APSET Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 (English) - AP TET MCQ

The correct answer is "Georg Lukacs".

Key Points

• The process through which social ties are regarded as intrinsic characteristics of the persons participating in them, or characteristics of some result of the relation, such as a traded commodity, is known as reification.
• In a society where commodity production rules, this notion describes the dialectical link between social existence and social awareness, or between real social interactions and the subjective experience of those ties.
• The essay "Reification and the Consciousness of the Proletariat," which was published in Georg Lukács' book History and Class Consciousness in 1923, is considered to be the "locus classicus" for the definition of the term in its modern use.
• Through a close reading of Marx's Capital chapter on commodity fetishism, Lukács approaches it here as a problem of capitalist society tied to the predominance of the commodity form. 

Therefore, the correct answer is option 1.

Additional Information

• French philosopher Louis Althusser gained recognition on a global scale in the 1960s for his efforts to combine structuralism and Marxism.
• Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak is a professor of comparative literature from India who specializes in literary theory, feminist critique, postcolonial theory, and her own style of deconstructive criticism, which she refers to as "interventionist."
• A public intellectual, professor of literature at Columbia University, and the father of postcolonial studies, Edward Said was a Palestinian-American. He believes that many former colonies are still suffering from the effects of colonialism, which include anarchy, coups, corruption, civil conflicts, and bloodshed.

The correct answer is 'The Semiotic.'

Key Points

• The Semiotic, a term central to Kristeva's psychoanalytic and linguistic theory, refers to a pre-linguistic realm associated primarily with the maternal body and the child's early experiences before entering into the symbolic order or language system.
• Kristeva posits that the semiotic precedes the symbolic mode of communication (language and structured social signs) and is characterized by rhythms, tones, and movements. It is closely linked to the child's pre-oedipal relationship with the mother.
• The concept challenges traditional linguistic and psychoanalytic theories by suggesting that meaning and communication are not exclusively the products of symbolic language but also derive from this more elemental, bodily-oriented semiotic mode.
• The semiotic is seen as a disruption or a subversion of the symbolic order, introducing ambiguity and fluidity into the structures of language and meaning, facilitating a space for poetic language and avant-garde art.
• Through the semiotic, Kristeva explains how the artistic and literary expression can convey meaning that transcends conventional linguistic structures, tapping into deeper, more primal emotions and experiences.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Additional Information

• Option 1, Intertextuality, another concept introduced by Kristeva, deals with the relationship between texts and how they refer to and transform one another, but it is not focused on the pre-symbolic stage.
• Option 3, Jouissance, a term borrowed from Lacan, describes a form of extreme pleasure that transcends law and social norms but isn't specifically Kristeva's focus on maternal and child relationships.
• Option 4, Abjection, also a crucial concept developed by Kristeva, deals with what is cast off or excluded from the self and society but is not directly related to the pre-symbolic stage between the mother and child.

The correct answer is "Option 3" i.e. (a) - 4, (b) - 1, (c) - 2, (d) - 3

Key Points

• The above characters are taken from a magnificent play by William Shakespeare ‘The Merchant of Venice’.
• Portia was a wealthy Lady of Belmont and was an epitome of beauty with brains. She saves Antonio from the moneylender Shylock by being a lawyer in disguise.
• Antonio was the merchant of Venice whose affection for his pal Bassanio prompts him to sign Shylock’s contract and nearly lose his life. Portia, later, saves her through her wit.
• Shylock was a Jewish moneylender in Venice. He ruthlessly demands a pound of Antonio’s flesh in return for his money.
• Bassanio was a gentleman of Venice, a kinsman and friend to Antonio. His love for Portia leads him to borrow money from Shylock, the moneylender, and he uses Antonio as his guarantor.

Important Points

• Shakespeare was a great poet, playwright and actor of the Elizabethan era.
• He’s often regarded as England’s National Poet and the “Bard of Avon” since he was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.

Additional Information

• ‘The Merchant of Venice’ is a 16th-century play written by Shakespeare.
• It was originally published in 1600.
• The main theme of the play is love, generosity and friendship.

The correct answer is 'Symbol of Eternal Love.'

 Key Points

• Shakuntala's ring symbolizes the eternal and unbreakable bond of love between her and King Dushyanta.
• The ring serves as a crucial motif, representing their sacred and destined connection.
• Kalidasa employs the ring as a literary device to emphasize the enduring nature of true love.
• The loss and rediscovery of the ring drive pivotal plot developments, underscoring its symbolic importance.
• Through the ring, the play explores themes of love, destiny, and the enduring power of genuine emotions.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1.'

Additional Information

• Token of Royal Authority: The ring is more associated with personal emotions than royal authority. 
• Omen of Tragedy: While the narrative has tragic elements, the ring itself symbolizes love rather than tragedy.
• Emblem of Maternal Affection: Maternal themes are present, but the ring is primarily a symbol of romantic love.

The correct answer is "Henry James".

Key Points

• Gustave Flaubert wrote the novel Sentimental Education.
• Henry James criticised the book.
• Henry James, an admirer of Flaubert, considered the book a large step down from Madame Bovary.
  • According to him: "Here the form and method are the same as in Madame Bovary; the studied skill, the science, the accumulation of material, are even more striking; but the book is in a single word a dead one.". 
• The novel focuses on a young man's romantic life during the French Revolution of 1848.
• The story follows a young man named Frederic Moreau as he experiences the French Revolution of 1848, the establishment of the Second French Empire, and his love for an elderly woman (based on the wife of the music publisher Maurice Schlesinger, who is portrayed in the book as Jacques Arnoux). 
• The tone of the book alternates between irony and pessimism, and it occasionally parodies French culture.
• Frédéric, the primary character, frequently succumbs to romantic fantasies.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2.

Additional Information

• American philosopher, historian, and psychologist William James was the first teacher to provide a psychology course in the country. James is regarded as a key figure in late 19th-century thought, one of America's most significant philosophers, and the "Father of American psychology."
• American novelist, short story writer, and interior designer Edith Wharton accurately portrayed the lifestyles and morals of the Gilded Age by drawing on her personal knowledge of the upper-class New York "aristocracy."
• The works of American author William Cuthbert Faulkner are well known for being set in the fictional Yoknapatawpha County, which was modelled in Lafayette County, Mississippi, where Faulkner lived the majority of his youth.

• The Trilogy, comprising of Molloy, Malone Dies and the Unnamable, is the completion and elaboration of earlier work of Samuel Beckett got published in 1959.

• The first of The Trilogy, Molloy is a working out of this difficult relation between mother and son.

• In the trilogy’s second novel, Malone, who might or might not be Molloy himself, addresses us with his ruminations while in the act of dying.

• The third novel consists of the fragmented monologue–delivered, like the monologues of the previous novels.

The correct answer is 'The depthlessness of contemporary culture'.

Key Points

• Frederick Jameson views postmodern culture as characterized by a lack of depth, meaning there's a shift away from the grand narratives and ideologies that used to provide depth to culture.
• He argues that in postmodernism, there is a preoccupation with surface images and styles, leading to a sense of shallowness or depthlessness in cultural production.
• Jameson associates this depthlessness with the concept of pastiche, which he defines as imitation without parody's mockery, reflecting a loss of historical depth and a culture's capacity for critical distance.
• This depthlessness is part of Jameson's broader critique of postmodernism, where he sees it as symptomatic of late capitalism, emphasizing form over content and appearance over substance.
• Jameson’s analysis suggests that this characteristic contributes to the fragmentation of individual and collective identities, as people lose connection with their historical and sociopolitical contexts.
• He implies that this has significant implications for how individuals perceive reality and engage with society, potentially leading to alienation and a diminished capacity for critical thought.

The correct answer is "a - II, b - III, c - IV, d - I".

Key Points

• Bert Hudd is a character in Harold Pinter's play "The Room".
• Robert is a character in Harold Pinter's play " Betrayal".
• Ruth is a character in Harold Pinter's play "The Homecoming".
• Ben is a character in Harold Pinter's play "The Dumb Waiter".

​Therefore, the correct answer is option 1.

Important Points

• Harold Pinter was a British playwright, screenwriter, director, and actor.
• A Nobel Prize recipient and one of the most significant contemporary British playwrights, had a more than a 50-year literary career.
• His most well-known plays are Betrayal (1978), The Homecoming (1964), and The Birthday Party (1957), all of which he also adapted for the big screen.
• The Servant (1963), The Go-Between (1971), The French Lieutenant's Woman (1981), The Trial (1993), and Sleuth (2007) are only a few of his screenplay adaptations of other authors' works.
• The body of plays commonly refered to as comedy of menace was written by Harold Pinter, David Campton, Nigel Dennis, and N. F. Simpson.
  • When analyzing Pinter and Campton's plays for Encore in 1958, theatre critic Irving Wardle came up with the phrase "comedy of menace".
  • He took inspiration from the subtitle of Campton's play The Lunatic View: A Comedy of Menace.

The Norman Conquest  -----   1066 William Caxton and the introduction of printing ------ 1475 The King James Bible   --------  1611 Dr. Johnson's  English Dictionary. --------   1755 The Commonwealth Period / the Protectorate.  ----- 1649-1660

The correct answer is " (i- b), (ii- c), (iii- d), (iv- a) ".

Key Points

•  The given works are critical works by the respective authors.
• 'Ars Poetica' is a poem by Horace. The poem is a critical work that deals with function and nature of poetry. Horace talks about three major part poesis (subject matter), poema (form), and poeta (the poet). 
• ​'Poetics' is a critical work on dramatic theory by Aristotle that discusses in details the structure of verse drama. 
• 'Institutio Oratorio' is a twelve volume-work by Quintillian that deals with the practice of rhetoric.
• 'Timber; or Discoveries' by Ben Jonson is a critique on the dramatic practice of his contemporary times.

Therefore the correct answer is "option 2". 

Additional Information

•  Horace was a Roman lyric poet during the time of Roman King Augustus. His notable works are 'Epistles', 'Epodes' and odes.
• Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and a student of Plato. He is the founder of Peripatetic School of philosophy. 
• Marcus Fabius Quintilianus or Quintillian was a Roman educator from Hispania. His works contributed to the education of his time and he also worked as an educator of Roman King Domitian.
• Ben Jonson was an English playwright and satirist during the Jacobean period. He popularized the genre comedy of humors. Some of his notable works are 'Volpone', 'Every Man in His Humor'. 

The correct answer is 'A Witness.'

 Key Points

• Miss Leela Benare is a pivotal character who functions as a witness in the courtroom drama.
• Her testimony becomes a catalyst for intense courtroom interactions and exposes societal prejudices.
• Tendulkar uses Benare's character to shed light on societal norms and expectations placed on women.
• As a witness, Benare challenges the traditional role assigned to women in society.
• Her character serves as a vehicle for Tendulkar to critique and question established gender norms.
• The interactions surrounding Miss Leela Benare contribute significantly to the play's exploration of social and gender dynamics.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2.'

 Additional Information

• A Prosecutor: The primary prosecuting role is held by the character of Public Prosecutor.
• A Judge: The role of the judge is distinct from that of a witness and is not played by Miss Leela Benare.
• A Journalist: While media and journalists may be mentioned, Miss Leela Benare primarily serves as a witness rather than a journalist.

Sahitya academy award winner, R. K. Narayana is one of the greatest novelists of Indian English Literature. The Man-Eater of Malgudi is one of those eminent novels he set in his fictional town malgudi. The story is about Natraj, a printer and his peaceful life which is disturbed with the entry of Vasu, a taxidermist in Malgudi. He came here in search of wildlife near Mempi Hills and start to live as a tenant in the upper storey of Natraja’s printing press. Vasu infringes on Nataraj’s life, plunders wildlife from Mempi hills and originates stench in the neighborhood through his malpractice of collecting dead animals in his room.

The title of the novel used by the narrator, Natraj for Vasu, a mighty man who destroy the peace of Malgudi, shot a number of wild animals and also killed himself in mysterious circumstances. The suspense of his death disclosed in the end that he attempt to crush a mosquito sitting on his forehead and injured one of his nerves with his powerful fist and died instantaneously. So Narayana applies the Bhasmasura myth in the novel to show that evil is self-disastrous.

The correct answer is 'They are merely superficial and transient factors according to her'.

Key Points

• Jane implies that, while society might value these attributes, she considers them superficial in the context of genuine relationships.
• By suggesting that beauty and wealth could make it difficult for someone to leave her, Jane indicates these factors are external and not the foundation of true emotional or spiritual connection.
• Her assertion underscores a belief in the enduring value of the soul and heart over temporary and surface-level qualities like wealth and beauty.
• Jane's perspective reveals her critique of societal priorities and the superficiality of basing relationships on material or aesthetic criteria.
• This stance aligns with Brontë's broader themes of challenging Victorian norms, particularly regarding marriage, love, and social class.
• Jane's character embodies the conviction that true connection and compatibility transcend external appearances and worldly possessions.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

Additional Information

• While Jane Eyre's narrative tackles complex views on love and relationships, this excerpt specifically demonstrates her viewpoint on the non-essential nature of wealth and beauty in establishing meaningful connections

The correct answer is Samuel Johnson Key Points

• Johnson’s great contribution to the history of English lexicography was to conceive the dictionary as a type of literary work.
• Johnson wrote only one dictionary, but in that one he initiated several dictionary genres.
• Of course, most modern dictionaries favor objective definitions written in a dispassionate voice, but Johnson established the oblique traditions of facetious and political lexicography, setting the example for Ambrose Bierce, a century and a half later, in The Devil’s Dictionary and the editors of McSweeney’s, two and a half centuries later, in The Future Dictionary of America, among others.
• Though Johnson was not the first to employ literary quotations to illustrate usage and meaning, he was the first English lexicographer to conceive entries as necessarily incorporating quotations, the first to concentrate on quotations as an aspect of dictionary structure.
• His refined use of quotations proposed yet another genre, “The Quotations dictionary.”

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Samuel Johnson, poet, satirist, critic, lexicographer, and dyed-in-the-wool conservative was born in Lichfield, Staffordshire, England, on September 18, 1709.
• The legend has sometimes obscured the truth. Among other aspects of his career, Johnson’s contributions to English lexicography are often misunderstood.
• It serves both Johnson’s legacy and the history of lexicography to revalue his influence on the modern dictionary.
• Hogarth is best known for his series paintings of 'modern moral subjects', of which he sold engravings on subscription.
• The Collection contains the set called 'Marriage A-la-Mode'. Although pugnaciously hostile to Continental art, he succumbed to French influence. In 1753 he published his 'Analysis of Beauty', in which he stresses the importance of the serpentine line.
• Anglo-Irish poet, satirist, essayist, and political pamphleteer Jonathan Swift was born in Dublin, Ireland.
• Best known as the author of A Modest Proposal (1729), Gulliver’s Travels (1726), and A Tale Of A Tub (1704), Swift is widely acknowledged as the greatest prose satirist in the history of English literature.
• Ben Jonson is among the best-known writers and theorists of English Renaissance literature, second in reputation only to Shakespeare.

Endymion is a long narrative poem composed by John Keats in four books of about one thousand lines each. Endymion mostly known for Keats’s famous line, “A thing of beauty is a joy forever” The poem was written mostly in heroic couplets. It is named after its hero, Endymion, a figure taken from Greek myth is the hero of the book and named after him.

As per the legend, Endymion was a shepherd who fell asleep on Mount Latmos, seen by goddess of the moon, Cynthia and she fell in love with him. In Endymion, John Keats moulds this basic story into a lengthy and complicated quest in which Endymion desperately searches for a beautiful and mysterious goddess first glimpsed in a dream. The setting of Mount Latmos figured in the book effectively.

The Rape of the Lock is a mock-heroic narrative poem written by Alexander Pope. One of the most commonly cited examples of high burlesque, it was first published anonymously in Lintot's Miscellaneous Poems and Translations (May 1712) in two cantos (334 lines); a revised edition "Written by Mr. Pope" followed in March 1714 as a five-canto version (794 lines) accompanied by six engravings. Pope boasted that this sold more than three thousand copies in its first four days. The final form of the poem appeared in 1717 with the addition of Clarissa's speech on good humour. The poem was much translated and contributed to the growing popularity of mock-heroic in Europe.

The correct answer is "a-i, b-ii, c-iii".

Key Points

• Cornelia Sorabji's writings are full of incident, and they exhibit to us from the inside, as it were, customs and ways of living and of thinking which we usually contemplate from the outside only, and which we are apt to consider and appraise through the mists of our own European prejudices.

  • Sorabji was herself an Indian, one whose strength of character and talent enabled her to face the difficulties of a University education and to pass the examinations which, in the case of a male student, would qualify him to practice at the Indian Bar.

  • The aim and ambition of Miss Sorabji's life were to serve her countrywomen, and in these pages will be found pieces of evidence of her deep sympathy and affection for them.

• Tales of Bengal (1910) is a work by the writer S B Banerjea.

• Thillai Govindan is work from the writer Appavaiya Madhaviah.

Therefore the correct answer is option 1. 

The correct answer is 'Multiple perspectives.'

 Key Points

• "Hayavadana" utilizes multiple perspectives to tell the story, offering diverse viewpoints on the characters and events.
• Karnad employs a narrative structure where different characters provide their subjective accounts of the same events.
• The use of multiple perspectives adds layers of complexity, allowing the audience to witness conflicting viewpoints.
• This technique mirrors the fragmented nature of identity explored in the play.
• It invites the audience to engage with the narrative actively and decipher the subjective truths of each character.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3.'

 Additional Information

• Stream of Consciousness: This narrative technique involves the continuous flow of thoughts and feelings from a character's mind, which is not the primary technique in "Hayavadana."
• Epistolary Structure: Involves storytelling through letters, which is not the dominant structure in "Hayavadana."
• Nonlinear Timeline: While the play may have non-linear elements, the primary focus is on multiple perspectives rather than a strictly non-linear timeline.

The correct answer is The Importance of Being Earnest

Key Points

• The Importance of Being Earnest, A Trivial Comedy for Serious People is a play by Oscar Wilde.
• It was first performed on 14 February 1895 at the St James's Theatre in London.
• First performed on 14 February 1895, it was published in the same year.
• Performance is a central theme in The Importance of Being Earnest. Both of Wilde's main characters, Jack and Algernon, lead double lives, which means that they are each pretending to be someone they are not, or performing.

Therefore the correct answer is Option 4.

Additional Information

• Charles John Huffam Dickens was an English writer and social critic.
  • He created some of the world's best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the
  • His novels include  The Pickwick Papers, Oliver Twist, Nicholas Nickleby, A Christmas Carol, David Copperfield, Bleak House, Little Dorrit, A Tale of Two Cities, and Great Expectations.

Volpone refers to his gold as "Thou" but that is not one of the options. Go back then to the opening when Volpone refers to his gold as "my saint" in the shrine.

The correct answer is Dubliners.Key Points

• Dubliners is a collection of fifteen short stories by James Joyce, first published in 1914.
• It presents a naturalistic depiction of Irish middle class life in and around Dublin in the early years of the 20th century.
• Joyce's intention in writing Dubliners, in his own words, was to write a chapter of the moral history of his country.
• The concluding and the most famous story in Dubliners, 'The Dead' is the longest, and qualifies almost as a 'novella' as much as a short story.

Therefore, 'option 2' is the correct answer. Additional Information

• James Augustine Aloysius Joyce was an Irish novelist, poet and literary critic.
• He contributed to the modernist avant-garde movement and is regarded as one of the most influential and important writers of the 20th century.
• For Joyce's three major themes in Dubliners are paralysis, corruption, and death.

Lyrical Ballads, with a Few Other Poems is a collection of poems by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, first published in 1798 and generally considered to have marked the beginning of the English Romantic movement in literature.The immediate effect on critics was modest, but it became and remains a landmark, changing the course of English literature and poetry.

The error of interpreting a literary work by referring to evidence outside of itself, such as the design and purpose of the author is called Intentional fallacy.

'Intentional fallacy' is a term used in 20th-century literary criticism to describe the problem involved in trying to assess a work of art by assuming the intent or purpose of the artist who created it. The idea was introduced by W.K. Wimsatt, Jr., and Monroe C. Beardsley in The Verbal Icon (1954).

There are two integral parts to a play script: the lines, and the stage directions. Whereas the former indicates what the actor is to "say" on stage, the latter indicates what the performer must "do". Often appearing as italics in the script, stage directions are in integral element of live theatre, existing entirely to serve the cast and crew as instructions for the live production.

The correct answer is 'Gender Discrimination.'

Key Points

• The central theme of "Voice of the Unwanted Girl" is gender discrimination.
• The poem addresses the plight of unwanted girls in a society biased against them.
• It explores the speaker's perspective on being unwanted solely due to her gender.
• The narrative delves into the emotional and psychological impact of societal prejudice.
• Sujata Bhatt uses vivid imagery and metaphor to convey the speaker's experiences as an unwanted girl.
• The poem serves as a poignant commentary on gender-based discrimination and its consequences.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1.'

Additional Information

• Environmental Degradation: While societal issues may be explored, the central focus is on gender discrimination.
• Cultural Assimilation: The poem primarily addresses the discrimination faced by unwanted girls rather than cultural assimilation.
• Political Unrest: While societal issues may be present, the core theme revolves around gender discrimination.

The correct answer is 'It converts deep structures into various surface structures.'

Key Points

• Transformational grammar, as part of Chomsky's broader generative grammar framework, focuses on the processes that transform the deep structures of language into the surface structures that are actually spoken or written.
• Deep structures represent the core semantic relations and underlying form of a sentence, which embodies the basic syntactic operations and principles that apply universally across languages.
• The transformational rules then modify these deep structures, applying various syntactic changes that result in the diverse sentences observed in spoken or written language, reflecting differences in voice, emphasis, interrogation, negation, and more.
• This aspect of Chomsky's theory highlights how language can maintain the same basic meaning (deep structure) while being expressed in multiple ways (surface structures), illustrating linguistic creativity and flexibility.
• Transformational grammar underscores the dynamic and generative nature of language, demonstrating how a finite set of rules can account for the infinite variability of human speech and writing.
• By proposing the existence of transformational grammar, Chomsky provided a mechanism for the derivation of sentences and an explanation for the complexity and nuance of language expression.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Additional Information

• Option 1: Incorrect because transformational grammar's role is more about transforming deep structures to surface structures, not defining universal rules.
• Option 3: Incorrect as transformational grammar prioritizes syntax transformations over phonetics.
• Option 4: Incorrect, transformational grammar allows for a wide range of sentence patterns, not restricting language generation.

Samuel Coleridge died in Highgate, London, United Kingdom.

Samuel Coleridge was an English poet, literary critic, philosopher and theologian who, with his friend William Wordsworth, was a founder of the Romantic Movement in England and a member of the Lake Poets. He also shared volumes and collaborated with Charles Lamb, Robert Southey and Charles Lloyd.

“Great wits are sure to madness near allied, and thin partitions do their bounds divide.”

John Dryden, Absalom and Achitophel

The correct answer is 'The transience of human life'.

 Key Points

• Tennyson's "Break, Break, Break" is a meditation on the transience of human life and the inevitability of death.
• The speaker reflects on the death of his beloved and the realization that all things must eventually pass away.
• The poem is full of images of the sea, which is a symbol of the vastness and mystery of life and death.
• Tennyson's "Break, Break, Break" also explores the themes of grief and longing.
• The speaker's repeated use of the word "break" emphasizes the sense of fragmentation and loss.
• The poem is written in a simple, yet evocative style, which contributes to its emotional impact.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

Additional Information

• The poem is also known for its use of assonance and alliteration, which create a sense of rhythm and flow. 

The correct answer is 'Language influences thought.'

Key Points

• The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis suggests that the language we speak can influence and shape the way we think.
• It posits that language is not merely a tool for expressing existing thoughts but also a factor that shapes and constrains our cognitive processes.
• The hypothesis highlights the idea that different languages may lead speakers to perceive and interpret the world differently.
• It consists of two versions: the strong version (language determines thought) and the weak version (language influences thought).
• Research has shown that language can influence cognitive processes, including perception, memory, and problem-solving.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1.'

 Additional Information

• Option 2: While related, the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis primarily emphasizes language influencing thought rather than the reverse.
• Option 3: The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis challenges the idea of complete independence between language and thought.
• Option 4: This contradicts the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, which suggests a correlation between language and thought.