responsible Consumption and Production

13- Climate Action

14- Life Below Water

15- Life on Land

16- Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions

17- Partnerships for the Goals

Inclusive education support that irrespective of any background, caste, color, age, gender, or background of education or economy of children, include them to the mainstream of education with all types of individual differences in a single platform either in school or any education system is called inclusive education (inclusion in education).

Characteristics of a teacher according to inclusive education: 

• Consider and teach according to the individual difference.
• No segregation or discrimination (partiality) based on any weakness, background, ability, etc. is allowed. 
• Individualized instruction and teaching plans, Using resources and material according to the individualized needs of a child.
• Including methods and processes of teaching-learning which is child-centered. 
• Focus on continuous and remedial teaching which observes and evaluates a child on regular basis within the process of learning, not at the end of the process, like result-oriented tests or exams. 
• Equal education opportunity to all.
• The school adopts the need of all students. 
• The student’s view is listened to and taken seriously.
• Diversity and students are resources, but not a problem.
• Special needs children are also included in normal school children in the same classroom with an individualized instruction plan, material, or devices under inclusive education. 

​Key Points  

• A special needs child is a youth who has been determined to require special attention and specific necessities that other children do not.
• The state may declare this status to offer benefits and assistance for the child's well-being and growth.

​Hence, we may say that inclusive education does not support segregation, but allow all types of learners in a classroom. The role of the teacher has to respect the individual difference and use different teaching-learning materials according to the needs of children.

The Correct answer is ​Lectures, tours, and seminars.

Refer to these Lines;

• While lectures, tours, and seminars are traditional methods, programmed learning, teaching machines, audiovisual tools, and computer-assisted learning (CAL) are the recent advances. ​

Key Points

• The traditional methods of imparting user education mentioned in the passage are:
  • Lectures, tours, and seminars: These are conventional methods involving spoken presentations, guided tours, and interactive sessions to educate users about library services.
• Computer-Assisted Learning (CAL): CAL involves the use of computer technology to facilitate and enhance the learning process. Interactive software, simulations, and online resources provide users with opportunities for self-directed learning, instant feedback, and access to a wealth of information.

The Correct answer is Make the user self-reliant in locating, sorting, and repackaging information.

Refer to these Lines;

• User education is a comprehensive service and a process of making the user self-reliant in locating, sorting, and repacking information. 

Key Points

• User education as a service aims to empower users by providing them with the skills and knowledge to independently find, organize, and utilize information.
• It goes beyond traditional library services by offering strategies for effective searching, understanding databases, and utilizing various tools.
• The goal is to reduce dependence on others for information retrieval and enhance users' ability to navigate and make the most of available resources.
• This involves a variety of methods, from one-on-one instruction to the use of different media, aiming to cater to diverse learning preferences and needs.

• The acronym 'CLASS' stands for 'Computer Literacy and Studies in Schools'. It is an initiative by the Ministry of Education, Government of India, to promote computer literacy among school students.
• Under this initiative, schools across India are provided with computer labs and other necessary infrastructure to facilitate computer education. The program aims to equip students with essential computer skills and make them digitally literate, thereby bridging the digital divide in the country.
• Through this initiative, students are encouraged to develop an interest in technology and explore its potential in various fields. The program also focuses on promoting e-learning and providing access to digital resources and educational materials

Key Points

•  In Vedanta, Maya refers to the illusion of the material world created by our senses and mind, making us perceive the world as separate and different from the ultimate reality or Brahman.
• According to Vedanta, everything in this world is an expression of Brahman, which is the ultimate reality. As such, a Vedantic teacher will not hesitate to teach about this world. 
• The Vedantic teacher acknowledges that the material world is not ultimately real, but it is still a manifestation of Brahman, and as such, it is not ignored or avoided. Rather, the Vedantic teacher teaches that the material world and its experiences can be used to realize the ultimate reality.

Therefore it is clear that A Vedantic teacher will not hesitate to teach about this world because this world of Maya is also an expression of Brahma.

Naturalistic observation is a research method commonly used by psychologists and other social scientists. This technique involves observing involves studying the spontaneous behavior of participants in natural surroundings. The researcher simply records what they see in whatever way they can.

Generosity is the virtue of being liberal in giving, often as gifts. Generosity is regarded as a virtue by various world religions, and is often celebrated in cultural and religious ceremonies.

A hypothesis states a presumed relationship between two variables in a way that can be tested with empirical data. It may take the form of a cause-effect statement, or an "if x,...then y" statement. The cause is called the independent variable; and the effect is called the dependent variable.

Marx declared that philosophy must become reality. One could no longer be content with interpreting the world; one must be concerned with transforming it, which meant transforming both the world itself and human consciousness of it i. e. According to Marxism, the class struggle within capitalism will eventually lead to the proletariat overthrowing the bourgeoisie and establishing socialism. Socialism, in turn, will result in the gradual fading of social classes (as the means of production are made public property), which will lead to the final stage of human society-communisms. Reason, thought and consciousness the product of the human brain. This forms the basis for the Marxist foundation for communism. Communism cannot change into another system because class struggle – the mechanism that drives such changes-no longer exists.

A vertical organization structure is one that relies on managers to command and control their employees' work. A business owner is typically at the top of a vertical chain of command. There are advantages and disadvantages to a vertical structure.

Probably the commonest way to design an experiment in psychology is to divide the participants into 2 groups, the experimental group and the control group, and then introduce a change for the experimental group and not the control group.

Key Points

Swami Vivekananda:

• He was a philosopher and spiritual leader who believed that education was not just about acquiring knowledge, but about the manifestation of the perfection already present in human beings.
• He defined education as "divine perfection already existing in man".
• He believed that every individual has the potential to become perfect and that education is a means of realizing this potential.
• According to Vivekananda, education is not just a process of imparting information, but a process of self-realization. He believed that education should focus on developing a person's character, values, and inner qualities, in addition to imparting knowledge and skills.
• In his view, education should help individuals to understand their true nature, to cultivate their strengths, and to overcome their weaknesses.
• Vivekananda's philosophy of education was influenced by the teachings of Vedanta, which emphasize the oneness of all things and the infinite potential of the human spirit.
• He believed that education should be holistic, encompassing the physical, mental, and spiritual aspects of the individual. His ideas on education have had a significant impact on the development of education in India and around the world.

Hence the correct answer is Swami Vivekananda.

Key Points
Conflict theory:

• Conflict theory is a social theory that views society as a system in which various groups are in constant conflict over power, resources, and status. Conflict theory posits that society is composed of groups that have competing interests, and that social change is the result of struggles between these groups. Conflict theory is rooted in the works of Karl Marx, who developed the theory of economic determinism.
• According to Marx, social conflict arises from economic inequality and the struggle for control over the means of production. He believed that the economic system shapes all aspects of society, including culture, politics, and social relationships. Marx argued that the capitalist system is inherently exploitative, as the owners of the means of production (the bourgeoisie) use their power to extract surplus value from the labor of workers (the proletariat). Marx believed that the class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat would eventually lead to a revolution in which the workers would seize control of the means of production and establish a socialist society.
• In summary, conflict theory is also known as the theory of economic determinism because it emphasizes the role of economic factors in shaping society and views economic inequality as the root cause of social conflict.

Additional Information
Functionalist theory:

• Functionalist theory, also known as functionalism, is a social theory that views society as a system in which each part plays a role in maintaining the stability and functioning of the whole. Functionalist theory posits that each aspect of society serves a specific function, and that social change occurs through the gradual adaptation of institutions to new circumstances. Functionalist theory was developed by sociologists such as Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, and Robert Merton.

Behaviorist theory:

• Behaviorist theory, also known as behaviorism, is a psychological theory that emphasizes the role of environmental factors in shaping behavior. Behaviorist theory posits that behavior is learned through the reinforcement of specific stimuli and responses, and that behavior can be changed through the use of positive or negative reinforcement. Behaviorist theory was developed by psychologists such as Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner.

Theory of capitalism :

• Theory of capitalism refers to the economic system in which private individuals or corporations own and control the means of production, and in which the production and distribution of goods and services is based on the principles of supply and demand. Capitalism is characterized by the accumulation of wealth, the pursuit of profit, and the exploitation of labor. The theory of capitalism is not a social theory per se, but rather an economic theory that has been the subject of much social and political debate.

Hence it is clear that Conflict theory is also known as Theory of economic determinism.

Learner-centered education emphasizes active engagement and hands-on experiences for students.

Key Points

• The main principle of learner centered education is learning by doing.
• "Learning by doing" encourages students to participate actively in their own learning process, fostering critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and a deeper understanding of the subject matter.
• This approach shifts the focus from a teacher-centered model to one that revolves around the needs, interests, and active involvement of the learners.

Therefore, learning by doing is the correct solution.

Career advancement scheme:

• As per the definition given by the National Commission on Teachers, 1982, "it is important to have adequate and suitable opportunities for professional and career development.
• A career advancement scheme is mainly a system of promotion based on the suggested format.
• The guidelines are as follows
  • Non-discrimination
  • Reservation for SC/ST/OBC candidates
  • Merit/performance
  • Transparency 
  • Welfare
• It aims at providing vertical mobility, prevent stagnation of qualified faculty at the lower level,s and promote morale and commitment to the profession.
• Promotion criteria are mentioned as
  • Year of experience
  • API score
  • Assessment by the expert committee

API score:

• Academic Performance indicator
• It is a combined score of Teaching + cocurricular/professional activities + research
• The research includes parts like
  • No of research publication, 10 for professors and 5 for assistance professors
  • Books
  • Projects
  • Seminar or conference papers 
  • Research guidance

API score claim as per UGC regulation:

Leadership, a function of management refers to the act or art of motivating people in order to achieve a common goal. In a business context, it means directing subordinates, workers, or colleagues to meet the company's needs.

Key Points 

The managerial grid is a leadership style ideal developed by American management theoretician Robert R. Blake and theorist Jane Mouton in 1964

• Blake Mouton's Managerial Grid of Leadership is basically a behavioral leadership model where behavioral leadership theories are developed by scientifically reviewing the behaviors of leaders and their effects of them on the personnel and environment.
• From the view of ‘concern for people and ‘concern for production’ this managerial grid model indicates different types of leadership styles. With the effective and efficient implementation of this grid model, organizations’ managers can detect how they with respect to their concern for production and people.
• Blake and Mouton’s Managerial Grid Model was one of the most significant management models and it also provided the groundwork for even more complex contingency approaches to leadership.
• The importance of internal and external bounds, matter, and scenarios is ignored by the model.
• More aspects of leadership can be covered in the managerial grid.

Hence, we can conclude that the Managerial Grid theory of leadership explains the crucial relationship between productivity and concerns for employees.

The correct answer is 1, 2 and 3.​

Key Points

• Samagra Shiksha 
  • Samagra Shiksha is an integrated scheme for school education extending from pre-school to class XII to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education at all levels of school education. Hence statement 1 is correct.
  • It subsumes the three Schemes of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) and Teacher Education (TE). Hence statement 2 is correct.
  • The scheme treats school education holistically as a continuum from Pre-school to Class 12.
  • The main emphasis of the Scheme is on improving the quality of school education by focussing on the two T’s – Teacher and Technology.
• Vision:
  • The vision of the Scheme is to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education from pre-school to senior secondary stage in accordance with the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) for Education. Hence statement 3 is correct.
  • SDG-4.1: Aims to ensure that all boys and girls complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes.
  • SDG 4.5: Aims to eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education.
• The scheme mainly aims to support States in the implementation of the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009.
• Right to Education Act (RTE) is a fundamental right under Article 21-A of the Constitution of India.

Kothari Commission, also known as National Education Commission, 1964 was formed under the chairmanship of  Dr. D. S. Kothari with 17 other members on July 14, 1964.

It also gave suggestions on the standardization of education patterns in India. However, the scope of the Commission did not extend to medical and legal studies.

Key Points

• The Kothari Commission report entitled ‘Education and National Development’ was submitted on 29 June 1996. It was based on the idea that education is the most important pillar for national development. It was divided into four sub -parts. These are:
  • Part I: Focused on the General issues.
  • Part II: Studied the Stages of Education.
  • Part III: Provided Recommendations and programmes.
  • Part IV: Deals with additional papers.
• It was based on four main themes, which are as follows:
  • Increase of Productivity
  • Promoting National and social integration
  • Modernization and Education
  • Developing moral, social, and spiritual values

Hence, we conclude that Education Commission of India recognised the strengthening of social and national integration as one of the main goals of education?

Quantitative research relies on numerical data and statistical methods to analyze and draw conclusions. It emphasizes objectivity, uses predefined procedures and hypotheses, involves larger sample sizes, and typically maintains minimal interaction with participants.

Key Points Quantitative research is a methodological approach that relies on the collection and analysis of numerical data to understand and explain phenomena. Key characteristics of quantitative research include:

• Objectivity:
  • Quantitative research aims for objectivity and neutrality in the study.
  • Researchers seek to minimize personal biases and interpretations, focusing on measurable and observable aspects.
• Predefined Procedures and Hypotheses:
  • Before starting the study, researchers articulate clear hypotheses and establish predefined procedures.
  • The research design is structured, with a well-defined plan for data collection and analysis.
• Large Sample Sizes:
  • Quantitative research often involves larger sample sizes to ensure statistical reliability and generalizability of findings.
  • The goal is to obtain results that are representative of the broader population under study.
• Statistical Analysis:
  • Statistical methods play a crucial role in quantitative research to analyze data and draw conclusions.
  • Numerical data are subjected to statistical tests to identify patterns, relationships, and significance.
• Little Interaction with Participants:
  • Interaction with participants in quantitative research is typically minimal.
  • The focus is on collecting objective data, and researchers aim to avoid influencing participants' responses.

Important Points

• In the given question, the characteristic that does not align with quantitative research is Option 1: "Believes that due to different perspectives, the world has many meanings."
• This statement is more indicative of a qualitative research perspective, which acknowledges the subjectivity and multiple interpretations of reality.

Thus, it is concluded that the belief that due to different perspectives, the world has many meanings is not a characteristic of Quantitative research.

"There is only one happiness in this life, to love and be loved." "There is no more lovely, friendly, and charming relationship, communion, or company than a good marriage." "A flower cannot blossom without sunshine, and man cannot live without love." "When someone shows you who they are, believe them the first time."

The diversity of philosophical conclusions shows Strength.

The law forbidding dowry is ineffective because It cannot be easily enforced.

In the final analysis teaching must be thought of mainly as a process of directing the activities of Pupils.

A questionnaire is a data collection instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents.The questionnaire was invented by Sir Francis Galton.A questionnaire is a document designed with the purpose of seeking specific information from the respondents.Large samples covering large geographic areas compensate for the expected loss of subjects.A greater amount of data over a broad range of topics may be collected.

Steps required to design and administer a questionnaire

1. Defining the Objectives of the Study

2. Define the target respondents and methods to reach them.

3. Questionnaire Design

4. Pilot Testing

5. Questionnaire Administration

6. Results Interpretation

If we are doing experiments on a large group of samples Elimination and matching method of controlling will you adopt.

Empiricism stresses the fundamental role of experience and as a doctrine in epistemology it holds that all knowledge about the world is ultimately based on experience.
The term Empiricism is sometimes used to denote
A theory of reality which claims that only particular things are real
General notions are only abstract names to refer to many similar particulars.
It is the philosophy of knowledge by observation.
It holds that the best way to gain knowledge is to see hear touch or otherwise sense things directly.
It holds that this is the only kind of knowledge that really counts.
Precision
A measurement system is said to be precise if the observed values are in close proximity to each other.
It means extensive and detailed description including instrument validity and reliability.
Definition: The observed values must lie within a small distance from each other.
Precision is a function of the standard deviation of the data that has been observed. The less the standard deviation the more precise the measurement system is.
Characteristics:
Repeatability:Repeatability is the ability of a system to produce measurements that are in close proximity to each other when the same person measures it using the same equipment. Reproducibility
Reproducibility is the ability of the system to produce consistent measurements when different operators are using different equipment to measure it
Parsimonious explanation
The law of Parsimony advocates choosing the simplest scientific explanation that fits the evidence. It means reduce complex realities to simple explanation of phenomena
Characteristics:
Purpose - it aims to solve a problem by investigating it and providing actionable evidence.
Scientific rigor - the research methodology has to be designed so as to attempt to disprove the hypothesis in every way possible (experiments estimation post-estimation tests etc. ). If it cannot be disproved then can say with confidence that the evidence corroborates with the theoretical framework.
The hypothesis should be testable - you should be able to logically test whether your theory is empirically supported by data.
The findings should be applicable - that is the findings should be consistent across the board when the research is carried out multiple times in similar circumstances
Verification: Results can be confirmed or revised in subsequent research
According to Oxford: The process of establishing the truth accuracy or validity of something.

Heuristic Teaching method based on the assumption of Herbert Spencer stresses that the learner should be told as little as possible.