TS SET Paper 2 Mock Test - 3 (Political Science) - TS TET MCQ

David Easton said : "Research untutored by theory may prove trivial and theory unsupported by data, futile". 

Stephen Walt argued that 'realism is likely to remain the single most useful instrument in our intellectual toolbox'. 

A presidential system is a democratic and republican system of government where a head of government leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch. This head of government is in most cases also the head of state, which is called president.

Subject to legislation by Parliament, the power to declare any area as a 'Scheduled area' is given to the President and The Executive power of the Union shall extend to giving directions to the respective States regarding the administration of the Scheduled Areas. These provisions of the Constitution relating to the administration of the Scheduled Areas and Tribes may be altered by Parliament or by ordinary legislation. both are true. 

Chester Barnard advocated 'effective communication' as a basic prerequisite for the attainment of organizational goals. 

Order of revolutions in the sequence in which they took place - 
Puritan Revolution - 1640 
Bolshevik Revolution - 1917
Chinese Revolution - 1949
Cuban Revolution - 1953

The term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole (whose official title was First Lord of the Treasury).

• Ziauddin Barani (1285–1358 CE) was a Muslim political thinker of the Delhi Sultanate located in present-day North India during Muhammad bin Tughlaq and Firuz Shah's reign.
• He was best known for composing the Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi, a work on medieval India, which covers the period from the reign of Ghiyasuddin Balban to the first six years of the reign of Firoz Shah Tughluq and the Fatwa-i-Jahandari which promoted a hierarchy among Muslim communities in the Indian subcontinent, even if historian M. Athar Ali says that it's not on a racialist basis or even like the Hindu caste system, but taking as a model Sassanid Iran, which promoted an idea of the aristocracy through birth and which was claimed by Persians to be "fully in accordance with the main thrust of Islamic thought as it had developed by that time", including in the works of his near-contemporary Ibn Khaldun
• He took initiative for young girls being trained by Indian courtesans in Persian (Parsi) and Indian (Hindi) music for the Delhi court in the late thirteenth century.

The correct option is 'Thomas R Dye'

• Thomas R. Dye, a political scientist and author, is credited with the statement that "public policy is whatever governments choose to do or not to do." This statement captures the essence of public policy as a broad concept encompassing the decisions, actions, and inactions taken by governments at various levels.
• Dye's perspective suggests that public policy is not limited to specific actions or programs but encompasses a wide range of governmental choices and decisions. It emphasizes that public policy includes both the policies enacted by governments and the policies that are deliberately not pursued or implemented.
• This definition of public policy by Thomas R. Dye highlights the discretionary power of governments to shape and influence various aspects of society, ranging from social issues and economic matters to governance and public services.
• Public policy is a complex and multifaceted area of study that encompasses a wide range of perspectives and approaches.

System: The system exits through its objects that have interacted within a patterned frame. A systems analyst perceives inter-related and web-like objects that look for ever-existing interdependent relationships among them.

• The setting within which a system occurs or works is called the environment. The line that separates the system from its environment is known as the boundary.
• Political parties are interdependent within a system to carry on the basic foundation of a system but they have their boundaries or gaps of their values and process in the structure.
• The system obtains inputs from the environment and supports its functioning. that includes community and villages, provinces, and political units within its functioning.
• As the system operates, inputs maybe some process, any beliefs or structure that leads to system outputs embodying rules to be forced or policies to be implemented collaboratively by political parties.

The Federal Court of India was a judicial body, established in India in 1937 under the provisions of the Government of India Act 1935, with original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction. 

• The Supreme Court of India also came into existence and its first sitting was held on 28 January 1950.

The correct answer is Velupillai Prabhakaran

LTTE

• It was a militant organization in North-east Sri Lanka founded in 1975.
• Its aim was for an independent state for the Tamil-speaking minority in the Northern and Eastern parts of Sri Lanka. (against the discriminatory policies of majority Sinhalese).
• It was founded by Velupillai Prabhakaran.
• The guerilla warfare led to the civil war in Sri Lanka from 1983 to 2009.
• Though there were some mediations held that failed, it ended with the Sri Lankan military operation that killed Prabhakaran in 2009.
• LTTE is behind the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi, former PM of India.

• Austrian philosopher Karl Popper identified key attributes of totalitarian regimes in his seminal work 'The Open Society and Its Enemies'.
• These included reliance on elaborate official ideology, single mass governing party, and pervasive terroristic policing, all of which distinguish totalitarianism from authoritarian systems.
• Popper's political philosophy was deeply influenced by his experiences of the rise of fascism and communism in the 1920s and 30s.
• He advocated for open, democratic and pluralistic societies based on rationalism, freedom and humanism. Popper strongly opposed totalitarian regimes that suppressed free critical reasoning and dissent.
• His seminal work 'The Open Society and Its Enemies' developed a philosophical critique of thinkers like Plato, Hegel and Marx who provided the intellectual basis for modern totalitarianism.
• Popper argued that democracy allows gradual reform through piecemeal social engineering rather than utopian revolutionary blueprints.
• Popper rejected historicism and defended liberal values of individual freedom, reason and ethical universalism.
• He advocated limited government to allow free thinking and open debate in an open society.
• His critiques of totalitarianism and defense of democracy had a major influence on political philosophy in the post-war Western world.
• So in summary, Karl Popper was a staunch defender of pluralistic liberal democracy based on reason and a foremost critic of closed totalitarian ideologies in 20th century political thought.

Aristotle said that family is the first school of social life.

A presidential system is a democratic and republican system of government in which a head of government leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch.

The other three answers are common criticisms of Rawls's theory.

The correct answer is Art. 343.

• Article 343(1) of the Constitution provides that Hindi in Devanagari script shall be the Official Language of the Union.
• Article 343(2) also provided for continuing the use of English in the official work of the Union for a period of 15 years from the date of commencement of the Constitution.

In Gandhian philosophy, the concept of Swadeshi refers to local self-reliance and the application of local knowledge and abilities.

• Gandhi's concept of swadeshi emphasizes the value of indigenous abilities and their productivity.
• Swadeshi is most commonly associated with Gandhi's employment of a protectionist strategy against the British mercantile practices.
• Swadeshi signifies relying on one's own resources. 
• It was a means of achieving self-reliance and self-governance (swaraj).
• His spiritual politics not only internalize the core of material production and labour, but also demonstrates his ability to think pragmatically.
• He was an ardent champion of village life and the economy took precedence over city life and modernism.
• Swadeshi is also influenced by Ruskin's book, 'Unto This Last'. 

Thus, Gandhi's concept of Swadeshi was impacted by his deep ethical-spiritual conviction, his understanding of the economic condition of the people, especially at the grassroots and the influence of Ruskin's book, 'Unto This Last'.

It is usually believed about freedom of speech that There should be some reasonable restrictions on it.

A good bureaucracy is expected to implement laws in a spirit
A bureaucracy is a way of administratively organizing large numbers of people who need to work together. Organizations in the public and private sector, including universities and governments, rely on bureaucracies to function.
The federal bureaucracy performs three primary tasks in government: implementation, administration, and regulation. When Congress passes a law, it sets down guidelines to carry out the new policies.

Thomas McIntire Cooley said that the constitution is the fundamental law of the state in which the principles are founded on which the government is founded
Thomas McIntyre Cooley was the 25th Justice and a Chief Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court, between 1864 and 1885. Born in Attica, New York, he was father to Charles Cooley, a distinguished American sociologist. He was a charter member and first chairman of the Interstate Commerce Commission.

The correct answer is Elimination of social divisions

• Ambedkar's ideas focused on eradicating social discrimination, and caste-based oppression, and ensuring equal rights and opportunities for all individuals, particularly marginalized communities in India.
• Ambedkar advocated for the eradication of social hierarchies and the establishment of a society where every individual is treated equally and with respect.
• He championed the principles of justice, liberty, and fraternity.
• His vision encompassed the establishment of a society where every person would be treated with dignity and respect, regardless of their caste, religion, gender, or socioeconomic background.
• While compassion and empathy can be regarded as important values in creating a just society, it would be more accurate to attribute the idea of a compassionate society to other thinkers or philosophers who have emphasized the significance of compassion in social interactions and the pursuit of justice.

Therefore we conclude that according to B.R. Ambedkar, the key characteristic of a just society free from Elimination of social divisions

The correct answer is In a community government, several language-using groups are granted the authority to manage matters pertaining to their localities.

In short: a natural law theory of (the nature of) law seeks both to give an account of the facticity of law and to answer questions that remain central to understanding law. As listed by Green 2003 (having observed that “No legal philosopher can be only a legal positivist”), these further questions (which “legal positivism does not aspire to answer”) are: What kinds of things could possibly count as merits of law? What role should law play in adjudication? What claim has law on our obedience? What laws should we have? And should we have law at all? All these questions, though organized and articulated a little differently, are under consideration in the present entry.

The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which commits its Parties by setting internationally binding emission reduction targets.The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005.

The feminism drawn by environmental activism is called Ecofeminism.

• Ecofeminism is a philosophical and political movement that emerged in the 1970s, drawing on feminist and environmentalist ideas.
• It asserts that there are strong connections between the exploitation of women and the exploitation of nature and that these issues are closely intertwined.
• Ecofeminists argue that patriarchal systems of power and domination have led to the destruction of the environment and the marginalization of women.
• Ecofeminism emphasizes the need to recognize the value of nature and to work toward sustainable and just practices that promote the well-being of people and the planet.
• This includes rejecting forms of development that harm the environment, advocating for the conservation and preservation of natural resources, and promoting social justice and equality.
• Some key themes of ecofeminism include:
  • The interconnectedness of all living beings and the need to recognize and respect this interdependence.
  • The recognition that environmental issues and social justice issues are linked, and that both must be addressed to achieve sustainability and equity.
  • The critique of patriarchal systems of power and domination that have led to environmental degradation and the oppression of women.
  • The promotion of non-hierarchical, collaborative, and equitable forms of social organization and decision-making.
  • The emphasis is on the importance of local and indigenous knowledge and practices in promoting sustainability and resilience.
• Ecofeminism has been influential in shaping environmental and feminist movements around the world.
• It has contributed to the development of new approaches to sustainability, such as the concept of ecological feminism, which recognizes the importance of integrating feminist and environmentalist perspectives.
• Ecofeminism continues to be an important voice in debates about the environment, social justice, and sustainability.

 Hence, we can conclude that the feminism drawn by environmental activism is called Ecofeminism.

Liberalism is a political philosophy that views preserving and advancing individual freedom as politics' primary issue. 

• A political and moral ideology known as liberalism is founded on individual liberties, freedoms, the consent of the governed, and equality before the law. 
• C. B. Macpherson in his work, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: From Hobbes to Locke articulated Possessive liberalism. 
• The thesis of "possessive individualism," according to which a person is seen as the only proprietor of their talents and owes nothing to society for them. 
• He examines the function of this specific kind of individualism in Thomas Hobbes, James Harrington, and John Locke. 
• Keith Thomas and David Lay have both presented several arguments that contradict his claim that Hobbes is responsible for the culture of possessive individualism.

Thus, Liberalism is characterised by C. B. Macpherson as possessive liberalism.

Sorel is not associated with liberalism.

The correct answer is Option B.

• India established diplomatic relations with Israel on 29 January 1992. 2017 marks the 25th anniversary of India-Israel relations.
• Prime Minister Narendra Modi on July 4 left for Israel, the first visit by an Indian Prime Minister to the Jewish nation. He will discuss with his counterpart Benjamin Netanyahu the common challenges like terrorism and ways to boost economic ties.
• Mr. Modi will be in Israel till July 6 before travelling to Hamburg to attend a G-20 summit on July 7-8.

The correct answer is Pro-realism.

• Realism is a philosophical position that asserts that there is an objective reality that exists independently of our perceptions or interpretations of it.
• In debates, realism can be seen in the assumption that there is a truth or a correct answer to the issues being discussed, and that this truth can be discovered through careful analysis and interpretation of the arguments presented.
• Pro-realism, on the other hand, is a position that actively promotes and defends the idea of objective reality and truth.
• In debates, proponents of pro-realism argue that objective truth does exist and can be discovered through careful analysis and interpretation of the arguments presented.
• The hermeneutic project in debates involves interpreting and understanding the arguments and positions presented by the participants to arrive at a deeper understanding of the issues being discussed.
• This requires a certain degree of realism and Pro-realism.