APSET Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 (Political Science) - AP TET MCQ

In 1786, Lord Cornwallis was appointed as Governor-General and commander in chief in India. He is known for having instituted land , judiciary and administrative reforms and reorganized the British army and administration. He had a demand that powers of the Governor-General be enlarged to empower him, in special cases, to override the majority of his Council and act on his own special responsibility. The Act of 1786 was enacted to give him the power of working as Both Governor General & Commander in Chief. Thus via act of 1786, Cornwallis became the first effective ruler of British India under the authority of Board of Control and the Court of Directors.

It should devote attention both to the government and opposition viewpoint

The Regulating Act was passed by the British parliament in 1773 to regulate the affairs of the East India Company. Its main object was to bring the company under the control of the British parliament.

Several theories have been advanced by Lincoln scholars to explain the provenance of Lincoln's famous phrase "government of the people, by the people, for the people". Despite many claims, there is no evidence a similar phrase appears in the Prologue to John Wycliffe's 1384 English translation of the Bible.

John Rawls defines the common good as "certain general conditions that are...equally to everyone's advantage". ... In this sense, Rawls's understanding of the common good is intimately tied with the well-being of the least advantaged.

Mackenzie's summarizes conditions for free and fair elections. It includes all four key elements necessary for a robust electoral process.

The correct answer is Affirmative action.

The correct answer is South Africa.

The Fabian Society is a British socialist organisation whose purpose is to advance the principles of democratic socialism via gradualist and reformist effort in democracies, rather than by revolutionary overthrow

Assertion (A): The relation between a generalist and a specialist is one of a senior and a subordinate.
Reason (R): A specialist is required to assist the generalist in the formulation and implementation of public policy.
(A) is wrong, but (R) is true.

Arkal Govind Raj Rao vs. Ciba Geigy of India

• The legislation for the upliftment of the interests of labor, technically ‘Workmen’ and for the resolution of Industrial Disputes before the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 was the Trade Disputes Act, 1929.
• It was removed because of the loopholes it had and its failure to reach the objective desired subsequently leading it to be amended and the new Act Industrial Disputes Act came into the picture.
• The foundation of the jurisdiction under the Act is the determination of the fact whether an employee is a ‘Workman’ as per the meaning mentioned in the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947.
• While deciding the case, the Supreme Court held that "the basic duties of the worker should be considered first and the additional duties will have no bearing on the nature of the character of the person".

• The Justice Rajendar Sachar committee was set up by the Government of India to examine the social and economic status of the Muslim community. 
• The committee was constituted in 2005. 
• The Manmohan Singh administration appointed the Committee.

The concept of sovereignty in its fullness is a very modern phenomenon, whose emergence can be traced back no deeper than into the early modern period , but which, nevertheless, remains with us almost intact even today – still being necessarily thought of as ‘absolute and indivisible’.

It is well known that the Americans have been striving for 30 years to shake off this yoke, which has become intolerable, and that in spite of all they can do they continue to stink ever deeper in this swamp of corruption. It is precisely in America that we see best how there takes place this process of the state power making itself independent in relation to society, whose mere instrument it was originally intended to be. Here there exists no dynasty, no nobility, no standing army, beyond the few men keeping watch on the Indians, no bureaucracy with permanent posts or the right to pensions. and nevertheless we find here two great gangs of political speculators, who alternately take possession of the state power and exploit it by the most corrupt means and for the most corrupt ends -- and the nation is powerless against these two great cartels of politicians, who are ostensibly its servants, but in reality exploit and plunder it.

The correct answer is All of the above. 

• Machiavelli states that the state is superior to all associations in human society. It is sovereign and autonomous, and moral and religious considerations cannot bind the prince.
• He is above and outside morality. He can use religion to realize his ends.
• He said there cannot be good laws without good armies, and where there are good laws, there must be good arms, so Machiavelli declares he will only discuss arms, not laws.
• Moreover, the System should be expansionist.

Works of Isaiah Berlin in chronological order of his publications is - 
Karl Marx : His Life and Environment
Four Essays on Liberty
Vico and Herder : Two Studies in the History of Ideas
Concepts and Categories : Philosophical Essays

A constitution is an aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organisation or other type of entity, and commonly determine how that entity is to be governed. It promotes trans-national security is not true of a Constitution. 

I. The Election Commission of India wanted that 'None of the above' button on Electronic voting machine should be offered to voters.
IV. the candidate with highest number of votes will be declared elected even if she/he receivees less than the NOTA votes.

G.H. Sabine said; "Aristotle's new general science of politics was not only empirical and descriptive but even in some respects independent of any ethical purpose, since a statesman might need to be expert in governing even a bad state."

• Aristotle wanted to explain that education develops in a healthy mind and body.
• It elevates the mind to meditate, and realize the truth, goodness, and beauty. 
• Roman poet Juvenal said that a Healthy mind resides in a healthy body. 
• Juvenal was an influential Roman poet who lived in the late first and early second century AD.

Thus, said the statement "A healthy mind resides in a healthy body." was stated by Juvenal. Similar thoughts were propagated by Aristotle. Hence it is the correct answer.

Integral Education was given by Sri Aurobindo. It was based on the belief that the education of a human being should begin at birth and continue throughout his life. Also, he strongly believed that education to be complete must have five principal aspects, the physical, the vital, the mental, the psychic, and the spiritual.

• An Integral Approach to education means that we include multiple perspectives. 
• It seeks to understand the subjective experience of others and to find value in them.
• It gives an effective tool to transform ourselves, serve others, and create a multidimensional curriculum.
• Integral education attempts to discover how the many partial truths of educational philosophies and methods inform and complement each other in a coherent way.
• His concept of true education is integral education, which concerns five principal 'activities of the human being: the physical, the vital, the mental, the psychic, and the spiritual.
• Such a scheme of education not only helps the evolution of an individual but also helps the evolution of the nation and finally humanity.
• Based on his philosophy of education, he advocated three cardinal principles of education, which govern the process of education. There are:
  • Nothing can be taught or improved from outside. According to the Mother, "Fundamentally the only thing you must do assiduously is to teach them to know themselves, and to choose their own destiny, the way they want to follow".
  • The mind has to be consulted in its growth. The aim of education is to help the growing soul draw out its best.
  • The educational process must emphasize "from near to the far, from that is to that which shall be". 

The judiciary (also known as the judicial system, judicature, judicial branch, judicative branch, and court or judiciary system) is the system of courts that adjudicates legal disputes/disagreements and interprets, defends, and applies the law in legal cases.

• The judiciary is the system of courts that interprets, defends, and applies the law in the name of the state.
• The judiciary can also be thought of as the mechanism for the resolution of disputes.

• The "Sublime Savage" trope, found in colonial literature, depicted indigenous peoples as inherently uncivilized and incapable of achieving the level of advancement present in European societies.
• This portrayal was used to justify colonization by asserting that colonizers were bringing progress to supposedly "backward" societies. 
• By portraying indigenous communities as uncivilized and primitive, the "Sublime Savage" trope presented colonialism as a necessary civilizing force to develop and modernize native populations. 
• Their supposed backwardness and ignorance justified European conquest and domination as an altruistic mission. 
• This ideological representation ignored indigenous cultural sophistication and enabled violent colonization by making it seem morally correct and inevitable for Europe to "uplift" savage societies. 
• The trope thus rationalized imperial expansion through racist assumptions about colonized peoples.

The correct answer is (A) is true but (R) is false.

• Colonialism entails exploiting people's lives and cultures to gain political and economic dominance over the colony.
  • When the Europeans discovered a maritime route across Africa's southern coast and America, naval power went to the growing nation-states of Portugal, Spain, France, and England. Gradually, colonization expanded to other regions of Asia as well.
  • Colonialism is a modern historical event.
  • The alien minority claims racial and cultural superiority over the native majority in this process of colonialism.
• Colonialism significantly negatively impacted the nation's social, political, regional, economic, and cultural characteristics.
  • However, colonial structures were dismantled after World War II in a procedure known as decolonization, which is essentially the undoing of Colonialism.
  • It might entail nonviolent revolutions or national liberation wars by pro-independence organizations for the colonized people's right to colonial self-determination. Sovereign states in the Americas, Asia, and Africa refer to it as the division of colonies for this reason.
  • The following are some of the post-World War II factors that contributed to decolonization:
    • Several nations were no longer able to assist in maintaining colonial administration after the Second World War due to a lack of financial resources.
    • As western literature and education opened up spaces for independent thought and reasoned debate about liberty, equality, freedom, and other topics, movements began to emerge in colonial states.
    • When the United Nations was founded, it put pressure on imperial powers like the United Kingdom and France to grant colonies their independence and recogrecon-states as the best form of political organization.
    • During the Cold War, the US and USSR put pressure on their allies in Europe to grant independence and liberate colonies. The constant exploitation of the colonial people and their resources stoked the flames of nationalism and patriotism.

A State is not bound till it incorporates such an obligation into its municipal law.

The Union list enumerates a total of 97 subjects over which the power of the Union parliament extends.

Afghanistan

• Afghanistan has one of the lowest growth rates of all South Asian countries, at less than 3%.
• Largely, this is due to pressing security risks and political tension after the suspension of the U.S.-Taliban peace negotiations.
• However, its agriculture sector continues to grow as favorable weather reverses the impacts of a drought in 2018, prompting economists to favor Afghanistan's GDP growth projections in the next few years.

Bangladesh

• In recent years, Bangladesh has emerged as a leading manufacturer of textile products and become a frontrunner in South Asia.
• In fact, in 2019, Bangladesh had a growth rate of 8%, compared to India's 5.3%.
• As the trade deficit decreased, the growth in remittances grew strongly by 9.6% in 2019 to reach a record $16.4 billion.
• The forecast of an increase in domestic demand, hike in public sector wages, and increased construction activity will bolster its economy in the near term, as well.

Maldives

• In the Maldives, GDP growth has been driven by strong tourism, especially from Europe, China, and India.
• In fact, European guests accounted for about half of arrivals and grew by 16.5% in 2019.
• Despite slow progress on public infrastructure projects and falling gross foreign reserves, the Maldives is continuing to forecast strong growth as long as political problems don't get in the way.

The correct answer is Normative Concerns.

• The advent of new public administration coincided with the height of the political turmoil and upheaval of the late 1960s and early 1970s, a period during which Western civilizations, particularly the USA, experienced several social difficulties such as unrest, instability, confusion, and the like.
• The traditional public administration opens in a new window, which is built on the principles of economy and efficiency but was unable to respond to the growing unrest and the complexities that resulted from the political unrest in a way that was effective.
• Eventually, a movement within the field emerged in quest of a new public administration—one that was aware of and capable of resolving societal issues that had not been addressed during the 1960s.
• A rising group of American academics had met at Minnowbrook in 1968 and had contested the tenets of traditional political science and public administration.
  • These young academics were of the opinion that public administration ought to be value-driven rather than efficiency-driven.
  • This sparked the New Public Administration trend, which places a greater focus on morals and ethics.
  • The phrase "new public administration" was first used in a way that reflected the spirit of the period, as well as a statement of dissatisfaction with the condition of the profession and a call to arms for a new, improved public administration.
• The primary focus of the new public administration was to strengthen the function and capability of the public administrative system to address social change's difficulties and guide it.
• It represented a backlash against the strongly felt positivist influence that emerged after World War II and reflected the radical reformism of the 1960s.
• Relevance, values, social equality, change, and customer focus are the five main themes that can be used to summarise the objectives of public administration.
• The fundamental normative issue in administrative studies was made evident by the new public administration movement.
• It rejected the value-neutral stance taken by behavioural political science and public administration with a managerial focus.

The correct answer is b, d, and e only.

• There are basically three types of integration models which are assimilation, melting pot, and multiculturalism or cultural pluralism.
• The first model argues that immigrants lost their original customs and practices, they shape their behavior according to the values and norms of the majority.
• This paper provides a discussion of different models or stages of multiculturalism: denial, assimilationism, affirmative action, valuing diversity, managing diversity, global multi-culturalism, and humanistic multiculturalism.
• Three kinds of multiculturalism can be identified as coexisting in the same society: ethnic, linguistic, and national multiculturalism.

The correct answer is Ritualism and Priesthood.

• Swami Dayanand Saraswati was one of those influential thinkers who drew upon traditions for the formulation of his social ideas.
• His main contention was that it was necessary for Indians to go back to the ideas of the Vedas.
• When Dayanand was formulating his ideas and thoughts, Hinduism in practice had already degenerated.
• It was also a time when British rule in India was consolidating itself.
• His basic effort was therefore directed at attaining the three objectives of Vedic revivalism, rationalism, and social reform of considerable contemporary import.
• He was heavily critical of the West and Islam.
• He was equally severe on those who advocated the path of modernization through western ideas and attitudes. 
• He suggested that those who had come under the influence of Islam and Christianity and had become converts must be taken back into the Hindu fold.
• His prescription was that it could be done through a process of 'Shuddhi' (purification), as Dayanand felt that their unification was essential as it would inspire them to accept the Vedas and hence provide a strong and self-reliant bastion for the country. 
• He thought that One of the biggest obstacles to national progress, however, came from within the Hindu society itself.
• A section of the upper caste Hindus manipulated the Varna system followed by the Hindus.
• He was against the Ritualism and Priesthood. Hence, option 4 is the correct answer.