HSSC TGT Science Mock Test - 4 - HSSC PGT/TGT MCQ

The Correct Answer is Option (3) i.e. Nitrogen Oxides.

• The two most common and hazardous oxides of nitrogen are nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide.
• The oxides of nitrogen are the major pollutants of air pollution and global warming.
• Soil pollution refers to the contamination of the soil with anomalous concentrations of toxic substances.
• The different types of pollutants that are found in contaminated soil are given below :
  • Hydrocarbons - 42%
  • Heavy Metals - 31%
  • Mineral Oil - 20%
  • Other - 7%

 The correct answer is Black soil.

• Black soil has the property of 'self-ploughing'.

Key Points

• Regur or Black Soil:
  • These soils are of volcanic origin.
  • These soils are black in colour and are also known as black soils.
  • Since they are ideal for growing cotton, they are also called black cotton soils, in addition to their normal nomenclature of Regur soils.
  • They cover the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa and southern Madhya Pradesh and extend eastward in the south along the Godavari and Krishna Valleys.
  • This soil has a high water-absorbing capacity and is known as self ploughing soil.
  • Crops grown in this soil are Cotton, Jowar, Wheat, Sugarcane, Linseed, Gram, Fruit and Vegetables.

Additional Information

• Alluvial Soil:
  • It covers 40% of the land area.
  • The entire Northern Plains are made up of these soils.
  • They have been brought down and deposited by three great Himalayan rivers–Sutlej, Ganga and Brahmaputra and their tributaries.
• Laterite Soil:
  • The Laterite soils are formed due to weathering of lateritic rock in high temperatures and heavy rainfall with an alternate dry and wet period.
  • They are found along the edge of the plateau in the east covering small parts of Tamil Nadu, Orissa and a small part of Chhotanagpur in the north and Meghalaya in the northeast.

Explanation:

Effect (impact) of noise pollution:

(1) Effects (side effects) of noise pollution in humans -

• Hearing loss risk.
• High blood pressure.
• Can affect the circadian rhythm (sleep cycle).
• Irritation.
• High stress. etc.

(2) Effects (side effects) of noise pollution in animals -

• Noise pollution increases mortality risk by altering prey–predator behavior (avoidance or detection).
• Can interfere with navigation.
• Risk of hearing loss.
• Unusual behavior. etc.

The correct answer is Satluj.

• Bhakra canal has been drawn from the Satluj River near Nangal.

Key Points

• It’s a concrete gravity dam located in Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh.
• Govind Sagar reservoir is formed by the dam.
• The length of the dam is 518.25 m and the width of the dam is 9.1 m.
• The reservoir of the dam is known as Govind Sagar.
• Bhakra dam has created a 90 km long reservoir.
• Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru described the dam as the “New temple of resurgent India”.

Option 3 is the correct answer: December and January the coldest months in the State of Haryana.

• Haryana lies in the northwestern part of India where the coldest months are December and January.
• Following are some other climatic features of North India:
  • Continental type of climate prevails in this region and therefore the summers are hotter and winters are colder here.
  • This region receives rainfall from Monsoon winds which arrive here in late June and cause rainfall till late August.
  • Presence of Himalayas in the North causes the rainfall from Monsoon in this region.
  • Himalayas play an important role in determining the climate of North India by bringing rainfall, protecting it from the cold Arctic Blizzards.
  • Major portion of rainfall is received during winter months because of Western Disturbances.
  • In this region, after monsoons, the temperatures do not fall much and there is scarce rainfall also which leads to 'October heat'.

The correct answer is golf.

Key Points

• Tvesa Malik is an Indian golf player.
• She is from Gurugram, Haryana.
• She has won the 4th leg of the Hero Women’s Golf Tour.
• Gursimar Badwal is also an Indian golf player.

Additional Information

The correct answer is Dalip Singh.

Key Points

• The Haryana government has appointed retired IAS Dhanpat Singh as the new state election commissioner.
• He has been appointed in place of outgoing Election Commissioner Dalip Singh.

Additional Information

• ​Chief Secretary Vijay Vardhan issued his appointment order.
• And Governor Satyadev Narayan Arya administered the oath of office and secrecy to Dhanpat Singh as State Election Commissioner.
• Dhanpat Singh has retired from the post of Financial Commissioner. He has given his services on many posts.

The correct answer is Hisar.Key Points

• In 1858, the Hisar district of Haryana was included in Punjab.
  • ​Bhattiana is a tract of land lying in the Indian states of Haryana and Punjab between Hisar and the Garra.
  • In 1858, the Bhattiana district was transferred to the Punjab province and later renamed as Sirsa district.
• Haryana remained part of Punjab after the partition of India and Indian independence in 1947.
• Haryana was separated from Punjab in 1966 to become the 17th state of India.

Additional Information

• Faridabad
  • It was established in AD 1707 by Sheikh Farid, the treasurer of Jahangir.
  • Its dense shape located in the south of Delhi is made in the NCR west border of Gururgram district and eastern areas of Uttar Pradesh state. The District Palwal is located in the south.
• Gurugram
  • In 1947, Gurugram became a part of independent India and fell under the Indian state of Punjab.
  • In 1966, the city came under the administration of Haryana with the creation of a new state.
  • It is also known as the Cybercity of Haryana.
• Mahendragarh
  • The district is divided into three sub-divisions: Narnaul, Mahendragarh, and Kanina.
  • Mahendergarh district is situated at the extreme end of the southwest end of Haryana state.

The correct answer is A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV.

Key Points

• Tomb of Ibrahim Lodi is in Panipat.
  • He was the sultan of Lodi dynasty.
  • Ibrahim Lodi's tomb is actually situated near the tehsil office in Panipat, close to the Dargah of Sufi saint Bu Ali Shah Qalandar.
  • It is a simple rectangular structure on a high platform approached by a flight of steps.
• Tomb of Sheikh Chilli is in Thanesar, it includes two tombs, Mughal gardens and other structures.
• Gujari Mahal is in Hisar.
• Sheesh Mahal is in Farrukhnagar.
  • It was built by Faujdar khan.
  • The Sheesh Mahal was the residential palace of Faujdar Khan, the governor appointed by Emperor Farrukh Siyar, the great-grandson of emperor Aurangzeb. The palace was built by Khan in 1733 AD.

The correct answer is a State highway. Key Points

• The green-coloured milestones:
  • They signify you are on a state highway.
  • They connect different cities of a state.
  • India has a 176,166 km long state highway network as of 2016. 

​

Additional Information

• The yellow-coloured milestones:
  • They signify you are on a national highway.
  • They connect different cities in different states.
  • India has a 151,019 km-long national highway network as of 2021.
• The orange-coloured milestones:
  • They signify you are on a rural road.
  • The network stands at 3.93 lakh km in length.
  • Rural roads were built under Jawahar Rozgar Yojna (JRY) and Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna (PMGSY).
• Blue or black and white strips:
  • The blue or black and white strips signify you are inside a city or on a district road.

Social science teaching needs to be revitalized towards helping the learner acquire knowledge and skills in an interactive environment.

• The teaching of social sciences must adopt methods that promote creativity, aesthetics, and critical perspectives and enable children to draw relationships between past and present, to understand changes taking place in society.

Key PointsThe teacher is using the narrative approach strategy as she is telling a story about a girl to teach the concept of water.

• The narrative is an interpretive approach in the social sciences and involves using storytelling methodology.
• The story becomes an object of study, focusing on how individuals or groups make sense of events and actions in their lives.
• This method is best suited as students would be able to know about the importance of water through the story which helps them in understanding the concept.

Thus, it is concluded that the teacher is using a narrative approach strategy.

The correct answer is No.Key Points

• Triple riding is illegal in India.
• Only two riders are legally allowed to ride on a two-wheeler in India.
• A two-wheeler is meant to carry two people, the rider and a pillion rider.
• Fine:
  • Rs.1000 - 2000 per extra passenger imposed for passenger overloading.
  • Plus disqualification of licence and/or community service for three months.

Additional Information

• Effect of Overloading:
  • Overloading your bike either with extra passengers or by physical load unbalances the vehicle, hampers manoeuvrability and is highly risky for you and others.

The correct answer is All of the above.

Key Points

• Areas of "No Parking" :
  • The no parking zone or places in which parking is prohibited are:
    • On footpaths or far away from the footpaths.
    • On private properties without the owner’s consent.
    • On the main road or roads with high-speed traffic.
    • On the wrong side of the road.
    • On the path that has unbroken white lines in the centre.
    • Near bus stops, schools, or hospital entrances.
    • In front of any road signs that could possibly be obstructed by your vehicle.
    • Near road crossings, a bend, top of a hill, or near/and on the bridge.
    • Near any traffic signal or pedestrian crossings.

Additional Information

• Parking sign in India:

• No parking sign in India:

School assembly is an integral part of the school’s daily activities, eventually a part of the school’s first activity of the day. Its purpose is to bring the entire school population together to provide important information, enhance school spirit, and foster a sense of community within the school.

• It has to be planned in a way that nurtures a positive school ethos that stresses care for the self, others, and the pursuit of all forms of excellence. Then it nurtures the development of intrapersonal intelligence. 

Key PointsCorrect sequence followed by the teacher for planning a school assembly:

1. Identify two different themes or topics for addressing on two different days of the school assembly.
2. Plan the assembly, motivate and involve your students.
3. Organize and address the assembly.
4. Evaluate the assembly by collecting feedback from teachers and students of the school.
5. Reflect on the assembly and usefulness of the theme for the students.

Hence, it is clear that the correct sequence for planning a school assembly is III, II, I, V, and IV.

The school development planning process often begins with the core: the formulation of Mission, Vision, and Aims. Some schools, however, find it more helpful to begin with the Review and to allow their understanding of their mission, vision, and aims to become enriched and clarified through participation in the planning process, and in particular, through reflection on the local, national and international context factors that will influence the shaping of the school's future.

Key Points

• The school head/principal has the responsibility of selling the idea of school development planning to stakeholders. His/her acceptance and commitment; to work on the plan and its implementation depends largely on the strategies used by the head to introduce the idea. 
• During this process, the head should keep the following tips in mind:
  • Use the participative, consultative, and persuasive leadership styles.
  • Concentrate on demonstrating your personal commitment to what the stakeholders propose and agree upon. Show a willingness to be democratic.
  • Focus on good communication and listening skills. Prove that you are a competent person that can be trusted with the supervision of such an activity.
  • Realize that whenever a new idea is introduced, people react differently to it.

Hence, it is clear that during the school development planning process, the head should not use an authoritative leadership style.

Additional Information

• Authoritative leadership style: In this style of leadership, the leader considers herself/ himself in a position of authority and expects her/his subordinates to follow her/ him.

• Participative leadership style:  In this style of leadership, the leader delegates authority to subordinate employees. The subordinates are informed regarding the overall purpose, objectives, and progress of the entire organization.

The correct answer is Jainism.

• The compositions of Poet Pushpadant are related to Jainism.

Additional Information

• Jainism is a very ancient religion. According to some traditions, it is as old as the Vedic religion.
  • There is a succession of great teachers or Tirthankaras in the Jain tradition.
  • There were 24 Tirthankaras, the last of whom was Vardhaman Mahavira.
  • The first Tirthankara is believed to be Rishabhanatha or Rishabhdev.
  • The 23rd Tirthankara was Parshvanath who was born in Varanasi.
  • All Tirthankaras were Kshatriyas by birth.

Important Points

• Jainism – Jain Councils:
  • First council
    • Held at Pataliputra in the 3rd century BC.
    • Presided by Sthulabhadra.
  • Second Council
    • Held at Vallabhi in Gujarat in 512 AD.
    • Presided by Devardhi Kshemasarmana.

Science is the development of thinking in a specific way that involves scientific temper, scientific inquiry, and a sense of humanity. The science teacher must teach the concepts of science in such a way so that it could develop divergent thinking and scientific attitude among learners. The teacher while teaching should encourage the students to individually discover and explore their world by themselves to learn more in a realistic environment by real and direct experiences.

• Generally, in a class there is a student of mixed ability, teachers do not focus only on gifted students and can not plan individual instruction for them. All have to be guided, instructed and teach effectively for best learning outcomes.​

Key Points

Using hands-on activities involving concrete objects for simplification of abstract concepts is the most suitable strategy for mixed class ability. Students with a higher level of understanding will learn abstract concepts easily and students at a lower level will get to learn using concrete objects. 

• Through Hands-on activities
  • Ample opportunities have been provided to the learners to work hands-on through observation, drawing, illustration, design, and fabrication and extended learning.
  • to engage the child in exploratory and hands-on activities to acquire basic cognitive and psychomotor skills through, classification, inference, etc.  
• The activities are well within the cognitive reach of children and are in the form of stories, poems, plays, craftwork, games, worksheets, interaction, field visits encouraging the creative and aesthetic sense of children.
• The activities are learner-centered, relevant, meaningful, and interesting nurturing the curious and exploratory bent of mind of children.
• These focus on providing learning experiences in and out of the classroom.

Hence, it can be concluded that using hands-on activities involving concrete objects for simplification of abstract concepts is the most suitable strategy for mixed class ability.

Psychology is defined as the study that observes and measures mind and behavioural activities.

There are five types of 'psychiatry domain' or psychological domain, viz. biological domain, cognitive domain, development domain, social & personality domain, and mental & physical domain. 
The study of all the five domains is done to conduct research, make assumptions and draw conclusions. 

Key Points

• The mental and physical domain is one of the domains of psychology includes abnormal psychology, health psychology and therapies. 
• This domain has described the myth people are carrying in their minds about mental disorders, mental illnesses, and imbalance.
• As mental illnesses can be diagnosed in the change of someone's mental skills or physical skills or how they perform a specific task, it helps the psychologists in treating them. 
• It not only studies mental skills but also about physical skills as the physical skills of a person also tell a lot about him. Mental processes like how we perceive a concept, how we think, analyze, or take action which has the ability to influence our physical actions or skills we learn.
• The therapies and counselling sessions are not only to treat mental disorders but it is also done to cope with the stress and to live a healthy life. 

Hence, it can be concluded that mental or physical skills are included in the psychiatry domain. 

Additional Information

• Mental skills belong to the cognitive domain of psychology.
• Physical and emotional development belongs to social and personality development that is one of the five domains of psychology.

The curriculum is a contested and often misunderstood concept. At a simple level, the curriculum simply means a course of study. The word is derived from the Latin word meaning ‘racecourse’ or ‘race’ and has come to mean a general course, conveying the notion of going somewhere in a predefined direction.

Curriculum-

• an umbrella term denoting the totality of the learning experience of children and young people in school.
• Considering the curriculum would thus include the questions of what, how, and why listed below, as well as assessment.
• Scotland’s Curriculum for Excellence states that the curriculum is ‘the totality of all that is planned for children and young people throughout their education’ 

Curriculum purpose-  

• statements of what the curriculum is intended to achieve.
• These include narrowly defined outcomes or objectives, and more broadly defined aims or goals. This is the ‘why’ of the curriculum and is often (but not always) made explicit in official documents.

Curriculum Approach:

• It is a way of dealing with curriculum, a way of doing, creating, designing, and thinking about the curriculum.
• According to Ornstein and Hunkins (2009), six curriculum approaches are Behavioral Approach, Managerial Approach, Systems Approach, Academic Approach, Reconceptualist Approach, and Humanistic Approach.

Approaches to Curriculum

Behavioral Approach:

• It is based on the Behavioural Principle, goals and objectives are specified, content and activities are also arranged with learning objectives.
• Learning outcomes are evaluated in terms of the goals and objectives set at the beginning.
• Its main aim is to achieve efficiency.
• CHANGE IN BEHAVIOUR indicates the measure of accomplishment.

Managerial Approach:

• It became dominant in the 1950s and 1960s. Based on the following principle:

1. General Leader: He/She sets the policies and priorities, establishes the direction of change and innovation, and plans and organizing curriculum and instruction.
2. Curriculum Leader: He/She looks at the curriculum changes and innovations as they administer the resources and restructure the school infrastructure.

• Role of Curriculum Leader:
  • To help in the development of the School’s educational goals.
  • To plan a curriculum with students, parents, teachers, and other stakeholders.
  • To design programs of study by grade levels.
  • To help in the evaluation and selection of textbooks.
  • To assist teachers in the implementation of the curriculum.
  • To develop standards for curriculum and instructional evaluation.
• Through this approach, educators are able to plan and focus the curriculum on specific programs, schedules, space, resources, equipment, and personnel.

System Approach:

• The whole system is approached by system theory.
• The whole approach represents the line-staff relationship of personnel and represents the way, how the decisions are made?
• It gives equal importance to all levels: 1. Administration 2. Counselling 3. Curriculum 4. Instruction 5. Evaluation.
• A curriculum plan using this approach stresses the use of organizational diagrams, flow charts, and committee structures including subjects, courses, unit plans, and lesson plans

Important Points

Humanistic Approach:

• It is rooted in progressive philosophy and follows the child-centered movements.
• It considers the formal or planned curriculum and the informal or hidden curriculum.
• It considers the whole child and believes that in the curriculum the total development of the individual is the prime consideration.
• Grounded in utilizing instructional strategies such as cooperative learning, independent learning, small-group learning, and social activities instead of competitive, teacher-dominated, large group learning. Schools that adopt this approach emphasize active student participation in the context of learning 

Academic Approach:

• The Academic approach founded on the theories of John Dewey, Henry Morrison, and Boyd Bode.
• This approach to curriculum is based on centering curriculum that is non-traditional, such as historical knowledge, philosophical, social, and political. Schools adopting this approach are able to develop a student’s sense of self beyond subject matter and pedagogy.

Reconceptualist approach:

• Highlights that change is a focal point.
• Considered an extension of the humanistic approach, targets learning through political, economic, social, moral, and artistic endeavors.
• Schools using this approach envision the curriculum as a means to help schools become an extension of the community and society, greatly benefiting the student’s sense of self and social power in and out of the classroom.    
• Associated with this sixth approach are the developmental theories of Pinar and past theorists such as George Counts, Harold Rugg, and Harold Benjamin.
• The curriculum operates (or is made) in different ways at different levels:
  1. supra – transnational ideas about education
  2. macro – national-level policy intentions
  3. meso – policy guidance
  4. micro – school-level curricular practices
  5. nano – classroom interactions.

Key Points

Conclusion: In consideration of these definitions and curriculum approaches to define curriculum, I define curriculum in my own terms consisting of what is taught, well-planned in the subject matter (math, science, English, history), and consideration of student needs.  Experiences that help students increase their thinking and develop social relationships are important. These learning experiences help to foster a student’s self-esteem and increase the chances that learning will have a positive outcome. The Behaviorist approach advocates “learners as cognitive individuals functioning within a social context”. Cooperative group learning and instructional strategies involving direct interaction with the learner is rooted in the perspective of the Humanistic approach, with an emphasis on active student participation and building a student’s self-esteem which is an aspect of social power and consciousness. Hence, option (4) is correct.

The management of a classroom is a broader concept. It includes those external factors which take place outside the classroom but have a strong bearing on the students behaviour in a classroom. 

• Management of a classroom demands that the teacher be resourceful. This can be achieved by deliberate attempts only.

Key Points

• Classroom management includes the pupils' initial behaviour, readiness for the modification of behaviours, their seating in the classroom, setting of the classroom, the prevailing healthy environment etc.
• When the overall environment of the classroom is good under the impact of the teacher, practice of other skills becomes an easy affair for the teacher. 
• A conducive classroom environment is the pre-requisite to successful class teaching.
• It results in maximum output in terms of students' performance.
• Relations between the peer group and with teachers also affect the learning environment.
• Students learn more effectively in an environment that meets their basic personal and psychological needs. It cannot be denied that most of the disciplinary problems in the classrooms can be prevented or greatly minimised with a favourable teaching-learning situation.
• In the absence of good classroom management; even a qualified and intelligent teacher proves ineffective.
• Creating a congenial classroom environment and management is one of the managerial skilIs which includes promoting pupil participation, and the guiding behaviour of the learners. This is one of the most important skills which is essential.
• The presence of the teacher in the classroom situations equips him or her with this skill. Everything in the classroom depends upon the over all management of the teacher there. 

Important Points A good teacher should:

• create an emotionally pleasant and stimulating environment.
• make the learner to have positive attitude towards educational programmes.
• set meaningful goals
• and make the subject matter meaningful.

Therefore, it can be said that Classroom Management of Learning Activities do NOT include competition among students

A species which is oxidised (deelectronation) is a reducing agent.

Thus, (ii) and (iv) represent reducing behaviour of H₂O₂.

TV signals being of high frequency are not reflected by the ionosphere. Therefore, to reflect these signals, satellites are needed. That is why, satellites are used for long distance TV transmission.
 Most long-distance shortwave (high frequency) radio communication—between 3 and 30 MHz—is a result of skywave propagation.
This 3-30 MHz is a range of frequencies which are used in sky waves propagation so that the ionosphere is capable of reflecting it.

• Numerical classification is based on mathematical calculations based on observable characteristics.
• In this mode of classification, each character is given a number or a code.
• The more the number of similar characters, the more is the chance that they belong to similar taxon.
• The main disadvantage of numerical taxonomy comes with the variation in result with variation in set of characteristics.

Phaeophyceae possess chlorophyll a, c, carotenoids and xanthophylls. They vary in colour from olive green to various shades of brown depending upon the amount of the xanthophyll pigment

For dispersion without deviation,
(μ₁​−1)×A₁​=(μ₂​−1)×A_2​
μ₁​=1.54, A₁​=4°, μ₂​=1.72
(1.54−1)×4=(1.72−1)×A_2​
⇒ A₂​=3^∘

• A taxon is a taxonomic group or taxonomic unit of any ranking. Each category is referred to as a unit of classification.
• There are seven main taxonomic ranks: kingdom, phylum, division, class, order, family, genus, species.
   

​Hence, the correct option is 'd' i.e. 'a taxonomic group of any ranking'.

Mutualism is a mutually beneficial relationship between individuals of two different species. None of the two is capable of living separately e.g., Nitrogen fixing Rhizobium bacteria living in root nodules of leguminous plants.
Protocooperation is non obligatory mutually beneficial relationship. 
In commensalism is an interaction in which one organism is benefited and the other is neither benefited nor harmed, e.g., Barnacles are often attached to the surface of whales for shelter and obtaining more food.
In amensalism without deriving much benefit, one organism inhibits the other by secreting allochemics. The phenomenon is called as antibiosis e.g., Trichoderma checks growth of Aspergillus.
Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

Caulimovirus (Cauliflower mosaic virus) contains double stranded (ds) DNA. Influenza virus contains single stranded RNA (ss RNA). Parvovirus contains single stranded DNA (ss DNA).

Also, angular momentum is quantised