HSSC TGT Science Mock Test - 1 - HSSC PGT/TGT MCQ

Human development refers to the psychosocial, physical, and cognitive development of humans. It extends to the entire lifespan of humans. Physical development of humans involves growth and changes in the brain and the body including sense organs, motor skills, health, etc. 

• Motor development occurs in an orderly sequence as infants move from reflexive reactions (e.g., sucking and rooting) to more advanced motor functioning. This development proceeds in a cephalocaudal (from head-down) and proximodistal (from centre-out) direction.

Important Points

Motor development is divided into two groups:

• Gross motor development: The development of gross motor skills is concerned with strength and speed as it refers to the development of larger muscles like arms and legs for bigger movements such as walking, jumping, etc.
• Fine motor development: The development of fine motor skills is concerned with flexibility and dexterity as it refers to the development of small muscles like wrists and fingers for smaller movements such as writing, grasping small objects, etc.

Hence, it can be concluded that the chronological growth from reflexive reactions to more advanced functioning is termed motor development.

The correct answer is Biomagnification.

• Biomagnification is the concentration of a toxin at successively higher levels in a food chain. 

Key Points

• Biomagnification is the trophic enrichment of contaminants within food webs and progressive increase in chemical concentrations with increasing animal trophic status.
• Biomagnification occurs when organisms like zooplankton feed upon the contaminated phytoplankton and in turn absorb Persistent Organic Pollutants (DDT) into their own tissues at a higher concentration.
• The more contaminated phytoplankton zooplankton eats, the more will be the contamination at upper trophic levels.

  

The correct answer is 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Key Points

Rainwater Harvesting Methods

Kulhs

• These are water harvesting methods used in the hilly areas of the Western Himalayas. 
• These systems are trenches that were dug to help divert water from rivers to be used for agriculture and into the villages for domestic use.
• They are used to transport melted water from glaciers to villages due to the effect of gravity.
• Under this system, water from the streams is diverted into man-made channels that carry this water to various villages.
• They serve as a source of canal irrigation for agricultural crops.
• Being a hilly area, it was not possible to build tube wells and borewells in Himachal Pradesh. That's why ';kulhs' came into existence.

Khadin and Jhodas

• This method is used in the arid areas of Rajasthan for water conservation.
• In arid areas, agricultural fields are converted into rain-fed storage structures.
• It is an indigenous construction designed to harvest surface runoff water for agriculture.
• Its main feature is a very long (100-300 m) earthen embankment built across the lower hill slopes lying below gravelly uplands.
• The khadin system is based on the principle of harvesting rainwater on farmland and subsequent use of this water-saturated land for crop production.

Madakas, Ahar, Pynes, Surangas

• Ancient rainwater harvesting methods followed in India include Madakas, Ahar, Pynes, Surangas. Hence option 4 is correct.
• They were practised majorly in rural areas.

Additional Information

• Tankas are big concrete containers which are made for rainwater harvesting.
• In this method, hilltops are cut in a way that they act like a big tank to store the water
• The Bamboo Drip Irrigation system is used in Meghalaya.
• It is a 200-year-old system of using bamboo pipes to transport.
• Bamboos are connected to the source of flowing water to the fields
• About 18-20 litres of water enters the bamboo pipe system, gets transported over hundreds of metres, and finally reduces to 20-80 drops per minute at the site of the plant.

The correct answer is Kyoto Protocol.

 Key Points

• A carbon credit is a permit that allows the company that holds it to emit a certain amount of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases.
• One credit permits the emission of a mass equal to one ton of carbon dioxide.
• The United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) developed a carbon credit proposal to reduce worldwide carbon emissions in a 1997 agreement known as the Kyoto Protocol.
• The agreement set binding emission reduction targets for the countries that signed it.
• Another agreement, known as the Marrakesh Accords, spelled out the rules for how the system would work.

 Important Points

• The UNFCCC, signed in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development also known as the Earth Summit, the Rio Summit, or the Rio Conference.
• The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion.

The correct answer is Tarachandji Maharaj.

Key Points

• The Star monument of Haryana (Bhiwani) is the Samadhi Sthal of the 5^th Radha Swami Guru, Shri Param Sant Tarachandji Maharaj.
  • He is popularly called Bade Maharaj Ji.
  • He was the founder of Radha Swami Satsang.
• The monument is a hexagonal pyramid and because of its sides, it looks like a star.
• The Star monument is constructed in a star shape at an elevated height of 6 feet from the ground.
• It is a 3-dimensional building showcasing stars from all sides of the structure.
• It is 88 feet tall erected without any pillars and columns.
• The building is unique as there are no pillars or columns to support the building.
• It is situated in the Radhaswami Satsang Bhawan complex in Haryana.
• The name of the monument is derived from the first name of Tarachandji Maharaj, “Tara” means star.

Additional Information

• Guru Gobind Singh was the tenth Sikh Guru.
  • He became the leader of the Sikhs at the age of nine.
  • He was assassinated by Jamshed Khan and Wasil Beg.
• Shivaji was the founder of the Maratha kingdom of India.
  • A proposal to build a 210 meters tall giant memorial called Shiv Smarak was approved in 2016 and is expected to be completed in 2021.

The correct answer is 70.

Key Points

• The major crops of the state are wheat and rice.
• Haryana is the second largest contributor to India’s central pool of food grains.
• When the green revolution started in India in 1970, Haryana contributed significantly.

The developmental stage between childhood and adulthood is known as adolescence.

Key Points

• All adolescents experience feelings of rebellion at one time or another. 
• They believe that adults, including their parents, do not understand them, and they do not want to follow adult norms.
• They also enjoy doing things that their parents find objectionable, such as dressing in unconventional ways, getting tattoos, and listening to loud music.
• Almost all adolescents are aware of the "generation gap" between their generation and that of their parents.

Thus, we conclude that Adolescents feel rebelious towards authority because they feel adults do not understand them.

Concept:

• India ranks high when it comes to the number of accidents on the road.
• In recent years, improvement has been seen in this area.
• With the rapid increase in the number of vehicles on the road, the traffic conditions are under a lot of pressure.
• Therefore, road safety is one of the most serious public health issues in our country.
• It has an impact on everyone, whether one drives a vehicle, walks or rides a cycle. 

Explanation:

• According to Road Regulations of India, No driver shall take a 'U-turn where 'U-turn is especially prohibited and on a busy traffic road.
• If a U-turn is allowed the driver shall slow, signal by hand as for a right turn, watch in the rearview mirror and turn when safe to do so.
• Maintaining a safe distance will give you enough time to react in case the vehicle ahead makes a sudden stop.
• This reduces the chance of a collision and ensures the safety of passengers.
• Always stop your vehicle before the stop line at an intersection during the red light.
• As per the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, An area not less than 100 meters around hospitals, educational institutions, and courts may be declared as a silent area or zone.

Thus, 

You can take U-turn anytime on the road: Incorrect

Always stop your vehicle before the stop line at an intersection during a red light: Correct

Proper distance should be maintained from the vehicle in front of you: Correct

Avoid using horns in places like hospitals and schools unless absolutely necessary: Correct

Childhood begins when the relative dependency of babyhood is over, at approximately the age of two years, and extends to the time when the child becomes sexually mature, at about thirteen years on average for a girl and fourteen for a boy. After children become sexually mature, they are known as adolescents.Key Points

• During this long period of time about eleven years for girls and twelve years for boys, marked changes occur in the child both physically and psychologically.
• As boys begin their puberty growth spurt approximately a year later than girls, they tend to be slightly
  shorter and lighter in weight than girls of the same age.
• The growth spurt is completed in girls around the age of 17-19 years as the growth spurt starts in them early all changes happen in them till the age of 19.
• Boys begin growing later than girls and carry on for longer, after the girls have stopped growing. The growth spurt in boys begins around 13- 14 years and ends at 16-17 years.

​​​​Hence, statement I is correct. 

The correct answer is Should not drive in the silence zone at all.

Key Points

• Driving in a silence zone is allowed.
• The Motor Vehicles Act of 2017  (Regulation 23) deals with the "Use of horns and silence zones".
• It states that:

  • (1) Unnecessary use of horns is prohibited.

  • (2) As far as may be, the horn shall be sounded only when the driver apprehends danger to himself or to any other road user.

  • (3) The driver shall sound the horn when directed by the mandatory sign.

  • (4) The driver shall not-

    • (a) sound the horn continuously or repeatedly or for a duration longer than necessary or in residential areas or in a silence zone indicated by a mandatory sign;

    • (b) make use of a cut-out by which exhaust gases are released other than through the silencer;

    • (c) fit or use an air horn or a multi-toned horn giving a harsh, shrill, loud or alarming noise except as provided in sub-rule (3) of rule 119 of the Central Motor Vehicles Rules,1989;

    • (d) drive a vehicle which creates undue noise or causes an alarming sound when in motion.

Important Points

• Section 194 F of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 deals with the penalties for "Use of horns and Silence zones":
  • A person shall be punishable with a fine of Rs. 1,000 and for a second or subsequent offence with a fine of Rs. 2,000 under these circumstances:
    • (a) while driving a motor vehicle--
      (i) sounds the horn needlessly or continuously or more than necessary to ensure safety, or
      (ii) sounds the horn in an area with a traffic sign prohibiting the use of a horn, or
    • (b) drives a motor vehicle which makes use of a cut-out by which exhaust gases are released other than through the silencer.

Human development can be explained in terms of both heredity and environment. There is a debate among theorists that heredity is important in the development of human beings or environment influences development.

• Growth and development is the product of both heredity and the environment. The environment includes everything that influences the child other than the chromosomes not after the birth but even at he the time of conception itself.

Key Points

Heredity and environment are the elements which play a vital role in determining the personality development of an individual.

• The statement that the relative effects of heredity and environment vary in different areas of development. All the inborn traits, instincts, potentials and I. Q. of an individual depends on the heredity whereas all the mental and social traits depend on the environment. These both are complementary to each other in moulding the life of an individual.
• Though health and nutrition are also one among the factor that affects growth and development of an individual, in this context, this pair doesn’t go well with it.
• Growth and Development seem irrelevant to this question.

Hence, we can conclude that the reason behind the boy’s capacities is the result of the relation between heredity and the environment.

Meaning and Concept of Socialization: Human child has an innate capacity to learn and to communicate. Therefore, gradually it learns the group-defined ways of behaviour. It is human company initially in the form of a family and later other social institutions like the community, peer group, school etc. educate the human child to be a responsible and useful member of society.

• The process of learning to internalize the values and norms into its self or the mode of learning to live in society is called the process of socialization.
• To internalize is to imbibe so deeply that it becomes a part of the individual's behaviour and personality.

Key Points

Agents of socialization:

• The agents or agencies of socialization are those institutions that contribute to the process of socialization of an individual.
• Each institution in which a child participates like family, school, his neighbor can be considered as the agents of socialization.

The agents of socialization are mainly classified into two types:

​ Hint

• Schools help children in learning the importance of social cohesion and unity and inculcate informal cues about social roles through interaction.

Hence, it is concluded that the statement - "Schools and educational institutions are not important agents of socialization" is completely incorrect. 

Adolescents learn to think abstractly, how to think about interpersonal issues, how to recognize new information-processing techniques, and how to think critically and creatively.

Key Points Challenges related to Cognitive Development:- 

• Adolescents are characterized by egocentrism or self-interest.
• The adolescents' transition from dealing with ideas, concepts, and abstract theories to thinking in more abstract terms.
• Adolescents who have the capacity for creative thought are better able to innovate and escape challenging circumstances.

​Thus, we conclude that society’s expectations pose a challenge for adolescents and are valuable in helping them to progress along the path to adulthood is NOT a challenge related to Cognitive Development in adolescents.

An individual is a social being who lives in a society and is surrounded by various societal aspects. Those aspects directly or indirectly, at some level influence the person either on a small level or a large level. 

Key Points

•  The real classroom level where teaching-learning takes place indicates the micro level. 
• The micro level includes the immediate surroundings an individual lives in
• Schools, neighbourhoods, etc. are some examples of micro level. 
• The experiences of the classroom influence the child's behaviour and feelings directly hence it is at the micro level. 
• Learning in the classroom directly affects the child's perception and behaviour.

Thus, it can be concluded that the real classroom level where teaching-learning takes place indicates the micro level. 

Assessing the needs of the child is important to understand the child and what the child requires to grow and develop. Assessing child's need gives a thorough idea about the child's strengths and weaknesses. 

Key Points

•  Assessing health information is not a necessary method for estimating the needs of a child.
• Health information gives a thorough details about the health of the child and physical development of the child. Though, it is not the immediate need of the child. 
• Assessing health information is necessary, though it is not a child's need. 
• Child's interests, learning style, and preferences gives a detailed insight about the child's need 
• Assessing child's interest help to better understand the child and what child requires to grow cognitively and emotionally
• Assessing child's learning styles help to identify better education plans for effective outcomes. 
• Understanding child's preferences gives a detailed idea about the child and his needs.

 

Thus it can be concluded that health information is not a necessary method for estimating the needs of a children. 

The correct answer is Rs 5000.

• The fine for driving without a licence is Rs 5,000 and may also include additional community service.
• The minimum penalty for driving without a licence has been increased to Rs 5,000 from Rs 500 while the fine for driving despite disqualification has been increased to Rs 10,000.

Math games software is a special kind of software especially designed for children to help them improve their mathematical skills with the help of games. The software is designed in a way to teach math and enhance the mathematical skills of the children in a fun and playful manner.

• There are various free and paid software available for children to improve their math skills 

Key Points

•  Tux math is a math game software.
• Tux math is an interesting arcade-style video game. 
• It was developed for learning and enhancing arithmetic skills 
• The visuals of the game are highly unique to attract the interest of the children.
• Tux math is an open game, accessible to everyone
• The game is suitable for children between the age group of 7 to 13 years. 
• The game enhances mental abilities of the children and enhances their mathematical skills of the children.

Thus, it can be concluded that Tux math is a math game software. 

Development refers to an increase in structure for better and enhanced functioning of organs. It includes all the qualitative changes in an individual over a period of time by the process of learning and maturation.

• It is a wide and continuous process, thus there are some principles that need to be followed for a better understanding of the concept.

Key Points

Principles of development include:

Additional Information

The other principles of growth and development are given below: 

• Development is cumulative: The children will go through the same stages of development in the same order but not with the same speed because of the existence of individual differences. In the development of learning a language first the children will develop the listening skills and then the speaking skills. But some children will develop listening skills faster than others because of individual differences and only after that, they will acquire speaking skills in the same order as others. Hence, development is cumulative.
• Principle of continuity: It starts from the womb and continues till death. It is a continuous life-long process.
• Principle of individual differences: Each individual grows at his own unique pace because of the wide individual differences that exist among the children with respect to their growth and development.
• Development proceeds from general to specific responses: The child's responses are of the general sort before they become specific. The general activity precedes the specific activity i.e., the Child moves his hands first randomly and then starts using his fingers specifically and takes complete control of his hand movements.
• Principle of interrelation: The growth and development in various dimensions like social, mental, physical, emotional, etc. are related to each other and interdependent. The growth and development in any one dimension affect the growth and development of the child in other dimensions as well.
• Development is predictable: By studying the present rate of growth and development of a child we can predict the range within which his mature development is going to fall.
• Principle of developmental direction: The development is cephalic caudal (in the direction of the longitudinal axis, head to foot) and as well as proximodistal (proceeds from the center to the periphery, inward to outward, control of large muscles first then smaller ones). The control over the finger comes after the control of arm and hand is an example of proximodistal tendency.
• Growth and development are a joint product of both heredity and environment: Both heredity and environment directly or indirectly influence the process of growth and development in any dimension at all times.

Hence, we can conclude that the principle of integration signifies the movement from whole to parts and from parts to the whole.

During Krebs' or citric acid cycle, succinyl-CoA is acted upon by enzyme succinyl-CoA synthetase to form succinate (a 4C compound). The reaction releases sufficient energy to form ATP (in plants) or GTP (in animals) by substrate-level phosphorylation. GTP can form ATP through a coupled reaction.

GTP/ATP

TCA or Krebs' cycle is amphibolic (both catabolic and anabolic) because it provides a number of intermediates for anabolic pathways.

Let the O. N. of Mo in the complex is x
 2x + (–2) × 2 + 0 × 2 + 0 × 2  = – 2

An analyser or analyzer is a person or device that analyses given data. It examines in detail the structure of the given data and tries to find patterns and relationships between parts of the data. An analyser can be a piece of hardware or a computer program running on a computer.

The converging ray appears to converge on the focus of the convex mirror. Therefore after reflection they will travel parallel to the principal axis. So the image will be formed at infinity.

Hence,
option (A) is the correct answer.
 

100 g of CaCO₃ requires 73 g of HCl
∴ 50 g of CaCO₃ requires 73/100 x 50 = 36.5 g of HCl

Sex ratio is the no of female available per thousands of male in a population. Sex ratio is decline due to female feticides alarmingly in some part of India.

 

Cilia present in prokaryotic organisms consist of microtubules. These microtubules are arranged in 9+2 order in which 2 forms the center and 9 are arranged at periphery.

• Carbohydrates containing two to ten monosaccharide molecules are oligosaccharides.
• Oligosaccharides are formed when two or more monosaccharides join together by O-glycosidic bonds.
• Examples include sucrose, lactose and maltose. Specific enzymes are used to catalyze the glycosidic bonds in olgosaccharides and each sugar must be specific to each enzyme used for each new glycosidic bond.

Diatoms are are very important photosynthesizers. About half of all the organic matter synthesized in the world is believed to be produced by them. Diatoms are probably the most numerous of all plants like protists. Because of this abundance, they are one of the most important primary producers of the sea. There are about 5,500 species of diatoms, mainly marine.The diatoms constitute an important phytoplankton component of the oceans.

Answer:
Introduction:
Hot spots are regions that have a high concentration of biodiversity and are under threat from human activities. India is known for its rich biodiversity, and it is important to protect these regions to preserve the unique flora and fauna.

To determine the number of hot spots covering India's high biodiversity regions, we need to consider the available options.
Options:
A: 25
B: 3
C: 34
D: 2
Explanation:
The correct answer is option B: 3. There are three hot spots that cover India's high biodiversity regions. These hot spots are:
1. Western Ghats: The Western Ghats is a mountain range along the western coast of India, known for its high biological diversity. It is considered one of the eight hottest hot spots in the world.
2. Eastern Himalayas: The Eastern Himalayas is another hot spot in India. This region is home to a wide range of plant and animal species, including many endemic species.
3. Indo-Burma region: The Indo-Burma region, which includes parts of northeastern India, is also considered a hot spot due to its high biodiversity.
These three hot spots cover India's high biodiversity regions and are crucial for the conservation of its unique ecosystems.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, India has three hot spots that cover its high biodiversity regions. These hot spots are the Western Ghats, Eastern Himalayas, and Indo-Burma region. Protecting these areas is essential for the preservation of India's rich flora and fauna.