HSSC TGT Science Mock Test - 8 - HSSC PGT/TGT MCQ

The correct answer is Refrigerators.

Important Points

• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are nontoxic, nonflammable chemicals containing atoms of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine. Mostly used in the manufacture of aerosol sprays, blowing agents for foams and packing materials, as solvents, and as refrigerants.
• Chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs are strong ozone-depleting substances. They are widely used in Refrigerator, Air conditioner.
• How they affect the environment:
  • They remain in the atmosphere for a long period of time 
  • They enter the stratosphere from the troposphere, disintegrating slowly by the action of UV radiation and thus releasing Chlorine(Cl) radicals which cause Ozone depletion.
  • One Chlorine atom has the capability to destroy over 4000 molecules of Ozone(O₃) in one month.
• Montreal Protocol-1987
  • The Montreal Protocol is the most effective international environmental treaty to phase out the Ozone Depleting Substances from the atmosphere.
  • Came into force in 1989.
  • It successfully curbed the 98% production of chlorofluorocarbons.
• Kigali Agreement-2016
  • It is an amendment to the Montreal protocol
• Paris Agreement-2015
  • It is an international agreement to combat climate change. 

The National Education Policy 2020 proposes various reforms in school education as well as higher education including technical education. A number of action points/activities for implementation in school education as well as higher education are mentioned in the National Education Policy 2020.

Key Points As per National education policy 2020:

• School education must focus on facilitating multiple pathways to learning involving Formal, and non-formal education.
• New Curricular and Pedagogical Structure (5+3+3+4) and ensuring quality early childhood care and education for all children between 3-6 years.
• No hard separations between arts and sciences, between curricular and extra-curricular activities, and between vocational and academic streams.
• Hence we conclude that to facilitate learning for all students, with special emphasis on SDGs, the scope of school education will be broadened to facilitate multiple pathways to learning involving Formal, and non-formal education.

Important Points  Details of the salient features of NEP 2020 are as follows-

• Establishing National Mission on Foundational Literacy and Numeracy.
• Emphasis on promoting multilingualism and Indian languages.
• Assessment reforms - Board Exams on up to two occasions during any given school year, one main examination and one for improvement.
• Setting up of a new National Assessment Centre, PARAKH (Performance Assessment, Review, and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development).

A variety of ways and approaches to organising a social studies curriculum have been tried out. Each one of these has some limitations and strengths. It is the responsibility of the teacher to ensure the achievement of objectives according to learners' needs, age level as well as societal and national-international demands. Rigidity in organising the curriculum in a singular manner will generate an imbalance in achieving the goals earlier stated. The following section will focus on the various approaches of curriculum organisation of social studies and the governing factors in adopting alternative approaches too.

Key Points Integrated Approach:

• It responds to the changing nature of the scientific study. An integrated approach can design the instruction in consonance with children's stages of mental growth.
• Secondly, it is more likely to maintain focus on enhancing individual goals and promoting social goals. Thirdly, advances in scientific knowledge have broken boundaries between traditional academic disciplines and new disciplines.
• For example, areas such as political behaviour, economic history and cultural geography have taken the place of old singular disciplines, and new fields of studies like population studies, environmental studies, global studies, etc., have emerged and they draw their content from various traditional disciplines. Hence, the integrated approach is being justified on the above grounds.

Integration in the organisation of content can be achieved in many ways but at least three alternatives that are significant should be noted:

• Integrating while preserving discipline identification
• Integration through social science concepts and generalisations
• Integration through unification

Thus from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that the objective can be fulfilled by an integrated approach. 

Concept:

Physical Pollution of Water:

• It is essential to regularly assess the physical properties of water quality in order to determine if the water is polluted or not.
• Physical traits can be identified using:
• Taste and Odor:
  • The taste and odour of clean water are always undetectable.
  • Any taste or smell could be an indication of water pollution.
• Colour:
  • Polluted water may be coloured; pure water is colourless.
• Temperature:
  • In natural water systems like lakes and rivers, temperature is a critical physical factor that impacts water quality.
• Turbidity:
  • The opposite of clear, light-unabsorbent water is turbidity.
  • The presence of turbidity in the water could indicate water pollution.
• Particles:
  • If water is filtered to remove suspended solids, the solid that remains in the water can be used to calculate the number of dissolved solids.
  • Dissolved solids in water that exceed 300 mg/l have a negative impact on both industrial and living objects.

Explanation:

pH Value: 

• Taking measurements of elements like pH and dissolved oxygen is necessary to analyse the chemical properties of water:
• The pH scale, which spans from 0 to 14, is used to determine whether water is acidic or alkaline.
• A logarithmic scale is used for measurement.
• Dissolved oxygen is the amount of free, non-compound oxygen that is present in water or other liquids.
• It is a significant aspect in determining water quality because of its effect on the aquatic life present in a body of water.

Thus, pH value is not involved in the physical pollution of water. 

The correct answer is All of these.

Key Points

• Sovar, Pilia and Ashish songs are sung on the birth of male child in Haryana.

Important Points

• On the birth of a baby boy, the family of the lactating mother visit her marital home with sweets, toys, jewellery, and clothes of boy's baby and family.
• This tradition, in Haryana, is known as ‘Piliya’.

The Correct Answer is Punjabi Suba Movement.

Key Points

• The Punjabi Suba Movement led by the Akali Dal resulted in the formation of Punjab and Haryana.
• The movement was a long-drawn political agitation, launched by the Sikhs, demanding the creation of a Punjabi Suba, in the post-independence Indian state of East Punjab.
• The demand for a Punjabi Suba was first presented in April 1948 by Master Tara Singh of Shiromani Akali Dal.
• The state of Haryana was carved out of East Punjab on 1 November 1966 on a linguistic basis.

The correct answer is the 14th century.

About Firoz Shah Tughlaq:

• The Fatehabad was founded by Firoz Shah Tughlak in the 14th century. He named the city "Fatehabad" after his son's name Fateh Khan.
• Firoz Shah Tughlaq was born in 1309 at Dipalpur( now in Pakistan). He was a Muslim ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty, who reigned over the Sultanate of Delhi from 1351 to 1388.
• He was the Third Ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty after the death of Mohammad-bin Tughlaq. Mohammad-bin Tughlaq Son of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq founder of the Tughlaq dynasty ascended the throne in the year 1325.
• Firoz Shah Tughlaq wrote his autobiography named as, Futuhat-e-Firozshahi. He established an office for Poor and Deprived sections called Diwan-i-Khairat.
• He opened a Department for the Slave people known as the Diwan-i-Bundagan. Firoz Shah Tughlaq declared the Iqtadari Framework Hereditary.
• The Four new towns were established by him named Fatebabad, Jaunpur, Firozabad, and Hissar. He was the one who started the Imposition of Jaziya on the Brahmans. Firoz Shah Tughlaq established many hospitals portrayed differently as Shifa Khana, Darul-Shifa, and Bimaristan, in Delhi.
• He died in the year 1388 and the Tughlaq dynasty starts declining after his death and could not continue to rule.

Notes:

• The founder of the Tughlaq Dynasty was Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq in 1320.

The correct answer is Palwal.​Key Points

As per the Haryana State forest report 2021,

• Palwal (13.56 sq km) is the district with the least forest area in Haryana.
• The lowest forest area in Haryana 'second district Panipat (16.45 Sq. Km.)
• The lowest forest area in Haryana is the third district, Fatehabad (18.49 sq.km).
• The district with the highest forest percentage in Haryana is Panchkula (43.66%).

Additional Information

• India State of Forest Report (ISFR):
  • Ministry for Environment, Forests and Climate Change releases the ISFR.
  • It is a biennial publication of the Forest Survey of India (FSI).
  • The report assesses the forest and tree cover, bamboo resources, carbon stock, forest fires and various other parameters.
• Bhupender Yadav currently holds the portfolio of the Ministry for Environment, Forests and Climate Change.

The correct answer is Narendra Yadav.

Key Points

• Over four years after two Haryana mountaineers Narender Singh Yadav and Seema Rani claimed to have reached the top of Mount Everest, Nepal’s Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation (MoCTCA), cancelled the summit certificate issued to them.
• Narendra Yadav is from village Nehrugarh in Rewari district.
• An investigation by the ministry concluded both Yadav and Rani had lied because the evidence, including photographs, didn’t add up.
• Last year Yadav was recommended for the Tenzing Norgay Award, the highest adventure sports honour in India.
• Both Yadav and Rani had violated regulations under the Nepal Tourism Act, 1978.

Additional Information

Other mountaineers from Haryana are:

• Sunita Singh Choken - climbed Mount Everest in 2011.
• Shivangi Pathak - At the age of 16, she became the youngest person to climb the world's highest peak.
• Mamta Sodha - climbed Mount Everest in 2010.
• Santosh Yadav - She is the first woman to climb Mount Everest twice.

Developmental psychologists seeks to explain the changes they observed in relation to normative processes and individual differences.

• They aim to understand what normative development looks like for human and how and why individual development may differ from what's typically expected.
• Developmental psychologists hope to use this understanding to optimize human development, helping all people reach their full potential. 

Key Points

• Normative development is the pattern of development that focuses on distinctive qualities that is most typical to achieve like every baby goes through developmental milestone consistent with age range.
• Normative development is typically viewed as a continual and cumulative process. The continuity view says that change is gradual.
• For instance, Children become more skillful in thinking, talking or acting much the same way as they get taller.
• Whereas, Idiographic development describes individual variations outside of the range of normative development.

Therefore, it can be said that the term normative development indicates distinctive qualities.

The correct answer is He is slowing down the speed of the vehicle.

Key Points

• Hand gestures :
  • These are additional signals given by other drivers as this lets the traffic know exactly what the vehicle's next move is.
  • This ensures a safe drive for everyone on the road.
• Common hand gestures:
• To slow down: 
  • ​When the driver is slowing down his vehicle, he or she has to extend the right arm and swing it up and down gently.

Additional Information

• To turn right:
  • ​If the driver is turning right or switching to a lane on the right side, he or she has to extend the arm straight out with the palm facing front.

• To overtake: Extend the right hand with palm facing forward below the level of the shoulder, and wave it forward and backwards.
  • Once the vehicle is close enough, firmly pull your hand back in the car and let the driver pass you. 

• To turn left:
  • Extend your right arm horizontally from the window with your forearm pointing towards the ground.
  • Now that you are clearly visible to the motorist behind, turn your forearm in an anti-clockwise motion until you feel it is time to brake and turn.

The correct answer is Punch marked coins.

• Punch marked coins have been discovered form the mounds of Hisar and Agroha.

Key Points

• A collection of coins was found from the site, including 4 Indo Greek, one punch-marked and 51 other coins from Agrodaka.
  • The discovery of coins of Agraya Janapada (Republic) during excavation and its ancient name in literature as Agrodka is sufficient to prove it as the headquarters of a republic.
  • The site was excavated in 1978-84 by Mr. PK Sharan and Mr. JS Khatri of the Department of Archeology and Museums, Government of Haryana.
  • Apart from the residential and community houses, made of baked bricks, the remains of a Buddhist stupa and a Hindu temple existing side by side indicated co-existence and respect of communal harmony.

Additional Information

• The city of Hisar was founded by a Muslim ruler Firoz Shah Tughlaq in 1354 AD.
  • 'Hisar' is an Arabic word which means 'fort'.
  • The city which we know today as 'Hisar' was originally called 'Hisar Firoza (Hisar-e-Firoz)' or in other words 'Fort of Firoz'.
  • But as the days passed, the word 'turquoise' was dropped from its original name.

Children with special needs (CWSN) are those who have some form of physical or cognitive impairment and require extra aid, care, and different teaching and learning methodologies as they might experience learning challenges.

• To suit the academic and personal requirements of children, they may require customized physical infrastructure and teaching approaches.
• Students with special needs can be classified into five categories :
  • Physical impairment
  • Visual impairment
  • Hearing and speech impairment
  • Low mental ability
  • Learning disability

 Key Points Hearing impairment affects the ability of a person to communicate freely and effectively with hearing persons, share ideas and feelings, and express oneself. The inability to hear interferes with the learning and performance of children.

• Hearing impairment does not automatically lead to the inability to speak. It is a barrier to the normal development of language. However, people with hearing impairment can be taught how to communicate effectively with others.
• A person with a hearing impairment is not necessarily retarded. Her intellectual capacities may be equal to or even better than those of a normal person. 
• Hearing impairment has a wide range of gradation - from profound to a partial loss of hearing. 
• It is believed that some amount of residual hearing is present in all people with hearing impairment. 
• A hearing aid is helpful for all people with hearing problems.
• Early detection of hearing loss and training is essential to help the child make use of whatever hearing she has and to help her develop communication skills. 

Thus, it can be inferred that there is a general misunderstanding that hearing impaired children cannot perceive sounds whereas in fact most of these children have a residual hearing.

Hint

• The cochlear implant is a surgically implanted hearing aid.
• Conductive hearing loss happens when sound waves are unable to move from the outer ear to the eardrum.
• Communicative competence is defined as an individual's ability to communicate or converse effectively and articulately.
  • to describe, and account for, the ability that speakers and listeners have in order to convey and interpret messages or communicate appropriately in different social contexts. 
  • This term is coined by Dell Hymes.

Additional InformationEducation of disabled students :

• Students with hearing problems should be asked to sit near the teacher for improved listening.
• The teacher should use a reasonable level of pitch (voice) while speaking.
• The teacher should avoid mumbling and speaking too fast.
• While reading from the textbook, the teacher's lips should be visible to the students so that they are able to supplement listening by lip-reading.
• While speaking or writing on the blackboard, the teacher should face the students. 

Teacher Education

• Teacher Education programs produce teachers, who in turn educate generations of pupils and students.
• Teachers who transform the knowledge and skills acquired in school, college, or university during the rest of their lives and work.
• It is an education program which has the policies, procedures, and provision designed to equip teachers with the knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and skills a teacher require to perform tasks effectively in the classroom, school, and wider community.
• The 4-D's
  • DISCOVERY: It involves Identification and appreciation of what works.
  • DREAM: It involves Imagining what might be.
  • DESIGN: It involves Developing systems, structures leveraging the best of what was and what might be.
  • DESTINY: It involves Implementing or delivering the proposed design.

Competency-Based Model:

• A competency model is a guideline developed by a Human Resource department that sets out the specific skills, knowledge, and behavioral requirements that enable an employee to perform their job successfully.

Hence, From the above-explained points, we can conclude that The four ‘D’ model of a dream, discover, design, and deliver the best fit with the competency-based model of teacher education. It enables the student teacher to make decisions by exploring and discovering. The 4 -D's help in creating an environment of proving, exploring, and discovering one's abilities.

Additional Information

Concept Attainment model:

• The Concept Attainment model is an instructional strategy founded on the works of Jerome Bruner. 
• Built on the principle of concept formation, the Concept Attainment model promotes student learning through a process of structured inquiry.
• The model helps students to understand and learn concepts by identifying attributes or key features through a process of analysis, comparison, and contrasting examples. 
• Two sets of examples are used in this strategy – Yes (examples that have attributes of the concept) and No (examples that do not have attributes of the concept) examples.

Inquiry oriented teacher education model:

• The inquiry is the systematic, intentional study of one's own professional practice. It is a stance, a way of learning about teaching and from teaching, and genuine inquiry is conceptualized as a transformative force for teacher development, student learning, and school change.
• The conceptual scholarship on inquiry-oriented teacher education is extensive, and over the last 25 years, a growing number of teacher education programs around the world are describing themselves as inquiry-oriented.

​The jurisprudence model used principally in analyses of individual values regarding domestic laws helps to explain these beliefs.

Reflection

• "reflection’ that means a continuous thought process by teachers on understanding their various activities and how they perform in the classrooms, reflecting on their classroom practices.
• Reflection is one of the crucial aspects of the teaching-learning process that helps the teachers to analyze their own practices and improve upon them. In fact, reflecting on different aspects of teaching is fairly instinctive for most of the teachers
• Reflection on activities taken up in the school and generating discussion on key issues of concern that require to be addressed. It prompts us to evaluate our own instructional practices in the classrooms.

Think-pair-share

• The teacher introduces a problem related to higher-order thinking ability like analysis, synthesis, evaluation, and construction, etc. before learners.
• All learners are provided five minutes so that they can respond properly to the solution of the problem. After it, they are given time for sharing their thinking with peers in small groups.
• Also, they have to listen to others and discuss it with other classmates. At least, they have to have a consensus on the appropriate method for the solution of the problem.
• At the end of the class, all groups share related processes and outcomes of discussion during a follow-up discussion.
• This is the most suitable and appropriate strategy for collaborative learning in encouraging reflection amongst learners.

Individual and Group interactive sessions

• An individual interactive session where the individual discusses his/her views on the theme or topic assigned by the teacher.
• Group interactive sessions a theme or topic is presented or initiated by someone, either by a member of the group or a teacher.
• Elements of interactive sessions:
  • Chairperson
  • Speaker
  • Participants
  • Recorder 

Question and Anser session

• In this session, the teacher posses question, and the students answer the question. It is an oral activity in the class which enhances the speaking skills of students.
• Realize the relevance and importance of activities that enhance oral skills and translate this realization into actual classroom practice. Thus every classroom should provide numerous opportunities for oral language practice through discussion, reporting, and question and answer sessions. 

Individual - work assignment based sessions

• In this session, the teacher assigns work assignment individually, and the student has to work on assigned topics. In this session, the student discusses his/her assignment and discloses his/her work.
• These assignments develop understanding and critical thinking in the student.
• It is essential to keep in mind that class-appropriate assignments may be chosen for your students.

Learners face significant difficulties in acquiring and rising their abilities in speaking, acquiring and their abilities for speaking, listening with understanding, reading, writing, paying attention, and motor abilities disabilities.

Key Points Speech disorders may range from problems with expression or voice strength to complete voicelessness, chronic hoarseness, stuttering, or stammering, defect in pronunciation, defect in speaking sentences correctly, slurring, and lisping.

• Speech difficulties can also be associated with cerebral palsy, hearing impairment, and brain injury.
• Children with speech difficulties may have difficulty understanding and have difficulty in expressing ideas.
• Mental Retardation hearing Impairment and behavioral disorders may cause delayed speech.
• Auditory and speech training will be given to the child in the resource room.
• Avoid criticizing them for speaking faulty language. They should be gently encouraged to speak correctly.
• Use linguistic scaffolding techniques that involve a series of questions.
• Most such defects can be cured if early action is taken.
• Teachers should focus on interactive communication.

Thus, it is concluded that depletion of energy is not a common speech disorder in childhood.

In Newland's periodic table, each row of elements consists of a total of seven elements and the eighth element falls under the first element. In the first column Lithium is the first element and sodium is the eighth element. Similarly, the eighth element after sodium is potassium. Hence from Newland's law of octaves, the elements Li, Na and K must have similar chemical and physical properties, and they do.

Oxaloacetic acid is a 4C compound, HO₂CCH₂COCO₂H, that plays an integral role in the Krebs cycle. The anion, oxaloacetate, reacts with the acetyl group, from acetyl coenzyme A to form citrate.

Drift velocity, v=I/nAe
=2/(2x10^-6)x(5x10²⁶)x(1.6x10^-19)
=1.25x10^-2m/s

• Autotrophs: The term "Autotrophs" refer to organisms, that can produce their own food from the inorganic substances found in the surroundings.
• Algae: Algae which are predominantly aquatic organisms carry out photosynthesis to prepare their food.
• These fresh water, brackish and marine water inhabitants with no differentiation of stem, roots and leaves make use of the chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments present in their thallus for photosynthesis.

Hence, the correct answer is Option C

The force will have a magnitude F=qvB sin q, thus it will be maximum if sin q is maximum. Thus, angle between velocity and magnetic field should be 90^o or the charge particle moves perpendicular to the velocity vector.

Like other plants, the embryonic development in bryophytes begins with the process of fertilization. This involves the fusion of male and female gametes, which are produced in the antheridium and archegonium respectively.
 

Role of Archegonium

• The archegonium is the female sex organ in bryophytes, and it is where the female gametes or eggs are produced.
• After fertilization, the zygote remains in the archegonium and begins to divide and grow into an embryo.
• This process takes place within the protective structure of the archegonium, which provides a suitable environment for the developing embryo.

• Phanerogams contain specialized reproductive organ and don’t follow cryptogamae.
• Phanerogams are classified as Gymnosperms and Angiosperms based on the type of seed they produce.
• Gymnosperms have naked seeds and Angiosperms have covered seeds.
• Angiosperms bear fruit whereas Gymnosperms don’t.

The density of a population in a given habitat during a given period changes due to changes in four basic processes, two of which (natality and immigration) contribute to an increase in population density and two (mortality and emigration) to a decrease. In a zero population growth density natality is balanced by mortality. 
 

Molar mass = 6(12) + 10(1) + 5(16) = 162g

• Critically endangered: This category is used when a taxon is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.


• Extinct in the wild: This category is used when a taxon is no longer found in the wild, but individuals may still exist in captivity or artificial populations.


• Endangered: This category is used when a taxon is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.


• Vulnerable: This category is used when a taxon is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild, but not as high as the critically endangered or endangered categories.

Intensive means that the property is mass independent. We can see that Boiling point, pH, EMF of cell and surface tension are intensive pont . 
While Extensive property  depends on mass and in given options Volume and entropy are mass dependents.

The latitudinal gradient has the most well-known pattern in diversity having many groups of animals and plants. A decrease in diversity of species is observed while moving from the equator towards the poles.