TS SET Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 (Geography) - TS TET MCQ

Biosphere reserves are ‘learning places for sustainable development’.

• They are sites for testing interdisciplinary approaches to understanding and managing changes and interactions between social and ecological systems, including conflict prevention and management of biodiversity.
• They are places that provide local solutions to global challenges.
• Biosphere reserves include terrestrial, marine, and coastal ecosystems. Each site promotes solutions reconciling the conservation of biodiversity with its sustainable use.
• Biosphere reserves are nominated by national governments and remain under the sovereign jurisdiction of the states where they are located.
• Biosphere Reserves are designated under the intergovernmental MAB Programme by the Director-General of UNESCO following the decisions of the MAB International Coordinating Council (MAB ICC). 
• Their status is internationally recognized. Member States can submit sites through the designation process.

Biosphere Reserves involve local communities and all interested stakeholders in planning and management. They integrate three main "functions":

1. Conservation of biodiversity and cultural diversity
2. Economic development that is socio-culturally and environmentally sustainable
3. Logistic support, underpinning development through research, monitoring, education, and training

These three functions are pursued through the Biosphere Reserves' three main zones: Core area, Buffer zones, and Transition area.

Hence, Biosphere reserves are areas comprising terrestrial, marine and coastal ecosystems and monitored by national governments.

The correct answer is Germany .
Key Points

• The Ruhr industrial region, also known as the Ruhrgebiet, is located in western Germany, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
• It is one of the largest urban agglomerations in Europe, with a population of over 5 million people.

​Reasons:

1. The Ruhr industrial region developed in western Germany due to the abundance of natural resources, particularly coal and iron ore.

2. The region has a long history of coal mining and steel production, which began in the 19th century and continued throughout much of the 20th century.

3. The availability of these resources made it possible for the region to develop into a major industrial hub, with a focus on heavy industry and manufacturing.

4. The region's central location within Europe and its proximity to major waterways and transportation routes also contributed to its development.

5. As the region grew, it attracted a large workforce of migrants from other parts of Germany and from other countries, who came to work in the mines and factories.

6. The development of the Ruhr industrial region had a significant impact on the economy of Germany and on the country's position in the global economy.

7. However, the region also faced significant environmental challenges due to the pollution and degradation caused by heavy industry.

8. In recent decades, there have been efforts to transition the region's economy towards more sustainable industries, such as renewable energy and advanced manufacturing, while also addressing the environmental legacy of the region's industrial past

As per the Puranas, the East African and Madagascar region was called as Shalmali. The silk-cotton was called salmala and it was found in the said region. The area had moderate rainfall and was located on margin of equatorial region, which led to blossom of silk-cotton trees. Thus, both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Thus, the correct answer is A.

Correct Answer: D.N. Livingstone.

Key Points

• The quarter of a century since the publication of David Livingstone’s (1992) The Geographical Tradition provides an apt moment to reflect on the book’s theses, lacunae, and legacies, and to take stock of the ways in which its provocations and reception might instruct the wider project of rendering the discipline’s history.
• In framing this themed intervention, we engage the assertion that contextualizers need contextualizing; there exists scope to heighten awareness of the location within time, space, and culture from which contextualist historiographies of geography are written. We call attention to the meaning and implications of the particular and situated contextualist methodology mobilized and executed in The Geographical Tradition.
• The Geographical Tradition undoubtedly broke new ground in its relentless scrutiny of the reciprocal constitution of text and context and its sustained contextualist interrogation of geography, Geography, and geographers. For Withers, a key to The Geographical Tradition was Livingstone’s “insistence that we must situate geography historically and geographically”.
• The four traditions are the Spatial or Locational Tradition, the Area Studies or Regional Tradition, the Man-Land Tradition, and the Earth Science Tradition. Each of these traditions is interrelated, and they are often used in conjunction with one another, rather than alone.

​ Additional Information

• Livingstone detected two critical flaws in existing historiographical accounts: ‘presentism’ or interpreting past geographical ideas by the (scientific, moral, and aesthetic) standards of today, and ‘internalism’ or construing the evolution of the discipline in terms of interior drivers of change (scholarly fields, their champions, spats, alignments, and plays). Refusing to label and police the boundaries of his alternative approach too strictly, he invoked the simple yet powerful idea of 'situated messiness'.

The correct answer is Great Canyon of Gandikota.

Key Points

• Great Canyon of Gandikota is known as the “Grand Canyon of India”.
• The Great Canyon of India is located in Gandikota, a small village in the Andhra Pradesh district of Kadapa.
• It is well-known for the breathtaking gorge that the Pennar River, which flows through the Erramala Hills, created.
• Travelers now refer to this exquisite example of natural building as India's "Hidden Grand Canyon."

Important Points

• In cross-section, the Grand Canyon in Arizona is a naturally occurring feature that is characterized by stratified bands of red rock that disclose millions of years of geological history.
• With a length of 277 miles, the canyon is enormous, averaging 10 miles across and 1 mile deep.
• With its expansive views and white-water rapids in the Colorado River, a large portion of the region is protected as a national park. 

Additional Information

• Laitlum Canyon, located near Smit in Meghalaya, is a lovely mountain ridge.
• In the Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal, India, there is a natural canyon called Gongoni Danga that is located close to the town of Garbeta.
• The state of Madhya Pradesh in central India is home to the Chambal River Gorge.  

The correct answer is Doldrums.

• Doldrums is an equatorial belt of low atmospheric pressure where the trade winds converge.

Key Points

Moraine

• Moraines are distinct ridges or mounds of debris that are directly laid down by a moving glacier. This material is usually soil and rock.
• Moraines only show up in places that have, or used to have glaciers.
• Glaciers are extremely large, moving rivers of ice.
• Glaciers shape the landscape in a process called glaciation.
• Glaciation can affect the land, rocks, and water in an area for thousands of years. That is why moraines are often very old.

La Nina

• La Nina is a climate pattern that describes the cooling of surface ocean waters along the tropical west coast of South America.
• La Nina is the counterpart of El Nino.
• La Lina means Little Girl in Spanish.
• La Lina occurs at irregular intervals of about two to seven years.
• La Niña is caused by a build-up of cooler-than-normal waters in the tropical Pacific, the area of the Pacific Ocean between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.
• Unusually strong, eastward-moving trade winds and ocean currents bring this cold water to the surface, a process known as upwelling.

El Nino

• El Nino is a climate pattern that describes the unusual warming of surface waters in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
• El Nino means Christ child or Littel Boy in Spanish
• During the time of El Nino, the trade winds weaken and warm water pushed back east towards the coast of Latin American countries.
• El Nino can affect our weather significantly and trade winds.
• El Nino has a strong effect on marine life off the Pacific coast.

Additional Information

• Atmospheric Pressure belts are seasonally identical horizontal pressure variations created in the earth's atmosphere just above the earth's surface due to seasonal and spatial variation of energy received by the earth at different places.
• There are seven pressure belts on the earth's surface. They are the Equatorial Low, the two Subtropical highs, the two Subpolar lows, and the two Polar highs. Except for the Equatorial low, the others form matching pairs in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

​Equatorial Low-Pressure Belts

• It is located on either side of the North and South of the Equator in a zone extending from 0o to 5^o.
• It is thermally induced because of the intense heating of the ground by the vertical rays of the sun.
• It represents the zone convergence of North-East and South-East trade winds. This convergence zone is characterized by light and feeble winds and because of the frequent calm conditions, this belt is also called a belt of calm or doldrums.

Subtropical High-Pressure Belts

• It extends between 30^o to 35^o both the hemisphere
• It is not thermally induced but dynamically induced as it owes its origin to the rotation of the earth and sinking and settling down of winds.
• Here the zone convergence of winds at a higher altitude above this zone results in the subsidence of air from higher altitudes and this wind results in high pressure. This zone of high pressure is also called the Horse latitude.
• The permanent winds blowing from the Sub-Polar High-Pressure to Sub-Polar Low-Pressure in both the hemisphere are called Westerlies.

Sub-Polar Low-Pressure Belts

• It extends between 60^o and 65^o in both the hemisphere.
• The low-pressure belt does not thermally induce because there is low temperature throughout the year and as such there should have been a high-pressure belt instead of low pressure.
• Pressure gradient, rotation of the earth and Coriolis force, centrifugal action of wind are the factor that controls the air motion.
• This region is marked by violent storms in winter.

Polar High-Pressure Belts

• Polar high pressure is very small in area and extends between 70^o to 90^oin both the hemisphere.
• The temperatures are always extremely low.
• The Polar regions experience very cold climatic conditions due to the rays of the sun is extremely slanting.
• These regions of Polar high-pressure belts are known as the Polar Highs.
• These regions are characterized by permanent IceCaps.

Three primary factors account for population change, or how much a population is increasing or decreasing. These factors are birth rate, death rate, and migration.

• Births and deaths are natural causes of population change. The difference between the birth rate and the death rate of a country or place is called the natural increase. The natural increase is calculated by subtracting the death rate from the birth rate.

Key Points

• Human migration involves the movement of people from one place to another with intention of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location.

Additional Information

• Zero population growth refers to a population that is unchanging – it is neither growing nor declining; the growth rate is zero.
• Immigration is the international movement of people to a destination country of which they are not natives or where they do not possess citizenship in order to settle as permanent residents or naturalized citizens.

Natural change and Migration are the two factors that affect population change for a particular area. Therefore Option 4 is the correct answer.

El Nino means Little Boy. It refers to warm ocean current which originates in the central and east-central Pacific, including area of pacific coast of South America. The phenomenon has effects on global climate.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

The correct answer is 3 only.

Key Points

Boko Haram

• It is the militant group in northern Nigeria that has killed tens of thousands of people and displaced more than 3 million people. Hence, Pair 3 is correctly matched.
• Boko Haram militants mainly inhabit areas in the northern states of Nigeria, specifically Yobe, Kano, Bauchi, Borno and Kaduna.
• Boko Haram means "Western education is forbidden." The group was founded in 2002.

Sinhalese

• It is also spelt Singhalese or Cingalese, a member of the people of Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) who constitute the largest ethnic group on that island. Hence, Pair 2 is not correctly matched.
• In the early 21st century the Sinhalese were estimated to number about 13.8 million, or 73 per cent of the population.
• Their ancestors are believed to have come from northern India, traditionally in the 5th century BCE.
• Their language belongs to the Indo-European family.

Chakmas and Hajongs

• The Chakmas and Hajongs of Arunachal Pradesh are migrants from the Chittagong Hill Tracts of erstwhile East Pakistan, now Bangladesh. Hence, Pair 1 is not correctly matched.
• Displaced by the Kaptai dam on the Karnaphuli River in the 1960s, they sought asylum in India.
• They settled in relief camps in the southern and south-eastern parts of Arunachal Pradesh from 1964 to 1969.
• A majority of them live in the Changlang district of the State today.
• Mizoram and Tripura have a sizeable population of the Buddhist Chakmas while the Hindu Hajongs mostly inhabit the Garo Hills of Meghalaya and adjoining areas of Assam.

Option 3) Agriculture and resource management

Critics of the Malthusian Theory contend that the challenges predicted by Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus in the late 18th century have been mitigated by significant advancements in agriculture and resource management. Malthus argued that the growing population would outstrip the capacity of the environment to provide sustenance, leading to inevitable checks on population growth.

Important Points

• Advancements in agriculture have played a pivotal role in challenging Malthusian predictions.
• Technological innovations, such as genetically modified crops, improved irrigation systems, and efficient farming practices, have substantially increased food production.
• These developments have allowed societies to keep pace with, and in some cases exceed, the demands of a growing population.
• Additionally, resource management strategies, including sustainable agricultural practices and conservation efforts, have contributed to a more efficient use of available resources.
• Agriculture and resource management," is actually the correct answer. It aligns with the argument that improvements in these fields have alleviated the challenges anticipated by Malthus.
• While this factor challenges Malthusian predictions, it is not the primary focus of critics when addressing the sustainability of resources

Resources grow exponentially, while population grows at an arithmetic rate.

The Malthusian Theory of Population is a theory of population growth that was developed by Thomas Malthus in the late 18th century. The theory states that population growth is exponential, while the growth of resources is arithmetic. This means that population growth will eventually outstrip the growth of resources, leading to famine, disease, and other social problems.

Key Points

Resources grow exponentially, while population grows at an arithmetic rate.

• This is the primary assertion of the Malthusian Theory of Population.
• Malthus believed that population growth was exponential, meaning that it would increase by a fixed percentage each year.
• He also believed that the growth of resources was arithmetic, meaning that it would increase by a fixed amount each year.
• This meant that population growth would eventually outstrip the growth of resources, leading to famine, disease, and other social problems.
• The Malthusian Theory of Population has been criticized by many economists and demographers.
• However, it remains an important theory in the study of population growth

Additional Information

• Resources and population grow at the same rate.

This is not a correct statement of the Malthusian Theory of Population. Malthus believed that population growth was exponential, while the growth of resources was arithmetic. This meant that population growth would eventually outstrip the growth of resources.

• Population growth is exponential, and resources grow at a faster rate.

This is not a correct statement of the Malthusian Theory of Population. Malthus believed that population growth was exponential, while the growth of resources was arithmetic. This meant that population growth would eventually outstrip the growth of resources.

• Both population and resources grow at an unpredictable rate.

This is not a correct statement of the Malthusian Theory of Population. Malthus believed that population growth was exponential, while the growth of resources was arithmetic. This meant that population growth would eventually outstrip the growth of resources.

Correct Answer: (A) and (D) only.

Key Points

• The term paradigm was coined by S. Thomas Kuhn (1922-1996), an American historian of science while postulating a very important theory about the growth and development of science.
• Distinct paradigm shifts have been taking place in both Geographical Research and Geospatial Technology through Digitalization.
• The large growing population of the world requires a logical and scientific shift in both pure and applied research in the domain of geography.
• Accordingly, a paradigm shift is defined as "an important change that happens when the usual way of thinking about or doing something is replaced by a new and different way."
• The term paradigm was coined by S. Thomas Kuhn (1922-1996), an American historian of science while postulating a very important theory about the growth and development of science.
• Kuhn (1962) defined ‘paradigm’ as the entire constellation of beliefs, values, techniques, and so on shared by the members of a given community.’
• The Kuhn Cycle is a simple cycle of progress described by Thomas Kuhn in 1962 in his seminal work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.
• In Structure Kuhn challenged the world's current conception of science, which was a steady progression of the accumulation of new ideas.
• In a brilliant series of reviews of past major scientific advances, Kuhn showed this viewpoint was wrong.
• Science advanced the most by occasional revolutionary explosions of new knowledge, each revolution triggered by the introduction of new ways of thought so large they must be called new paradigms.

Additional Information

• Recently, an integrating approach is a new paradigm in geography.
• The main concern of recent geographical research is the perception of the environment, location, and geographical space.
• The spatial dimension is an important aspect of the social epistemology geography (Science of space).
• Consideration of space is required to understand the concept of integration and analysis of spatial patterns and processes.
• The Geoinformatics paradigm in the 21st century is actually reflective of the concept of integration in terms of cartography, Geodesy, photogrammetry, spatial analysis, web mapping, global navigation satellite system, etc.

The earliest arrivals in India are believed to be Negritos. At Andaman Islands they are mainly found now. The Andaman Islands are home to four 'Negrito' tribes – the Great Andamanese, Onge, Jarawa and Sentinelese. The Nicobar Islands are home to two 'Mongoloid' tribes – the Shompen and Nicobarese. The 'Negrito' tribes are believed to have arrived in the islands from Africa up to 60,000 years ago.

The purpose of Weber's least cost theory is to look at the costs of each item in the processing chain, from acquiring raw materials to putting a completed product on a shop shelf.

Important Points

• This hypothesis is based on the 'least-cost principle,' which is used to determine where a manufacturing industry should be located.
• The idea is founded on the assumption of a single, isolated nation with uniform conditions.
• Some of the natural resources in this environment may be found anywhere, while others are restricted to certain areas.
• The labor is stationed in a certain area.
• In this case, transportation expenses are determined by cargo weight and distance.
• Demand for all items is the same across the board, the price for all products is consistent across all locations.
• The location P with the lowest transport cost is where the overall cost of conveying raw materials and finished goods is the lowest.
• The type of raw materials and the Material Index of each raw material has a significant impact on the placement of an industry in a triangle region.​

Additional Information

• W.Isard- is a well-known American economist who is credited with founding the field of regional science as well as one of the disciplines of peace studies and peace economics.
• M.K. Bandman- was an economic geographer from the Soviet school of geography and was responsible for the theory of rationalisation.
• D.M. Smith- introduced the Welfare element in his approach to human geography.

The correct answer is Agulhas Current.

 Key Points

• Agulhas current is a warm current flows south along east Coast of Africa in Southwest Indian ocean.
• Benguela current is a cold current flows along the coast of South Africa, Namibia, and Angola. 
• Brazilian current is a warm current flows along the east coast of Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina.
• Canaries current is a cold current present between Fram strait and cape farewell in North Atlantic ocean.

Additional Information

• Ocean current is a massive movement of ocean water that is caused and influenced by various forces.
• Forces responsible for the ocean currents are wind, gravity, Coriolis force, heating by solar energy, water density and temperature of the water.
• Mainly, ocean currents are classified into two types. they are cold currents and warm currents. 
  • Cold currents bring cold water into warm water areas usually found on the west coast of the continents.
  • Warm currents bring warm water into cold water areas usually found on the east coast of continents. 

Biosphere reserves are ‘learning places for sustainable development’.

• They are sites for testing interdisciplinary approaches to understanding and managing changes and interactions between social and ecological systems, including conflict prevention and management of biodiversity.
• They are places that provide local solutions to global challenges.
• Biosphere reserves include terrestrial, marine, and coastal ecosystems. Each site promotes solutions reconciling the conservation of biodiversity with its sustainable use.
• Biosphere reserves are nominated by national governments and remain under the sovereign jurisdiction of the states where they are located.
• Biosphere Reserves are designated under the intergovernmental MAB Programme by the Director-General of UNESCO following the decisions of the MAB International Coordinating Council (MAB ICC). 
• Their status is internationally recognized. Member States can submit sites through the designation process.

Biosphere Reserves involve local communities and all interested stakeholders in planning and management. They integrate three main "functions":

1. Conservation of biodiversity and cultural diversity
2. Economic development that is socio-culturally and environmentally sustainable
3. Logistic support, underpinning development through research, monitoring, education, and training

These three functions are pursued through the Biosphere Reserves' three main zones: Core area, Buffer zones, and Transition area.

Hence, Biosphere reserves are areas comprising terrestrial, marine and coastal ecosystems and monitored by national governments.

The rural urban fringe area that lies on the boundary, just outside the city area. It is where the urban and rural environments mix. The rural urban fringe has characteristics like cheap availability of land, lesser traffic with respect to city and space for development. The area develops due to suburbanization, but the rate of urbanization is clearly higher in the city.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

The correct answer is B only.

Key Points

• The Ideal conditions for temperature inversion are:
  • Long hours, so that it is greater than the incoming radiation than the outgoing radiation.
  • Clear skies that allow radiation to escape unhindered.
  • Calm and stable air, such that, at lower speeds, there is no vertical mixing.
• A temperature inversion is the reversal of the natural temperature activity in the troposphere, where a layer of cool air on the surface is replaced by a layer of warmer air. (The temperature normally decreases with height under normal conditions).

Additional Information

• An inversion serves as a limit on the airflow from the layers below upwards. As a consequence, the convection produced by air heating from below is limited to levels below the inversion stage.
• Likewise, the diffusion of dust, smoke, and other air contaminants is reduced.
• Convective clouds do not rise high enough to create showers in regions where a pronounced low-level inversion is present.
• Owing to the accumulation of dust and smoke particles, visibility can be significantly diminished under the inversion. Since the air at the base of inversion appears to be cold, there is sometimes fog.

Troposphere is marked by turbulence and eddies. It is called as the convective region as all the convective activities cease at the upper limit of the troposphere. Various forms of clouds, thunderstorms, cyclones and anticyclones occur in this sphere because of the concentration of almost all the water vapour and aerosols in it.

CFCs or Chlorofluorocarbons are synthetic chemicals which, used as propellants, are released in the air and transported in the stratosphere by vertical atmospheric circulation. Chlorine when separated from CFCs reacts with water and thus depletes ozone rather breaks ozone into O₂ and O.

Correct Answer: D.N. Livingstone.

Key Points

• The quarter of a century since the publication of David Livingstone’s (1992) The Geographical Tradition provides an apt moment to reflect on the book’s theses, lacunae, and legacies, and to take stock of the ways in which its provocations and reception might instruct the wider project of rendering the discipline’s history.
• In framing this themed intervention, we engage the assertion that contextualizers need contextualizing; there exists scope to heighten awareness of the location within time, space, and culture from which contextualist historiographies of geography are written. We call attention to the meaning and implications of the particular and situated contextualist methodology mobilized and executed in The Geographical Tradition.
• The Geographical Tradition undoubtedly broke new ground in its relentless scrutiny of the reciprocal constitution of text and context and its sustained contextualist interrogation of geography, Geography, and geographers. For Withers, a key to The Geographical Tradition was Livingstone’s “insistence that we must situate geography historically and geographically”.
• The four traditions are the Spatial or Locational Tradition, the Area Studies or Regional Tradition, the Man-Land Tradition, and the Earth Science Tradition. Each of these traditions is interrelated, and they are often used in conjunction with one another, rather than alone.

​ Additional Information

• Livingstone detected two critical flaws in existing historiographical accounts: ‘presentism’ or interpreting past geographical ideas by the (scientific, moral, and aesthetic) standards of today, and ‘internalism’ or construing the evolution of the discipline in terms of interior drivers of change (scholarly fields, their champions, spats, alignments, and plays). Refusing to label and police the boundaries of his alternative approach too strictly, he invoked the simple yet powerful idea of 'situated messiness'.

The Mars Orbiter Mission probe lifted off from the First Launch Pad at Satish Dhawan Space Centre (Sriharikota Range SHAR), Andhra Pradesh, using a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) rocket C25 at 09:08 UTC on 5 November 2013. The launch window was approximately 20 days long and started on 28 October 2013.

Important Points

'Mangalyan' MOM:

• Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), the maiden interplanetary mission of ISRO, launched on November 5, 2013, by PSLV-C25 got inserted into Martian orbit on September 24, 2014, in its first attempt. 
• Mangalyan success makes India only the fourth entity to put spacecraft in Mars orbit after the United States, the Soviet Union, and the European Space Agency.
• India is the first Asian country to successfully place a spacecraft in orbit around Mars and the first country anywhere to do so in the first attempt.
• Mangalyaan was India's first interplanetary mission. The indigenously-built space probe has been in the Martian orbit since September 24, 2014.
• The mission made India the first Asian country, and the fourth in the world after Roscosmos, NASA, and the European Space Agency, to get to the planet.
• China referred to India's successful Mangalyaan as the "Pride of Asia".

Hence, the correct answer is PSLV C-25.

The correct answer is Both 1 and 2.

Key Points

Mariana Trench:

• The Mariana Trench is located in the western Pacific Ocean and has the deepest natural trench in the world.
• It is a crescent-shaped trough in the Earth's crust averaging about 2,550 km long and 69 km wide.
• The maximum known depth is 10,994 meters at the southern end of a small slot-shaped valley on its floor known as the Challenger Deep.

Sunda Trench:

• The Sunda Trench, earlier known as and sometimes still indicated as the Java Trench, is an oceanic trench located in the Indian Ocean near Sumatra.
• It is located in the Indian Ocean.

When minerals in the rocks mix with the oxygen present in the water, oxides like iron oxide are formed, which weaken the rocks, causing weathering. Minerals in rock react to the presence of carbonate or bicarbonate, producing carbonic acid. This also leads to weathering. Frost cation weaken the rocks leading to block disintegration. Soil is formed due to weathering of rocks, but it is not an agent of weathering.

Chemical weathering is the weakening and subsequent disintegration of rock by chemical reactions. These reactions include oxidation, hydrolysis, and carbonation. These processes either form or destroy minerals, thus altering the nature of the rock's mineral composition

The correct answer is the Pacific Ocean. 

Key Points

• Panthalassa was the superocean that surrounded the supercontinent Pangaea.
• A superocean is an ocean that surrounds a supercontinent.
• It is less commonly defined as any ocean larger than the current Pacific Ocean.
• The movement of Earth's tectonic plates formed Pangaea and ultimately broke it apart. Pangaea existed during the Permian and Triassic geological time periods, which were times of great change.
• Pangaea is believed to be the single land mass, around 200 million years back this landmass broke up into two land masses, that are Laurasia and Gondwanaland. 

Additional Information

• Atlantic Ocean: 
  • It is the second-largest ocean in the world. 
  • It covers around 29% of the water's surface and 20% of the earth's surface. 
• Pacific Ocean:
  • it is the largest of all ocean present on the earth.
  • It is bounded by the continents of America in the east and Asia and Australia in the west. 
• Indian Ocean: 
  • It is the third-largest ocean in the World. 
  • It is bounded by Africa in the West, Australia in the east, and India in the north. 
• Arctic Ocean:  
  • It is the smallest and the shallowest ocean in the world. 
  • It is found on the Nothern tip of the globe. 

The correct answer is 'option 4'

Key Points

• Demographic dividend, iss defined by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA).
• It is "the economic growth potential that can result from shifts in a population’s age structure, mainly when the share of the working-age population (15 to 64) is larger than the non-working-age share of the population (14 and younger, and 65 and older)".
• Therefore, as per the definition the age group 0-14 and 60+ will help in the calculation of the demographic dividend.
• Once we know these two numbers, it is easy to calculate the remaining population digits and hence the demographic dividend. 

Therefore, the correct answer is '0-14 and 60 and above'

Hint

 Yes, to calculate demographic dividend we need both the working(15-59) and non-working(0-14 and 60 and above) population. However, once we know the non-working population we can in fact calculate the working population by knowing the total population. Therefore, selecting the most appropriate option is the key when there are confusing options. 

The distribution of population can be analysed on the basis of continents and countries. South Asia is one of the major concentrations which accounts for about half of the world's population.

Important Points

• The way in which people are spread across the earth surface is known as the pattern of population distribution. 
• More than 90 per cent of the world’s population lives in about 30 per cent of the land surface. 
• The distribution of population in the world is extremely uneven. Some areas are very crowded and some are sparely populated. 
• The distribution of population can be analysed on the basis of continents and countries.
• The crowded areas are south and south east Asia, Europe and north eastern North America. 
• South Asia is one of the major concentrations which accounts for about half of the world's population.
• Almost three-quarters of the world’s people live in two continents Asia and Africa. 

• Many more people live north of the Equator than south of the Equator. 

Hence, we can say both statement regarding unevenness of population distribution is true.

The outer limit of the breaker zone (or surf zone) is called the breaker line. However, the instantaneous width of the breaker zone varies with the instantaneous wave conditions and water level.

The Broad gauge has 1.676 m distance between the two rail tracks. About 82.49% length of the Indian Railways falls under the broad-gauge category.

The Metre gauge is indicated by the 1m distance between the two rails. About 13.24% of railways is under this category.

The narrow gauge has a distance of 0.762m and is only confined in the hilly regions as there is no flat terrain and sharp turns.

The Eastern Himalayan region has rugged topography, steep slopes, thick forests and swift flowing rivers. The area has red brown soil and has shifting cultivation. It is called jhumming locally. Rice, maize, potato and fruits are the main crops here.