TS SET Paper 2 Mock Test - 2 (Political Science) - TS TET MCQ

The International Criminal Court (ICC or ICCt) is an intergovernmental organization and international tribunal that sits in The Hague, Netherlands. The ICC has jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and crimes of aggression. The ICC began functioning on 1 July 2002, the date that the Rome Statute entered into force.

Both Assertion- In the advanced liberal democracies of the western nations, military is subordinate to the civilian authority and Reason- Military plays a key role in countries where democracy has not been institutionalized are correct but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

The Convention was the first human rights treaty of the twenty-first century. The text was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 13 December 2006, and opened for signature on 30 March 2007. Following ratification by the 20th party, it came into force on 3 May 2008.

The single transferable vote (STV) is a voting system designed to achieve proportional representation through ranked voting in multi-seat organizations or constituencies (voting districts). Under STV, an elector (voter) has a single vote that is initially allocated to their most preferred candidate.

While Locke argues that men have a right to create and enjoy their property, he also argues that there are limits to that right in the state of nature.

Despite the allegations of his critics, Marx would not have been in favour of totalitarian rule - certainly not as anything more than a short-lived expedient (answer a). Although Marx believed that violence would be necessary to overthrow the ruling bourgeoisie, this point was not a primary reason for his differences with other socialist theorists (answer b). Answer d is an irrelevance, since there were no trade unions for the earliest socialists to join.

Those who believe that the state is an end in itself believe that should be narrowed down.

The method of Impeachment of the President of India is adopted from U.S.A.

Bakunin is not associated with liberal democracy. He was a Russian revolutionary anarchist and founder of collectivist anarchism. He is considered among the most influential figures of anarchism and one of the principal founders of the social anarchist tradition.

Hugo Grotius was a Dutch humanist and jurist whose philosophy of natural law had a major impact on the development of seventeenth-century political thought and on the moral theories of the Enlightenment.
A teenage intellectual prodigy, he was born in Delft and studied at Leiden University. He was imprisoned for his involvement in the intra-Calvinist disputes of the Dutch Republic but escaped hidden in a chest of books. Grotius wrote most of his major works in exile in France.

The correct option is Both Statements I and II are correct.

• The phrase "international political economy" (IPE) refers to the blending of politics and economics that occurs when people, commodities, services, money, ideas, and people cross international boundaries.
• Amid issues with the global economy and slow development in the third world, the term "international political economy" started to get the attention of academics in the middle of the 1960s.
• Theories of international political economy offer many solutions to the problem of significant system change that would affect who receives what, when, and how.
• By connecting political actors from different nations to international economic connections, they build on some of the ideas and theoretical frameworks of the many IR models. The latter, economic interactions, is based on markets, which serve as the hub for trading based on supply and demand.
• In the middle of the 18th century, in part as a reaction to mercantilism, the Scottish philosophers Adam Smith (1723) and David Hume (1711), as well as the French economist François Quesnay (1694), began to approach this study in a systematic rather than piecemeal manner. Political economy then became a distinct field of study.
  • They adopted a secular strategy, rejecting to interpret the distribution of wealth and power in terms of God's will instead citing intricate interplay among political, economic, technological, natural, and social forces.

The correct answer is 1, 2 and 3.

Judicial activism:

• Judicial activism is a judicial philosophy that motivates judges to depart from the traditional precedents in favour of progressive and new social policies.
• Judicial activism is manifested when the Supreme Court (or High Court) becomes an activist and compels the authority to act and sometimes also direct the government, government policies and also administration. 

Judicial Overreach:

• ​There is a very thin line between activism and overreach.
• Judicial Overreach refers to an extreme form of judicial activism where arbitrary and unreasonable interventions are made by the judiciary into the domain of the legislature or executive.
• Through, judicial activism the Supreme Court has done a tremendous amount of good. However, in many cases; the judiciary has used excess powers which can never be treated as judicial adjudication and even within the normal bounds of judicial activism.
• Such judicial overreach has given rise to the following concerns:
• Under the Constitution, all the organs of the State have their own broad spheres of operation. The power vested in the Supreme Court through Article 142. Frequent use of this power, to issue judicial decrees, is considered as a violation of the doctrine of the separation of power. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• The work of the Legislature and executive is a challenging one. This is because their works depend upon the 4F i.e. Fund, function, framework, and functionary. Sometimes the judiciary passes the order without keeping in mind all these 4F. Such orders may harm the economy which can impact the overall well being of the people. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Judiciary as an institution is not accountable to the people in the same way as the legislature and the executive. Further, the judiciary also has the power to punish for the ‘Contempt of court.’ This way the judiciary may evade public criticism for many of its actions. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

The correct answer is Option A.

• Feminism is a political doctrine of equal rights for women and men. Feminists are those men and women who believe that many of the inequalities we see in society between men and women are neither natural nor necessary and can be altered so that both women and men can lead free and equal lives.
• According to feminists, inequality between men and women in society is the result of patriarchy. This term refers to a social, economic and cultural system that values men more than women and gives men power over women.
• Feminists questions this way of thinking by making a distinction between “sex” i.e. biological difference between men and women, and “gender” which determines the different roles that men and women play in society
• The history of the modern western feminist movement is divided into four "waves". 
  • The first wave comprised women's suffrage movements of the 19th and early-20th centuries, promoting women's right to vote.
  • The second wave, the women's liberation movement, began in the 1960s and campaigned for legal and social equality for women.
  • In or around 1992, a third wave was identified, characterized by a focus on individuality and diversity.
  • Additionally, some have argued for the existence of a fourth wave, starting around 2012, which has used social media to combat sexual harassment, violence against women and rape culture; it is best known for the Me Too movement.

ADVANTAGES:

• The local self government solves the problems of the people at the grass-root level. The various needs such as construction and maintenance of roads, availability of water, construction of schools etc. are taken care of by the local self-government.
• The local people gets more decision making opportunities for their own problems in local self government.
• The local people have best ideas on how and where to spend money for their development.
• Any problem or issue in a particular area can be best attended by the local government.

DISADVANTAGES :

• One of the main problems of local self government is the scarcity of funds.
• Critics comment that the local leaders neglect to value the state or national issues.
• The Panchayat or the Municipality is not always able to cope up with the people's demand.
• It is expensive
• It promotes disharmony

The Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William, Calcutta (Kolkata) was founded in 1774 by the Regulating Act of 1773. It replaced the Mayor's Court of Calcutta and was British India's highest court from 1774 until 1862, when the High Court of Calcutta was established by the Indian High Courts Act 1861.

The correct option is ' Established in 1951 with headquarters in Switzerland, IOM’s mission is to promote humane and orderly migration by providing services and advice to governments and migrants'.

Variance analysis in budgetary control is a crucial process used to compare actual financial performance against the budgeted or expected performance. It helps organizations identify discrepancies (variances) between the planned and actual results.

Judicial review is a fundamental concept in many democratic systems, including the United States, where it was established by the landmark case of Marbury v. Madison (1803). This power allows the judiciary to review and potentially strike down actions, laws, or regulations enacted by the legislative and executive branches if they are found to be unconstitutional or in violation of the law.

This article proposes a new and better concept of civic culture and shows how it can benefit sociology. It argues that a better concept of civic culture gives us a stronger, comparative, and contextual perspective on voluntary associations—the conventional American empirical referent for “civic”—while also improving our sociologies of religion and social movements. The article first considers the classic perspective on civic culture and its current incarnations in order to show why we need better conceptual groundwork than they have offered. It then introduces the alternative approach, which is rooted in a pragmatist understanding of collective action and both builds on and departs in some ways from newly prominent understandings of culture in sociology. This approach’s virtues are illustrated with ethnographic examples from a variety of volunteer groups, social movement organizations, and religious associations.

The WTO Agreement envisages four specific situations involving voting: An interpretation of any of the multilateral trade agreements can be adopted by a majority of three quarters of WTO members.Formally, all of these councils and committees consist of the full membership of the WTO.

Pye became one of the pioneers in the 1950s and 1960s in developing theories about the political development and modernization of Third World nations. His primary intellectual interest was to explore the cultural differences that help explain why politics differ so greatly from one nation to another.

• The concepts of negative and positive peace in the field of Conflict and Peace Studies in International Relations have different connotations. 'Negative peace' is characterized by the absence of violence or the absence of war.
• It denotes situations where direct violence is not evident or no longer exists, but without necessarily solving the underlying reasons for the conflict.
• On the other hand, 'positive peace' refers to a more comprehensive, long-term, and sustainable form of peace, characterized by the presence of justice, equity, and structures that support peace .
• One of the classic real-world illustrations of 'negative peace' is the ongoing situation in the Korean peninsula. In this case, there is a noticeable absence of direct violent conflict due to the cease-fire agreement between North and South Korea.
• This cessation of hostilities is what identifies the situation as a state of 'negative peace.' It's essential to note, however, that a long-term resolution to the contentious issues causing the conflict in the Korean peninsula is still elusive, underlining the 'negative' aspect in this peace scenario .
• On the flip side, 'positive peace' is well-exemplified by the socially balanced welfare state models found in Scandinavian countries like Sweden, Denmark, and Norway.
• These nations have designed their socio-political models to ensure not only an absence of violent conflict but also a robust presence of social justice, equality, and structures that support and sustain peace. They transparently and effectively address structural and social inequities and have systems in place to maintain peaceful social order, demonstrating 'positive peace.'

• Article 39-A of the Indian Constitution "Equal justice and free legal aid” deals with Directive Principles of State Policy.
• Part IV of the Constitution from Articles 36 to 51 mentions the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs).
• The idea of DPSPs was borrowed from the Irish Constitution of 1937 by the framers of the Indian Constitution.

The correct answer is Immanuel Kant.

Immanuel Kant:

• He was a German Philosopher, who further developed Emanuel Swedenborg's nebular hypothesis in 1755.
• Immanuel Kant published the book Critique of Pure Reason.
• He explained how reason and experiences interact with thought and understanding.
• According to him, Understanding is a separate faculty which functions on the representations of intuition.
• His ethical theory is referred to as a deontological moral theory.
• It means that an action is moral if it can be considered to be a duty with the reason that is universally acceptable.

Karl Marx:

• On May 5 1818, Karl Marx was born in Trier City of Modern-day Germany that time is known as the Kingdom of Prussia.
• He was a famous Philosopher, Economist and Political theorist.
• He was very vocal for the working class and he argued that the industrial society was capitalist and the profit of capitalists was produced by workers.
• He believed that to overthrow capitalism, workers had to construct a Socialist society where all property was commonly controlled.
• He was the founder of the theory of 'Marxism'.
• Marxism ethics describes 'Morality as a property of one's behaviour conditioned by social and historical existence'.

Niccolo Machiavelli:
Italian diplomat and philosopher famous for writing “The Prince” and “The Discourses on Livy.”.

Different nations have different forms of government depending on the popular ideological wave. There is the existence of Liberal Democracy, Fascism, Socialism and others.

• Neo-liberalism is an ideology based upon a rethinking and a reassertion of classical liberalism. It emphasizes economic liberalization policies such as privatization, fiscal austerity, deregulation, free trade, and reductions in government spending to enhance the role of the private sector.
• Welfarism focuses on the welfare or well-being of the general public, typically via the provision of social support systems.
• Neo-functionalism is a theory of regional integration, representing a revival of functionalism in international relations theory.
• Neo-marxism is a school of economic thought which applies Marxist ideas to the present global economic conditions.

Ernest Barker has criticized Mill of inconsistencies in the doctrine of liberty. For Mill, the idea of liberty is absence of constraints or external interference. It means he views liberty in negative sense. Whereas, Barker is a positive liberal who does not have satisfaction with the concept of negative liberty. Mill is accused of giving the theory of liberty, which is relevant for abstract individual, individual of his imagination rather than the real individual.
Thus, option B is correct.

Correct ascending order.

• Mexico City – UN Conference
• Copenhagen – UN Conference
• Nairobi
• Beijing

The correct answer is all of these.

India's foreign policy in the 21st century has been dominated by the quest for creating an enabling environment in its neighbourhood and the world, which allows-

• its economy to grow
• its society to develop
• its soft power to flourish

Major Objectives of India’s Foreign Policy-

• The preservation of India’s territorial integrity and independence of foreign policy.
• Promoting international peace and security.
• The economic development of India.
• Beneficiary cooperation with developing countries
• Cordial and balanced relations with major powers to maintain peace and harmony.

India's Foreign policy has at least four important goals:

• to protect India from traditional and non-traditional threats
• to create an external environment which is conducive for inclusive development of India so that the benefits of growth can reach the poorest of the poor in the country
• to ensure that India’s voice is heard on global forums and that India is able to influence world opinion on issues of global dimensions such as terrorism, climate change, disarmament, reforms of institutions of global governance
• to engage and protect the Indian Diaspora.​ 

Basic Principles Governing India’s Foreign Policy-

• Panchsheel
• The policy of Non-Alignment
• The policy of Anti- Colonialism and Anti Racism
• Peaceful settlement of International Disputes
• Foreign Economic Aid – Support to UN, International Law and a Just and Equal World Order

The correct answer is Dimock.

• Administration is such a vast area that a philosophy of administration comes close to being a philosophy of life.
• Marshall E. Dimock was a self-confessed non-conformist who valued individualism and individual self-development above all other values.
• For him a philosophy of administration is more than a science or art and “must deal with institutional goals and objectives, with social values and individual growth, as well as with the paraphernalia of organizing and running things, which are only “incidental.
• At the core of his thinking about problems of administration, management and organization was what he regarded as the fundamental importance of “moral philosophy” although he recognized that “the political economist who epitomizes moral philosophy is regarded as a regrettably nonconformist and excessively individualistic relic of a past age.”