UGC NET Paper 2 Education Mock Test - 8 - UGC NET MCQ

Key Points

Jean Piaget:

• Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist and philosopher best known for his theory of cognitive development.
• He proposed that children's intellectual development progresses through stages characterized by distinct thinking patterns, perception, and problem-solving abilities.
• According to Piaget's theory, there are four main stages of cognitive development:
  • Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years): Infants learn about the world through their senses and motor actions and develop object permanence.
  • Preoperational stage (2 to 7 years): Children develop symbolic thought and language but are still limited by egocentrism, centration, and lack of conservation.
  • Concrete operational stage (7 to 11 years): Children develop the ability to perform mental operations and understand conservation but struggle with abstract or hypothetical thinking.
  • Formal operational stage (11 years and up): Adolescents and adults develop the ability to think abstractly, logically, and hypothetically.
• Piaget's theory of cognitive development has been influential in psychology, education, and child development.
• His ideas have led to new approaches to teaching and learning and the development of new methods of assessing cognitive abilities and understanding cognitive processes.

Hence it can be concluded that "Object Permanence" relates to the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development as propounded by Piaget.

Project method and child-centered curriculum

• The idea was thought to have originally been introduced in 1908 as a new method of teaching agriculture, but educator William H. Kilpatrick elaborated the concept and popularized it worldwide in his famous article, "The Project Method" 
• The project method is a medium of instruction that was introduced during the 18th century into the schools of architecture and engineering in Europe when graduating students had to apply the skills and knowledge they had learned in the course of their studies to problems they had to solve.
• The project method is one of the modern methods of teaching in which, the student's point of view is given importance in designing the curricula and content of studies.
• This method is based on the philosophy of Pragmatism and the principle of 'Learning by doing.
• The project method is a teacher-facilitated collaborative approach in which students acquire and apply knowledge and skills to define and solve realistic problems using a process of extended inquiry.
• Projects are student-centered, following standards, parameters, and milestones clearly identified by the instructor.
• William Heard Kilpatrick (1871–1965) popularized the project method and child-centered curriculum and proved most important to curriculum studies as an emblematic figure for progressive education curricula.
• Designed to develop the individual and social qualities of a student rather than provide generalized information or training by way of prescribed subject matter used of elementary or secondary education or schools.
• Child-centered education inspires kids to want to learn by giving them the steering wheel to their educational path.
• Individualized learning helps children become more independent.
• Students learn to direct their fascinations, ask questions, and work on their own as well as part of a group

Additional Information

Pedagogy of the oppressed

• Pedagogy of the Oppressed is a book written by Brazilian educator Paulo Freire, first written in Portuguese in 1968.
•  The book is considered one of the foundational texts of critical pedagogy and proposes a pedagogy with a new relationship between teacher, student, and society.
• Using Freire's methods, educators and participants (students) teach each other through respectful dialogue.
• All viewpoints are respected equally, and everyone learns at the same pace.
• This new method of education humanizes students and prepares them to fight for liberation from oppression.
• Pedagogy of the Oppressed is Freire's attempt to help the oppressed fight back to regain their lost humanity and achieve full humanization.
• Freire outlines steps with which the oppressed can regain their humanity, starting with acquiring knowledge about the concept of humanization itself.

The democratic approach in curriculum 

• ​A democratic approach to the curriculum, meaning creating a way for students to have some say in what is taught and how.
• Democratic approaches to the curriculum don't mean that anything goes in terms of content; rather, students have some say in the order of the lessons, how much time to spend on each lesson, and how they might demonstrate mastery of the content. 
• Democratic approaches to curriculum also don't mean the teacher has little said in the experience, only that student voices are honored and learners have an opportunity to express ideas about what they want to learn and when.

Analytical curriculum planning

• curriculum development and evaluation, with curriculum analysis tools for appraising a curriculum. 
• curriculum planning involves the interaction and relationships of the four essential phases of the curriculum development process:

1. Planning
2. Content and Methods
3. Implementation
4. Evaluation and Reporting.

• Talcott Parsons was a prominent American sociologist who was influential in the mid-20th century. He developed a structural-functional theory of society, which emphasized the importance of social order and stability.
• According to Parsons, social stratification was an essential component of this social order, as it provided the necessary motivation for individuals to work hard and achieve their goals.
• Parsons believed that social inequality was a natural and inevitable aspect of human society, and that it was based on merit rather than arbitrary factors such as race, ethnicity, or gender. He argued that individuals were rewarded based on their abilities and achievements, and that society needed a hierarchy of positions and rewards to ensure that the most capable people were in the most important positions.
• Parsons also believed that social mobility was possible, and that individuals could move up or down the social ladder based on their abilities and achievements. This was important, he argued, because it provided individuals with the opportunity to achieve their full potential and contribute to society in the most meaningful way.
• Overall, Parsons believed that social stratification was necessary for the smooth functioning of society, as it provided the necessary motivation for individuals to work hard and achieve their goals. While some may argue that his views were overly optimistic and did not take into account the many ways in which social stratification can be harmful and unjust, his ideas were influential in shaping the study of sociology in the mid-20th century.

Acknowledgement

• The research should add to the repertoire of knowledge and acknowledge the works of others that have been used in the research.
• In acknowledgment, the researcher should avoid exaggeration and flowery words.
• It is important to acknowledge the thesis guide, other professors, and the library staff.
• The researcher may also include the family, friends, bishop/superior, community where s/he live, etc. in the order that seems most appropriate for her/him. 
• Failure to acknowledge the source is called plagiarism. 

Key Points

Ethics

• The researcher should follow a code of ethics in research.
• Following ethics in work implies doing the work in the right way that it is done in a way acceptable to society.
• Acknowledge the works of others that have been used in the research is a part of ethics because by doing this the researcher's work is not plagiarised.

​​Superfluous act refers to any act which is not necessary or not at all required to be conducted.

Hence, acknowledgment is not a mere formality for the researcher, it is an act of being thankful to everyone who has helped him during his research. 

Human Resource Management (HRM) depends on policies and operations and systems that influence staff's behavior, attitude, and performance. Human resource management is a process that includes 4 tasks: attract, develop, motivate and retain human resources.

 Key PointsThe core purpose of human resource management in education is unique and very different from other organizations. In education, they are principals, their deputies, the head of the department, teachers, and so on.

Following are the theories of human resource management in school:-

• Principle of Participation:- The first human resource best practice is employment security. There is a social contract between the organization and its employees. The organization asks employees to work, commit to the organization, and offer their ideas. Employment security also benefits organizations because it helps them retain their people. It comes under the principle of participation.
• Scientific Selection Theory:- The second HR best practice is selective hiring. This enables an organization to bring in employees who add value. Bringing in the right people is, therefore, a key to building a competitive advantage.
• Proper Rewards Theory:- Contingent compensation is the human resource best practice. It has everything to do with compensation and benefits. It is considered under proper reward theory. 
• Extensive Training Theory:- This HR best practice states that companies should invest heavily in training time and budget for their employees.
• Reduction of Status Difference Theory:- Every employee is a valuable member of the organization and should be as such. It is expressed with common canteens, company uniforms, and similar sickness and holiday entitlement. 

• Communications Theory:- Information sharing is essential. Open communication about strategy, financials, and operations creates a culture in which people feel they are trusted.

Thus, it infers that all the given options are the theories of human resource management in school.

Pragmatism, as promoted by Dewey, emphasizes the practical consequences of ideas and the experiential aspects of learning.

Key Points

• In the field of philosophy of education, John Dewey is widely recognized as the father of pragmatism.
• Dewey's influential contributions to educational theory align with pragmatic principles, emphasizing the practical consequences and experiences of ideas.
• His philosophy emphasized learning through experience and the integration of theory and practice in education.
• While the passage itself doesn't delve into Dewey's role in pragmatism, it is a well-established fact in the philosophy of education that John Dewey is considered a central figure in the development of pragmatism within the educational context.
• Dewey's educational philosophy has had a lasting impact, influencing modern educational practices. 

Important Points

• Bertrand Russell:
  • Contribution: Russell was a prominent philosopher but is not considered the father of pragmatism.
  • Philosophical Emphasis: Russell's work spans various areas of philosophy, including logic, but pragmatism is not a central aspect of his philosophy.
• Leibnitz:
  • Contribution: Leibnitz was a significant philosopher, but he is not associated with the development of pragmatism.
  • Philosophical Emphasis: Leibnitz's contributions include his monadology and work in mathematics and metaphysics, distinct from the pragmatist tradition.
• Karl Marx:
  • Contribution: Marx was a philosopher, economist, and sociologist, but he did not contribute to the development of pragmatism.
  • Philosophical Emphasis: Marx's focus was on political economy, historical materialism, and critiques of capitalism, divergent from the pragmatist perspective.

Thus, it is concluded that the In Philosophy of education, who is considered as the father of pragmatism is John Dewey.

Leibniz's philosophical concept of monads proposes that these particles encapsulate information about the universe by representing it in a specific manner. The term used to describe this representation is critical to understanding Leibniz's theory.

Key Points
Leibniz's particles, known as monads, represent the universe in what is described as "mirror form." This means that the information contained within these monads is not a direct reflection or imitation but a representation akin to a mirror.

• Mirror Form:
  • Meaning: Monads, according to Leibniz, act as mirrors that represent the universe.
  • Significance: This representation involves a unique perspective where the monads encapsulate information about the universe in a manner that reflects but does not directly duplicate the external reality.
• Mirroring:
  • Meaning: Mirroring suggests a reflective process where monads mirror or represent the universe.
  • Significance: While mirroring captures the essence of Leibniz's concept, the specific term "mirror form" conveys a more nuanced understanding of how monads represent the universe.
• Imaged:
  • Meaning: Imaged implies a process of creating images or representations.
  • Significance: While related, "mirror form" emphasizes the reflective nature more explicitly than the term "imaged," which may encompass a broader range of representation.
• Analysed:
  • Meaning: Analysed implies a process of breaking down and examining.
  • Significance: This term does not align with Leibniz's idea of monads as mirrors representing the universe; instead, it suggests a process of analysis rather than representation.

Thus, it is concluded that Leibniz's particles contain information about the universe because they represent it in mirror form.

Hence the correct matching is (a) - (i), (b) - (iii), (c) - (ii), (d) - (iv)

In education, teaching is the concerted sharing of knowledge and experience, which is usually organized within a discipline and, more generally, the provision of stimulus to the psychological and intellectual growth of a person by another person or artifact.

Assertion: Pedagogy and social interaction are two major areas of activity of teachers.

Explanation: 

1. Pedagogy is often confused with the curriculum.
2. The latter defines what is being taught, while pedagogy actually refers to the method in how a teacher teaches—the theory and practice of educating.
3. Pedagogy is the relationship between learning techniques and culture and is determined based on an educator’s beliefs about how learning should, and does, take place. 
4. Social interaction plays an important role in learning.
5. Interacting with other people has proven to be quite effective in assisting the learner to organize their thoughts, reflect on their understanding, and find gaps in their reasoning.
6. Underneath the broad umbrella of social interactions and learning, variants can range from peer learning, reciprocal teaching, learning by teaching, learning by observation, learning by doing, and self–other monitoring.

Thus, pedagogy and social interaction are two major areas of activity of teachers. 

Reason: It is communication that is crucial for making both activities important.

Explanation: 

1. Pedagogy requires meaningful classroom communication and respect between educators and learners.
2. The goal is to help students build on prior learning and develop skills and attitudes and for educators to devise and present curriculum in a way that is relevant to students, aligning with their needs and cultures.
3.  When communication is effective, both the student and the teacher benefit.
4. Communication makes learning easier, helps students achieve goals, increases opportunities for expanded learning strengthens the connection between student and teacher, and creates an overall positive experience.

Thus, communication is crucial for deciding pedagogy and effective social interaction.

Therefore, Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Behaviour is a result of the external environment, internal cognitions, and other mental processes such as attitudes and beliefs. Using learning theories is a valid method to bring about significant and lasting psychological change.

Key Points

Statement I: Behaviour theory does not concentrate on observable behavior.

• Behaviorism focuses on the idea that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment.
• This learning theory states that behaviors are learned from the environment, and says that innate or inherited factors have very little influence on behavior.
• Behaviorism is only concerned with observable stimulus-response behaviors, as they can be studied in a systematic and observable manner.

Hence the statement I is incorrect.

Statement II: The behavior theory approach involves continuous inquiry.

• Behaviorism is a theory of learning that states all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment through a process called conditioning. Thus, behavior is simply a response to environmental stimuli.
• The purpose of education in behaviorism theory should be cognitive development, and the content of learning should foster the development of problem-solving skills through the processes of inquiry and discovery.

Hence statement II is correct.

Therefore, the statement I is incorrect while statement II is correct.

"In integrated education" students with special educational needs have to be adjusted to the existing school environment.

• In India, "integrated education" has been provided mainly to students with mild disabilities who are considered "easy" to include in regular school programs.
• In the "integrated education" model "whenever possible, students with disabilities attend a regular school".
• Integration signifies the process of interaction of disabled children with normal children in the same educational settings.

Deconstruction is a popular method of research in Literature.

As a good classroom communicator, you are supposed to know your artful pauses which means:

1. The communicator should be a manner how to say anything in the classroom , knowledge about Etiquettes.
2. Use a tone that is honest and tactful, choosing words that are appropriate to the situation and noninflammatory.
3. When taking on a listening role, make eye contact and focus on the speaker.
4. Speak in turn, never interrupting the speaker.

The major objective of education is developing inherent abilities/powers of students.

Educational psychology as that it describes and explains learning experiences of an individual from either through old age said by Crow and Crow.

Fritz Heider, an Austrian psychologist has given a great deal of insight into Interpersonal relationships.

Key Points 
INFLIBNET:

• INFLIBNET Centre stands for Information and Library Network Centre, an autonomous Inter-University Centre (IUC) of India's University Grants Commission (UGC). Established in 1991, it is located in Gandhinagar, the capital city of Gujarat, India. The center is situated within the campus of Gujarat University.
• The main objective of the INFLIBNET Centre is to provide access to electronic resources and information, facilitate resource sharing, and develop digital libraries to support university-level education and research activities in India. The center works to create and maintain a national infrastructure for information and library services to meet the information needs of academic and research communities in the country.
• INFLIBNET Centre provides access to a wide range of electronic resources, including online journals, e-books, databases, and other digital content, through its digital library portal called N-LIST (National Library and Information Services Infrastructure for Scholarly Content). The N-LIST portal provides access to over 2,00,000 e-books and 6,000 e-journals to students, researchers, and faculty members of affiliated colleges and universities in India.
• In addition to providing access to electronic resources, INFLIBNET Centre coordinates and collaborates with other national and international networks to promote access to information resources and services for academic and research communities in India. It supports the development of digital libraries, e-learning, and other information and library services.
• Overall, the INFLIBNET Centre is crucial in supporting and promoting education and research activities in India by providing access to information resources and services through digital libraries and other means and facilitating resource sharing among academic and research communities.

Hence INFLIBNET centre is located in Gandhinagar.

The correct answer is Laboratory seminar training.

Key Points According to Blake and Mouton's Grid Organization Development Programme, the laboratory seminar training is the first phase. This phase lays the foundation for the entire program by introducing participants to the key concepts and principles of the Managerial Grid model.

Here's a breakdown of the six phases and their purpose:

Phase 1: Laboratory Seminar Training:

This phase typically lasts for a week and involves intensive workshops, simulations, and group discussions.
Participants learn about the Managerial Grid, which assesses leadership styles based on concern for people and concern for production.
Through self-reflection and team exercises, participants gain awareness of their own leadership style and its impact on others.
Phase 2: Team Development:

This phase builds on the learnings from the seminar by applying them to real-life work situations.
Teams work together to identify and address issues within their own group, using the Grid framework to improve communication, problem-solving, and collaboration.
Phase 3: Intergroup Development:

This phase focuses on improving relationships and communication between different groups within the organization.
Teams learn to collaborate effectively, overcome intergroup conflict, and work towards common goals.
Phase 4: Organizational Goal Setting:

This phase involves all levels of the organization in setting clear and measurable goals that align with the desired leadership style.
Participatory goal setting fosters ownership and commitment to achieving organizational objectives.
Phase 5: Goal Attainment:

This phase helps teams and individuals track their progress towards achieving the established goals.
The Grid framework is used to monitor performance, identify areas for improvement, and make necessary adjustments.
Phase 6: Stabilization:

This final phase ensures that the changes and improvements made throughout the program become embedded in the organization's culture and daily practices.
Leadership development, ongoing training, and reinforcement mechanisms are implemented to sustain the program's impact.
By starting with the laboratory seminar training, the Grid Organization Development Programme provides a solid foundation for participants to understand the model, reflect on their own leadership styles, and build the skills necessary to implement positive changes within their teams and the organization as a whole.

Naturalism is the philosophical belief that everything belongs from natural properties or there is nothing beyond nature. Herbert Spencer had started the movement of naturalism in the field of education.

• The following are considered as the most important contribution of naturalism to education:
• Paedocentric education
• Freedom in learning situations
• Psychologising educational practices.
• Advocacy of residential schools and co-education.
• Marginalisation of teacher’s inference and dominance
• The concept of learning by doing and learning by observation.
• John Dewey is a pragmatist whereas J H Pestalozzi is a person who gave insists upon the romance.

Shulman (1987) rationalised that teachers need seven knowledge bases in order to teach effectively and successfully.

Key Points The knowledge bases are:

• content knowledge,
• general pedagogical knowledge,
• curriculum knowledge,
• Pedagogical content knowledge,
• knowledge of learners and their characteristics,
• knowledge of educational contest and knowledge of educational ends,
• purposes, and values, and their philosophical and historical grounds.
• Two major recurring themes noted in the education reform reports in the United States during the 80’s were the ‘professionalization of teaching’ and ‘teaching deserved a professional status’ (Shulman, 1987).
• Shulman further argued that it was necessary to raise and articulate clearly the education and performance standards of teachers in order to elevate teaching to “a more respected, more responsible, more rewarding and better rewarded occupation”. The urgency had brought about the searching of a missing paradigm in the research on teaching and teacher knowledge.

 Hence, seven categories of knowledge base of teacher education are given by Schulman.

In the given problem the project would be best described as a Descriptive research design.​

Key Points

Descriptive Research:

• Descriptive research is an appropriate choice when the research aim is to identify characteristics, frequencies, trends, and categories.
• It is useful when not much is known yet about the topic or problem.
• Before you can research why something happens, you need to understand how, when, and where it happens.
• Descriptive research design is a type of research design that aims to obtain information to systematically describe a phenomenon, situation, or population.
• It helps answer the what, when, where, and how questions regarding the research problem, rather than the why.
• Descriptive survey research uses surveys to gather data about varying subjects.
• This data aims to know the extent to which different conditions can be obtained among these subjects.
• For example, a researcher wants to determine the qualification of employed professionals in Delhi.​

Additional Information

The inter-caste marriages have been gradually gaining acceptance due to increasing education, employment, middle-class economic background, and urbanisation. According to a survey in 2014, about 5% of marriages are inter-caste in India.

Increasing children's creative ability is not a national objective to be achieved through education in India.

It keeps away from an unpleasant situation is the following statement is not appropriate to motivation as a process.

An effective teaching aid is activates all faculties.

Metacognition is, put simply, thinking about one's thinking. More precisely, it refers to the processes used to plan, monitor, and assess one's understanding and performance. 

Metacognition includes a critical awareness of 

a) one's thinking and learning and 

b) oneself as a thinker and learner.

Old-age pension: Age 60 (men) age 55 (women) or age 50 (miners) with at least 15 years of contributions. Retirement from covered employment is not necessary. Early pension (except in Sindh province): Age 55 (men) or age 50 (women) with at least 15 years of contributions.

C. V. Good:

A standardized test is a test for which content has been selected and checked empirically for which norms have been established for which uniform methods of administering and scoring have been developed and which may be scored with a high degree of objectivity.

Characteristics

1. They consist of items of high quality. The items are retested and selected on the basis of:

Difficulty value

Discrimination

Power

Relationship to clearly defined objectives in behavioral terms.

2. As the directions for administering exact time limit and scoring are precisely stated any person can administer and score the test.

3. Norms based on representative groups of individuals are provided as an aid for interpreting the test scores. These norms are frequently based on age grade s etc.

4. Information needed for judging the value of the test is provided. Before the test becomes available the reliability and validity are established.

5. A manual is supplied that explains the purposes and uses of the test describes briefly how it was constructed provides specific directions for administering scoring and interpreting results contains tables of norms and summarizes available research data on the test.

Steps

Content analysis

Domain description

Deciding the level of objectives

Formulation of test items

Preliminary try out of test items

Screening of test items

Critiquing of the difficulty and discrimination power of test item

Finding out the reliability validity and norms

Developing test manual

Cathexis in Tolman’s revision of his system represents a motivational principle of Freud

Cathexis

Learners have the ability to associate specific objects or ideas with a particular drive. This can be either negative or positive.

For example an employee chooses to take an online training course because they know that it will help them get a promotion which is formed of positive cathexis. Avoiding workplace conflicts and not being tardy would be a form of negative cathexis as both of these actions work against the primary goal.

This is why it’s important to research your audience in order to identify their drives and key motivators

By Tolman other principles in sign learning theory

Field Expectancies

Learners discover that a certain action leads to a specific outcome. .

These learning activities also explore the benefits and applications of the subject matter. Thus online learners can determine which tools and problem-solving approaches are going to help them achieve their goals in advance.

Equivalence Beliefs

An online learner feels that a secondary or “sub-goal” carries the same weight as a primary goal.

For example if an online learner believes that moving to the top of the leaderboard is the same with completing their eLearning course. The leaderboard is intended to motivate the individual so that they acquire the information but it has now become an equivalence belief.

Field Cognition Modes

This also involves the person’s “perceptual field” such as their surroundings personal beliefs and emotional state.

An online learner’s perspective and inferences play a crucial role in the Learning process. Challenge their assumptions by asking questions and encouraging them to work in groups. Interacting with their peers gives them the opportunity to see things from a different point of view which opens them up to new Learning possibilities.

Motor Patterns

The relationship between stimuli and physical movement. This also pertains to motor skills. Tactile eLearning activities allow online learners to interact with the subject matter directly while refining their sensory skills.

For example when they access a serious game on their mobile device they must tap scroll and swipe the screen in order to participate. As a result they are engaged in kinesthetic learning which relies on motor patterns.

Drive Discrimination

This type of learning is directly related to cathexis. In fact it shares many of the same characteristics. It occurs when a learner must discriminate between certain drives in order to achieve their goal. In some cases these drives may be competing or a particular drive is more effective or refined than the others.

For example an individual deduces that popping up their umbrella is a better option than getting out of the rain because they don’t want to be late to an important meeting.