UPSC CAPF Paper 1 Mock Test - 1 (General & Mental Ability) - CDS MCQ

Public Interest Litigation (PIL)
PIL stands for Public Interest Litigation, which is a legal mechanism that allows individuals or organizations to bring cases to the court for the protection of public interest or the enforcement of legal rights. It is an important tool in promoting social justice, holding authorities accountable, and ensuring access to justice for marginalized groups. Here are the key points about PIL:
1. Definition: PIL is a legal action initiated by an individual or a group of individuals, acting in the interest of the public, to seek justice, protect fundamental rights, and address issues of public concern.
2. Scope: PIL can be filed in various areas such as environmental protection, human rights violations, consumer protection, corruption, gender equality, public health, and more. It allows citizens to challenge unconstitutional laws, government policies, or administrative actions.
3. Access to Justice: PIL provides an avenue for individuals who may not have personal standing or resources to approach the court. It helps in bridging the gap between the marginalized sections of society and the justice system.
4. Role of Courts: Courts play a crucial role in PIL cases by intervening in matters of public importance and issuing directions or guidelines to the government or other authorities to enforce constitutional rights and fulfill public obligations.
5. Public Interest: PIL focuses on issues that affect a large section of society or have a significant impact on public welfare. The court evaluates the merit of the case based on the public interest involved.
6. Judicial Activism: PIL has been instrumental in promoting judicial activism, where the courts proactively engage in social issues and policy matters to protect citizens' rights and ensure good governance.
In conclusion, PIL, which stands for Public Interest Litigation, is a legal mechanism that allows individuals or organizations to bring cases to the court in the interest of public welfare. It plays a vital role in promoting social justice, accountability, and access to justice for marginalized groups.

The Non-Aligned Movement was primarily about economic development and independence for small nations, and not about joining one of the two power groups of the world.

Definition of Rights:
- A: This statement is incorrect as rights are not duties, but rather entitlements or freedoms.
- B: This statement is incorrect as rights are not merely privileges, but fundamental entitlements.
- C: This statement is the real definition of rights as it accurately describes rights as claims individuals have on others, society, and the government.
- D: This statement is partially correct as rights do empower citizens to check the misuse of power by the government, but it does not encompass the entirety of the definition.
Therefore, the correct answer is C: Rights are the claims of a person on other fellow beings, over the society and over the government. This definition highlights the inherent nature of rights as entitlements that individuals possess and can assert against others, society, and the government to protect their interests and freedoms.

Campaigning- Is the process by which a candidate tries to persuade the voter to vote for him. ​

The Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve is a non-use conservation area and biosphere reserve in the Satpura Range of Madhya Pradesh state in central India.The conservation area was created in 1999 by the Indian government. UNESCO designated it a biosphere reserve in 2009.

The correct answer is 120 dB.

• The loud noises that continue for a prolonged period can cause High blood pressure, Eardrum damage, and Nervous breakdown.
• Noise is unwanted and undesirable sound or noise, an irritant, and a source of stress.
• The sound level meter is used for measuring the intensity of sound.
• The transport sector contributes the maximum noise.
• The roadway noise can be reduced by the use of noise barriers, limitation of vehicle speed, and alteration of roadway surface texture.
• Sound is measured in decibels.
• Noise pollution is considered to be caused by sounds louder than 120 decibels.
• The decibel scale is used for measuring the loudness of sound or noise.
• According to the research, noise pollution is the highest in a low-income neighbourhood.
• The level of sound during normal conversation is 60 dbA.
• The allowed noise level by World Health Organisation (WHO) in residential areas is 50 decibels.
• Noise pollution affects marine animal's behaviour.
• The main source of noise pollution is Heavy machinery and Transportation equipment.

Combustion or Burning:

• Combustion is a chemical process in which a substance reacts rapidly with oxygen and gives off heat
• Waste like plastic and rubber tires can be burned using this combustion process
• These make use of the heat energy generated by the combustion & incineration process to electricity
• It is the most effective method of waste disposal at reducing the volume of solid waste
• It is not an acceptable practice, as it creates lots of pollution and it is harmful to both the environment as well as organisms

Important Points:

Recycling:

• It is the process of converting waste materials into reusable objects to prevent waste
• The materials from which the items are made can be reprocessed into new products
• Recycling such material saves the product and it also reduces the amount of manufacture to make new products
• It also helps in energy saving and reducing global climate change

Landfill or Burying:

• Landfill refers the disposal of waste material by burying it
• It is extended storage area for non-biodegradable waste
• Landfill is an area, which prevent contamination from the waste entering the area surrounding by soil and water and it also helps to reduce odour and pests

Composting:

• Due to lack of adequate space for landfills, biodegradable yard waste is allowed to decompose in a medium designed for the purpose
• Only biodegradable waste materials are used in composting
• Good quality environmentally friendly manure is formed from the compost and can be used for agricultural purposes

Dawn is the time just before sunrise. During this time, the sky starts getting filled with the Sun's glow and the rays of the Sun start piercing the darkness.

Barter system

• Definition: The barter system is a system of exchange where goods or services are directly exchanged for other goods or services without using money as a medium of exchange.


• Process: In a barter system, individuals or entities trade goods and services based on mutual agreement without the need for a common currency.


• History: Barter systems have been used throughout history before the invention of money as a means of trade and exchange.


• Advantages:
  
  
  
  • Eliminates the need for money, making transactions more direct and simple.
  
  
  • Allows for the exchange of goods or services that may not have a monetary value.
  
  
  
  


• Disadvantages:
  
  
  
  • Lack of double coincidence of wants, where both parties must have what the other wants.
  
  
  • Difficulty in determining the value of goods or services being exchanged.
  
  
  
  

The past two decades of globalisation has seen rapid movements in goods, services and investments between countries.

CO₂ is the largest contributor towards global warming, followed by methane, CFCs and N₂O.

• Pair 1 is correctly matched: Non-violence (Ahimsa) is a core principle of Jainism, strongly associated with Mahavira.
• Pair 2 is correctly matched: The Eightfold Path is a fundamental teaching of Buddhism, introduced by Gautama Buddha as a means to end suffering.
• Pair 3 is incorrectly matched: Discarding clothes is associated with Mahavira and the Digambara sect of Jainism, not Chandragupta Maurya.

The correct answer is D as Zoroasterv’s end Avesta. has nothing to do with India’s trade and commercial contacts with the rest of the world.

D is the correct option.The Rigveda is the largest of the four Vedas, and many of its verses appear in the other Vedas. ... Brahmin · Kshatriya · Vaishya · Shudra.The first mention of Varna Vaishya is found in the Purusha Suktam verse of the ancient Sanskrit Rig Veda.

Abu'l Fazl was assassinated while he was returning from the Deccan by Vir Singh Bundela (who later became the ruler of Orchha) between Sarai Vir and Antri (near Narwar) in a plot contrived by Akbar's eldest son Prince Salim (who later became the Emperor Jahangir)[16] in 1602, because Abu'l Fazl was known to oppose the accession of Prince Salim to the throne. His severed head was sent to Salim at Allahabad. Abu'l Fazl was buried at Antri.[17][18] Abu'l Fazl's son Shaikh Afzal Khan (29 December 1571 – 1613) was later appointed governor of Bihar in 1608 by Jahangir.

Statement 1 is incorrect because the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms introduced dyarchy in provinces, which meant control was divided between elected Indian ministers and appointed British officials, not completely transferred to Indian hands. Statements 2 and 3 are correct as the Rowlatt Act did allow detention without trial to curb seditious activities, and the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre was indeed a direct result of the protests against the arrest of nationalist leaders Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr. Satyapal.

The Buzi Bridge was inaugurated by Union External Affairs Minister Dr S Jaishankar. The Minister also had a meeting with President of Assembly Esperança Bias.
It was built as part of 132 km Tica-Buzi-Nova-Sofala Road project by India in Mozambique.

Reliance Industries (RIL) has announced a merger deal with Viacom18 Media and The Walt Disney Company to establish a joint venture (JV) integrating Viacom18 and Star India operations. With RIL committing a significant investment of Rs 11,500 crore (approximately US$ 1.4 billion) into the JV, this strategic move aims to reshape the Indian entertainment and sports industry landscape.

Sharfuddoula has made history by becoming the first Bangladeshi umpire appointed to the ICC Elite Panel of Umpires. His selection was part of the ICC's annual review and selection process, marking a significant milestone in Bangladeshi cricket umpiring.

Iceland is on high alert as an unprecedented seismic swarm, with 800 earthquakes in 14 hours, has raised concerns about a possible volcanic eruption in the Reykjanes peninsula. The Iceland Met Office has warned of a "considerable" likelihood of a volcanic eruption in the coming days, leading to the declaration of a state of emergency.

For person affected with myopic condition, the image instead of forming on retina, it forms in front of it. In order to cure such type of defect, concave lens of power - 1.25D is used.

Plants that yield pollen and nectar are collectively called bee pasturage or bee forage. India having a wide varieties of floral geography and the bee pasturage also varies. Pollen is a highly proteinaceous food for bees. The plants that produce only pollen are called pollen plants.

Momentum = mass x velocity, velocity = momentum/ mass = 16/2 = 8m/s. Kinetic energy = ½ mv². K.E = ½ x2 x 82 = 64 J.

We can see the sun 2 minutes before the actual sunrise and 2 minutes after the actual sunset due to atmospheric refraction. So, the total time lengthened is 2 + 2 = 4 minutes.

According to the 10% law, the energy available to each successive level is 10% of the previous level.

Explanation:

• The 10% law: The 10% law is a principle in ecology that states that only 10% of the energy available at one trophic level is transferred to the next trophic level.


• Trophic levels: In an ecosystem, organisms are organized into trophic levels, which represent the different levels of the food chain. The first trophic level consists of producers (plants), followed by primary consumers, secondary consumers, and so on.


• Energy transfer: As energy flows through the food chain, it is transferred from one trophic level to another. However, not all the energy is transferred. According to the 10% law, only 10% of the energy is passed on to the next trophic level.


• Example: To illustrate the 10% law, let's consider a simple food chain. Suppose there are 1000 units of energy available at the producer level (plants). According to the 10% law:




• Only 10% (100 units) of the energy will be available to the primary consumers (herbivores) at the next trophic level.


• Then, only 10% (10 units) of the energy will be available to the secondary consumers (carnivores) at the next trophic level.


• Finally, only 10% (1 unit) of the energy will be available to the tertiary consumers (top carnivores) at the highest trophic level.

Therefore, the correct answer is A: 10%.

The turning of any liquid into vapour is called Evaporation. The factors affecting the evaporation are:

1. Temperature. As the temperature increases, the rate of evaporation also increases.

2. Surface Area. As the Surface area increases, the rate of evaporation increases.

 

a = 1/ (3-2√2) 

b =  1/ ( 3+2√2) 

∴ ab =  1/(3-2√2) * 1/ (3+2√2) 

=>  1/ (9-8) 

=> 1 

We know; 

(a+b)² = a² + b² + 2ab

And, a²+ b² = (a+b)² - 2ab

=> [ 1/(3-2√2) + 1/(3+2√2) ]² -2*1

=> [3+2√2+3-2√2 / 1]^2 -2 

=> (6)² - 2 

=>  36 - 2
=>  34

Time taken by B = 400 – 80 = 320 seconds

Hence, Option A is correct.

Remainder,

[We have taken individual remainder, which means if 73 is divided by 34 individually, it will give remainder 5, 75 divided 34 gives remainder 7 and so on.]

[We have taken here negative as well as positive remainder at the same time. When 30 divided by 34 it will give either positive remainder 30 or negative remainder -4. We can use any one of negative or positive remainder at any time.]

Required remainder = 32.

When two trains cross each other while moving in the opposite direction or when a train overtakes another train, the distance covered by the express train is equal to the sum of the lengths of both the trains.
Case 1: When the trains travel in opposite directions:
Distance travelled = Sum of lengths of the two trains = Relative speeds of the trains × Time taken
In this case, relative speeds = 72 + 45 = 117 km/hr (Relative speed when two objects travel in opposite directions = Sum of the individual speeds)
Time taken = Half a minute = 30 seconds 
As the speed is in km/hr and time is in seconds, let us convert the speed into m/sec to ensure congruency in the units. 

117 km/hr =  =  m/sec
Therefore, distance covered = Sum of the lengths of the two trains =  = 975 metres
Case 2: When the trains are travelling in the same direction:
Distance travelled = Sum of the lengths of the two trains = Relative speed × Time taken
Relative speed = (72 - 45) = 27 km/hr (When two objects travel in the same direction, their relative speed is equal to the difference between their individual speeds.)
As the lengths of the two trains will remain the same, irrespective of their direction of travel, the distance travelled will be the same in both the cases = 975 m 
Converting 27 km/hr into m/sec, we get  =  m/sec 
975 m =  × Time taken (in seconds) 
Time taken =  = 130 seconds