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The initial comprehensive attempt to create teaching methods on scientific principles was made by Comenius. John Amos Comenius was a Czech philosopher, pedagogue and theologian who is considered the father of modern education. Comenius introduced a number of educational concepts and innovations, teaching based, in gradual development from simple to more comprehensive concepts.

The teacher must always give positive feedbacks to the students for activities they perform because the children of primary classes are motivated and this encourages the development of their behavior.

The skill of individual to relate to students is very important for an individual starting his career as a teacher. This factor plays a very important role in developing a connection between the teacher and the students as a teacher is able to explain properly to students.

Picture comprehension is very useful for the students of all age group. It is easier and interesting for them to understand the concept, and artistic skills are also developed in them. They are able to form mental images while reading any text.

Jean Piaget has given four stages of cognitive development:
The Sensorimotor stage is the first stage that lies from Birth to 18–24 months old. In this stage, infants "THINK' with their eyes, ears and hands. The Pre-operational Stage is the second stage lies from 2 to 7 years old. The Concrete Operational Stage is the third stage that lies from 7 to 11 years old. The Formal Operational Stage is the fourth stage that lies from Adolescence to adulthood.
Hence, the correct answer is, 'Sensorimotor stage.'

Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development focuses on linguistic, social and cultural development in his theories but does not focus on biological development. It is because of social interactions or imaginative plays, cognitive development takes place in the children. He believes that socialization starts with the schools and communities that engage children in discovering and exploring new things. Hence, the correct answer is, 'Biological.'

A Concept map is a type of diagram that depicts relationships between concepts. The relationship is represented in circles or boxes; concepts are linked through words and phrases. These words and phrases explain the connection between ideas and help students understand information and concepts.
Hence, the correct answer is, 'Increase the ability to organize information logically.'

Bacteria are the sole members of the Kingdom Monera.
Blue-green algae come under Kingdom Monera.
Blue-green algae are also known as cyanobacteria.
Blue-green algae are photosynthetic autotrophs.

This process occurs when the concentration of oxygen increase and carbon dioxide decrease and its substrate is glycolate. RubisCO, catalase (CAT) and GOX, and GDC are the main enzymes in chloroplasts, leaf peroxisomes, and mitochondria from mature leaves, respectively, and support the major role of the photorespiratory C₂ cycle in leaf metabolism.
So the correct option is 'Mitochondria, peroxisomes and chloroplasts'.

Solution:

In C4 plants, carbon fixation is a two-step process. The initial fixation of carbon dioxide occurs in the mesophyll cells, where it is converted into a 4-carbon compound. This compound is then transported to the bundle sheath cells, where carbon dioxide is released and refixed by the Calvin cycle in the chloroplasts of these cells. The bundle sheath cells play a crucial role in the C4 pathway, allowing the plant to efficiently fix carbon even under conditions of low atmospheric CO2 concentration.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option C: Bundle sheath cells.

• The raw materials of photosynthesis are water and CO₂.
• During photosynthesis in plants, water, and carbon dioxide react in the presence of light and chlorophyll, to give carbohydrates (glucose) and oxygen.

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Sunlight = C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ 

Succulents plants have stomata sunken deeply in the leaf epidermis to prevent loss of water by transpiration. These plants open their stomata during the night and follow the CAM pathway for the fixation of carbon dioxide.

In most of the higher plants, the growing apical bud inhibits the growth ofthe lateral (axillary) buds, a phenomenon called apical dominance.

Growth, differentiation and development are very closely relatedevents in the life of a plant. Broadly, development is considered as thesum of growth and differentiation.

Fusion of two polar nuclei with one male gamete is called triple fusion. Primary endosperm nucleus is formed by this product of triple fusion that divide mitotically to form endosperm.

• Heterospory refers to the production of spores of two different sizes and developmental patterns: microspores for males and megaspores for females.
• Genera like Selaginella and Salvinia which produce two kinds of spores, macro (large) and micro (small) spores are known as heterosporous.

Fig: Heterosporous pteridophytes

Hence, the correct option is D.
NCERT Reference: Topic “PTERIDOPHYTES” of chapter Plant Kingdom.

Photolysis of water occurs at grana i.e., lumen side of grana thylakoid membrane with the help of water splitting complex or OEC (oxygen evolving complex). This step is associated with PS- II of Z- scheme.
Three minerals Mn ion, Ca+  +,Cl− are associated with splitting of water.

Cellular respiration takes place in two steps- Glycolysis and Kreb’s cycle. Glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm of cells and Kreb’s cycle in mitochondria. So, first step of respiration takes place in cytoplasm.

The androecium is the third whorl of a flower whose individual unit is called the stamen. It is the male reproductive organ whorl. 

A. Anthers are the parts of the stamen in which pollen grains are formed.

B. Stamens are the male reproductive structures, collectively called the androecium.

C. Filaments are the parts of stamens that connect the anthers to the thalamus.

D. Tepals are the units of the whorl called perianth

Ecology is the study of the relationships between living organisms and the abiotic (physico-chemical factors) and biotic components (other species) of their environment. Ecology encompasses the interactions and relationships between organisms and both their non-living (abiotic) and living (biotic) environment. It examines how organisms interact with factors such as climate, water, soil, and other organisms.

Therefore, option a) Abiotic and biotic components accurately describes the scope of ecology.

The IUCN Red List (2004) documents the extinction of 784 species in the last 500 years. Some examples of recent extinctions include the three subspecies (Bali, Javan, Caspian) of tiger.

After fertilisation, the integuments of the ovule form the protective coats (seed coats). Outer integument develops into testa and the inner one develops into tegmen.

Sodium aluminate and hydrogen gas are formed when sodium hydroxide reacts with aluminium metal.
2NaOH + 2Al + 2H₂O ⇨ 2NaAlO₂ + 2H₂

The molar mass of ZnO can be calculated by summing the atomic masses of zinc and oxygen atoms.

They are position isomers. 
Position isomerism :- When two or more compounds with the same molecular formula differ in the position of substituent atom or functional group on the carbon atom, they are called position  isomers and this phenomenon  is termed as position isomerism.
 

• A pure element or compound contains only one substance, with no other substances mixed in.
• Impure materials may be mixtures of elements, mixtures of compounds, or mixtures of elements and compounds.

The coloured material from flower petals can be separated by chromatography process. Chromatography is used to separate materials present in solution in vary trace amount

Cinnabar is a toxic mercury sulfide mineral with a chemical composition of HgS. It is the only important ore of mercury. It has a bright red color that has caused people to use it as a pigment, and carve it into jewelry and ornaments for thousands of years in many parts of the world. Because it is toxic, its pigment and jewelry uses have almost been discontinued.

Heat energy is conducted by transferring energy of atoms vibrating at high level. This energy is transferred by vibrating neighboring atom. Since high density of mercury, there is no enough room for vibrating mercury atoms. So it can’t be heated easily.