TS SET Paper 2 Mock Test - 2 (History) - TS TET MCQ

The correct answer is Rigveda.

Key Points

• Rigveda contains the Gayatri mantra.
• Gayatri mantra is a highly revered mantra dedicated to Savitri.
• Veda, a collection of poems or hymns composed in archaic Sanskrit.
• There are four types of Vedas – Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda.

Important Points

• Rigveda
  • It is the oldest known Vedic Sanskrit text(1800 – 1100 BCE)
  • It has more than 10000 verses.
  • Out of 10 mandalas, Mandala number 1 and 10 are the youngest ones as they were written later than Mandala 2 to 9.
  • The ninth Rigvedic mandala is solely dedicated to Soma.

The founder of the autonomous kingdom of Awadh was Saadat Khan Burhan-ul Mulk who was appointed Governor of Awadh in 1722. He was an extremely bold, energetic, iron-willed, and intelligent person. The state of Hyderabad was founded by Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jha in 1724. He was one of the leading nobles of the post-Aurangzeb era. Murshid Quli Khan was made governor of Bengal as late as 1717, he had been its effective ruler since 1700, when he was appointed his dewan. He soon freed himself from the central control though he regularly sent large tribute to the Emperor. At the beginning of the 18th century Kerela was divided up among a large number of feudal chiefs and rajas. Martanda Varma used his new army to expand northwards and the boundaries of Travencore soon extended from Kanya Kumari to Cochin.

First statement is correct though this did not mean non-official elected majorities, as Governor nominated some non-officials thus official control over the council was retained.

Second statement is incorrect as the stated two fold Division was made in Indian Council act 1919 which was known as system of Dyarchy. Otherwise Minto-Morley reforms, officially known as Indian Council act 1909, was mostly infamous for Introducing communal representation aimed at dividing politically active province of Bengal into groups of Hindu - Muslim.

• The severity of famines in India during the colonial period was significantly influenced by several factors under British rule, particularly the emphasis on the cultivation of cash crops at the expense of subsistence crops, and the imposition of heavy taxation and exploitative land revenue systems.

Introduction of cash crops at the expense of subsistence crops:

• Under British colonial rule, there was a significant shift in agricultural practices in India, with a focus on the cultivation of cash crops such as cotton, indigo, and opium instead of traditional subsistence crops like rice and wheat that were essential for the local population's food security.
• This shift was driven by the British desire to integrate India into the global market economy as a supplier of raw materials for British industries.
• As a result, large areas of agricultural land that were previously used to grow food that could feed the local population were now used to grow crops for export.
• This transition made India more vulnerable to food shortages and famines, as the availability of edible crops decreased, especially in times of drought or other adverse natural conditions.
• The reliance on cash crops reduced the resilience of local agricultural systems to support the nutritional needs of the population during hard times.

Heavy taxation and land revenue systems:

• The British colonial administration implemented taxation and land revenue systems that were onerous for the Indian farmers.
• The land revenue systems, such as the Permanent Settlement, the Ryotwari system, and the Mahalwari system, often imposed high taxes on land and demanded revenue payments in cash rather than in kind.
• These systems put a significant financial burden on the peasants, who were forced to sell their food grains to meet the demands of the revenue collection, even during years of poor harvests.
• This financial pressure led to widespread indebtedness among the peasant population and constrained their ability to retain enough food for their subsistence.
• In years of crop failure or low agricultural output, the peasants' inability to pay taxes led to the loss of their land and further exacerbated the food scarcity in the region.
• Additionally, the prioritization of revenue collection over the well-being of the local population meant that there was little to no effort from the colonial administration to mitigate the effects of famines or to provide relief to the affected populations

​ Additional Information

• While natural environmental fluctuations, such as droughts, floods, and locust plagues, have historically contributed to famines worldwide, including India, this option is not chosen as a primary factor for the severity of famines during the colonial period for a specific reason. Natural disasters without a doubt can initiate conditions leading to famine; however, the severity and widespread impact of these famines in colonial India were significantly exacerbated by the socio-economic policies implemented by the British colonial administration, such as the shift to cash crops and the oppressive taxation and revenue systems.
• Immediate post-independence economic policies:
  This option is incorrect because the question specifically asks about the factors that contributed to the severity of famines during the colonial period, which ended with India's independence in 1947. Immediate post-independence economic policies of India pertain to the period after the colonial rule and thus are not relevant to discussing the causes of famines that occurred within the timeline of British rule in India.

• The famine resulted in the loss of millions of lives, with estimates ranging from 1.5 to 3 million or more people dying as a result of starvation, malnutrition, and related diseases.
• The scale of human suffering was immense, with widespread reports of destitution, families being torn apart, and widespread disease alongside starvation.
• The visual and written accounts from that time depict a society brought to the brink of collapse under the weight of acute food shortages. This tragedy remains one of the darkest chapters in the history of Bengal and India more broadly, illustrating the severe human cost of the famine.
• Historians and scholars have extensively debated the causes of the Great Bengal Famine, and there is now a broad consensus that British colonial policies played a significant role in exacerbating the famine's severity.
• Key factors include wartime policies such as rice hoarding, speculation, and panic buying spurred by fears of Japanese invasion during World War II, and the British military's acquisition of foodstuffs and transport vehicles.
• Additionally, the British colonial government's failure to effectively respond to the crisis, including restrictions on rice imports and inadequate relief efforts, further aggravated the situation.
• The decisions made by British authorities, rooted in considerations for the war effort and economic policies favoring exports over local consumption, significantly worsened the impact of natural cyclones and crop failures that year, making the famine more severe than it might have been under different administrative actions

Additional Information

• The effective response of the colonial administration:
  This statement is incorrect. The colonial administration's response to the famine is widely criticized for its inadequacies and, in some cases, actions that exacerbated the situation. Criticisms include delays in declaring the famine, restrictions on grain imports, failure to mobilize resources effectively, and prioritizing military and export needs over the local food crisis. The administration's response was not only ineffective but also contributed to the severity of the famine, making this option false in the context of the Great Bengal Famine of 1943.

The correct answer is 2 and 3 only

Key Points

• The response and policies of the British colonial administration regarding famines and epidemics in India have been the subject of much historical analysis and debate. The consensus among historians points towards systemic issues and inadequacies in how the British dealt with these crises.

Systemic neglect and underinvestment in public health infrastructure:

• Throughout the colonial period, the British administration did not invest adequately in the public health infrastructure of India.
• This lack of investment contributed significantly to the inability to effectively manage and control epidemics, leading to high mortality rates during disease outbreaks.
• Similarly, the colonial regime's efforts to improve agricultural productivity and food distribution were insufficient to prevent famines.
• The economic policies favored the interests of the British economy over the well-being of the Indian populace, often leading to increased vulnerability to famines and epidemics.

Scathing criticism from historians:

• Scholars and historians have castigated the British colonial administration for its handling of famines and epidemics in India.
• Much of the criticism centers on the administration's profit-driven approach, prioritization of resource extraction, and economic policies that disadvantaged the local population.
• Historians like Mike Davis in his book "Late Victorian Holocausts" have highlighted how colonial policies exacerbated the effects of droughts and other natural calamities, leading to catastrophic famines
• Amartya Sen, a Nobel laureate in economics, argued that many of the famines under British rule were not due to a lack of food but to poor distribution mechanisms and the inability of people to purchase food.
• The consensus among critics is that the colonial government failed to provide adequate relief measures during crises and was often more concerned with maintaining economic stability for the empire than addressing the immediate needs of the Indian people.

Additional Information

• Statemnets 1 and 4 are incorrect because the general historical assessment does not support the notion that the British colonial administration engaged in proactive, timely, or significant efforts to address food security or public health crises effectively.
• Although there were instances of relief measures, these were often too little and too late, and marred by a lack of empathy and understanding of local conditions.
• The overarching impact of colonial policies contributed to making the Indian population more susceptible to the devastating effects of famines and epidemics.

The correct answer is 2 and 3 only

Key Points

• Satish Chandra Ray's work delves into an analysis of the economic factors contributing to famine occurrences in India.

• Typically, such an essay would explore various dimensions including colonial economic policies, agricultural practices, price fluctuations, market accessibility, and broader socioeconomic conditions that either precipitate or exacerbate famine conditions.

• Understanding the economic causes of famines is crucial for several reasons.

• It helps to identify systemic flaws and vulnerabilities in food security, sheds light on the impact of economic policies on agricultural productivity and market stability, and informs the development of more effective strategies for famine prevention and relief.

Additional Information

• Nand Brahma authored the book "Famines in Colonial India"
• M Raghavan is the author of the work 'State Failure and Human Miseries: A Study with Special Focus on Famines In British Malabar'
• Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire is a work by Janam Mukherjee

• Subhas Chandra Bose was re-elected as the Congress’ president in 1939, defeating Pattabhi Sitaramaiah at the Tripuri Congress which prompted Mahatma Gandhi to label Pattabhi Sitaramaiah’s defeat as his own
• He was appointed President of the Indian Congress Party in 1938 but resigned on 28 April 1939. Bose was an advocate of armed resistance against British colonialism; he could not come to terms with the ideology of non-violent resistance that Gandhi advocated.
• Upon his resignation, he formed the All India Forward Bloc on 3 May 1939, a party within Congress, in an attempt to bring together the leftist faction.
• Hence, it can be concluded that Subhash Chandra Bose fought the Congress Presidential elections in 1939 on the ground that he favoured aggressive policy which was opposed by the Congress leaders.

Additional Information

• The Forward Bloc of the Indian National Congress was formed on June 22, 1939, by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, who had resigned from the presidency of the Indian National Congress on 29 April after being outmanoeuvred by Mohandas K. Gandhi.
• Subhas Chandra Bose was elected as the President of the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1939 against Dr. Pattabhi Sitaramayya.
• Subhash Chandra Bose and Sardul Singh Kavishar were the party's first president and vice-president respectively.
• It held its first conference in Nagpur from June 20-22, 1940 where it demanded complete independence for India.
• It had its own newspaper called Forward Bloc.
• After independence, the party joined mainstream politics.

The correct answer is Charity and Religious affairs.

Key Points

• Ashta Pradhan:
  • Maratha Empire had a system of ministerial order.
  • This council is known as Ashta Pradhan.
  • They consist of eight members.
  • They are responsible for implementing good governance.
  • Pandit Rao was known as the high priest.
    • He manages religious matters.
  • Panditrao and Nyayadisha were two exceptions who are exempt from holding full-time military commands.

Additional Information

• Ashta Pradhan members:

The correct answer is West Nimad.

Key Points

• The Vakataka Empire was a dynasty from the Indian subcontinent that originated from the Deccan in the mid-3rd century CE.
  • Their state is believed to have extended from the southern edges of Malwa and Gujarat in the north to the Tungabhadra River in the south as well as from the Arabian Sea in the west to the edges of Chhattisgarh in the east.
  • They were the most important successors of the Satavahanas in the Deccan and contemporaneous with the Guptas in northern India.
  • The Vakataka dynasty was a Brahmin dynasty.
  • Vindhyashakti was the founder of the family.
  • The rock-cut Buddhist viharas and chaityas of Ajanta Caves (a UNESCO World Heritage Site) were built under the patronage of Vakataka emperor, Harishena.

Additional Information

• Bundelkhand is a geographical and cultural region and also a mountain range in central & North India.
  • The hilly region is now divided between the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
  • Bundelkhand lies between the Indo-Gangetic Plain to the north and the Vindhya Range to the south.
• Bagelkhand or Baghelkhand is a region and also a mountain range in central India that covers the northeastern regions of Madhya Pradesh and a small area of southeastern Uttar Pradesh.
  • Bagelkhand is surrounded by the Indo-Gangetic plains in the north and east, Bundelkhand in the west, and the Vindhya range in the south.
• Vindhya Pradesh was a former state of India.
  • It was created in 1948 as Union of Baghelkhand and Bundelkhand States, shortly after Indian independence, from the territories of the princely states in the eastern portion of the former Central India Agency.
  • It was named Vindhya Pradesh on 25th January 1950 after the Vindhya Range.

The Mansabdari system was the unique administrative system under the Mughals. Though introduced by Babur, it was perfected by Akbar. The mansabdars were the civil servants selected on merit. They discharged civil, military and judicial functions on behalf of the State/Emperor and were given land called jagirs. Some of their ranks were as follows: Mir-i-Atish was in-charge of artillery. Mir-i-Bahari was in-charge of Navy. Mir-i-Askan was in-charge of military offences. Waqa-i-Nawis was a Royal Correspondent, he was one of the central government administrators.

"The decline of the west" is the creation of Oswald Spengler.

Important Points

• The 'Decline of the West' or 'The Downfall of the Occident', is a two-volume work by Oswald Spengler.
• The first volume, subtitled Form and Actuality, was published in the summer of 1918.
• The second volume, subtitled Perspectives of World History, was published in 1922.
• The definitive edition of both volumes was published in 1923.
• Oswald Spengler was a German philosopher and mathematician.

• His work 'The Decline of the West' argues that the development of civilizations follows a recognizable series of repetitive rises and falls.

Hence, we can conclude that "The decline of the west" is the creation of Oswald Spengler.

The British East India Company was formed during the reign of Elizabeth I.  They were the traders of cotton, silk, indigo dye, salt, saltpetre, tea, and opium. The Company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth in 1600 CE.

Brahmo Samaj was founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in Kolkata. After his death, Brahmo Samaj was divided for the first time on the issue of defining the relationship between Brahmanism and Brahmo Samaj. All India Brahmo Samaj was founded by the radicals like Kesab Chandra Sen, Anand Mohan Bose and Shivnarayan Sastri. The Brahmo Samaj under Debendranath Tagore continued as Adi Brahmo Sabha. In 1878 A.D. the Brahmo Samaj was divided for the second time. Anand Mohan Bose and Shivnarayan Sastri revolted against Sen and founded Sadharan Brahmo Samaj.

The correct answer is Only two.

Key Points

The Cholas

• The Cholas who ruled from the ninth century to the thirteenth century CE (850 – 1279 CE) played a very important part in the political and cultural history of South India.
• The core region of their control- Cholamandalam - was the area around Tanjore up to the East Coast, the Coromandal of later times.
• The Cholas, as rulers, are known to have existed from remote antiquity. They are mentioned, for the first time in II and XIII Rock Edicts of Ashoka along with the Pandyas and Cheras.
• The Sangam literature also furnishes much on Chola chiefdoms.
• Karikala Chola was the greatest early Chola king.
  • He is credited with the foundation of the city of Puhar at the mouth of river Cauvery and with the construction of an embankment along that river. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
  • He also showed much interest in land reclamation and in improving irrigational facilities.
• Vijayalaya (850 - 871 CE): He established his power in the area around Uraiyur, captured Tanjore from the Muttaraiyar chieftains, an ally of the Pandyas and extended his kingdom along the lower Kaveri.
• Aditya I (871-907): The successor of Vijayalaya, achieved significant military successes and expanded the Chola kingdom.
  • He defeated the last Pallava overlord Aparajita in 893. This victory gave him control over Tondamandalam.
• Parantaka I (907 - 953 CE): The first important ruler of the Chola dynasty, Parantaka I, came to power and ruled almost half a century.
  • He was considered the real founder of the Chola empire in south India.
  • He secured the northern frontier of the kingdom by campaigning against the Pandyas and capturing their capital Madurai after which he assumed the title of ‘Maduraikonda’ (Conqueror of Madurai). Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Rajaraja I (985 CE – 1014 CE) The Chola power reached its peak during the reign of Arumolivarman, who assumed the title Rajaraja I on his accession to thrown. Few of Raja Raja first military conquest include:
  • The conquest of Northern Sri Lanka. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
  • The defeat of Chehra ruler Bhaskara Ravi Varman in the Naval Battle of Kandalursalai and the destruction of the Cheras Navy.
• Rajendra Chola I, the son of Rajaraja Chola I, the great Chola king of South India, succeeded his father in 1014 C.E. as the Chola emperor.
  • During his reign, he extended the influences of the already vast Chola empire to the banks of the river Ganges in the north and across the ocean.
  • He defeated Mahinda V and annexed the whole of Sri Lanka in 1018 A.D. Hence, statement 4 is incorrect.
  • He is also popular for building a new capital called Gangaikonda Cholapuram.

• Important sites are: Regions of Narmada & its tributaries, Navadatoli, Eran, Nagada.
• It was one of the largest Chalcolithic settlements.
• Small round huts used for storing grain were in use.
• The special feature was thick buff surface ware with red or black design over it.
• Daimabad, Inamgaon, Kayatha, Nagda, Vidisha, Eran, Mandsaur, and Navdatoli (near Maheshwar) are the major sites of Malwa Culture.
• A massive fortification wall and a moat have been discovered at Eran.

The English Gitanjali is a collection of 103 English poems of Tagore's own English translations of his Bengali poems, first published in November 1912 by the India Society of London. The English Gitanjali became popular in the West and was widely translated.

Concept:

Kakatiya dynasty:

• Between the 12th and 14th centuries, the Kakatiya dynasty of India ruled over the majority of the eastern Deccan region.
• It includes Telangana and Andhra Pradesh today, as well as portions of eastern Karnataka and southern Odisha.
• Orugallu, now known as Warangal, served as their capital.

Explanation:

Ganapati Deva:

• The first Emperor to unify all of Telugu-speaking India was Ganapathi Deva.
• He changed or shifted the capital from Anmakonda to Warangal, then known as Orugallu.
• He ruled Kakatiya Dynasty from 1199-1262.
• Ganapathideva began building an earthen bund and a rock bund around Orugallu to protect it from any outside enemies.

Thus, the capital was shifted from Anmakonda to Orugallu during the regime of this king Ganapati Deva.

Additional InformationPrataprudra/ Rudradeva II:

• Rudradeva II, also known as Pratparudra, was the last emperor of India's Kakatiya dynasty (1289–1323).
• He had Warangal as his seat of government while in charge of the eastern Deccan.

Rudrama Devi:

• From 1263 until the time of her death in 1289, Rudrama Devi ruled the Kakatiya dynasty in the Deccan Plateau.
• She was one of the very few female monarchs in Indian history, and she did so by projecting a masculine image.

James Outram was the British resident in Awadh at the time of its annexation into British Dominion. He was appointed resident at Lucknow in 1854 and two years later he carried out the annexation of Oudh and became the first chief commissioner of that province.

It was Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan who called the partition as ‘an act of treachery on the part of Congress’. All the four Muslim leaders were opposed to the partition of India, but Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, better known as Frontier Gandhi, who had actively supported the Civil Disobedience Movement, was sidelined on the partition issue. He remained opposed to it till the end and even boycotted the plebiscite held in the N.W.F.P. under the Mountbatten Plan.

The Cyclical Theory of History proposes that civilizations, like living organisms, go through a predictable cycle of birth, growth, maturity, decline, and ultimately, death. This theory stands in contrast to the more linear view of history as constant progress

Key Points

• (a) Stages of Growth and Decline: Spengler argued that cultures, like living organisms, go through predictable stages: spring (youth), summer (maturity), autumn (decline), and winter (death). Each culture has its unique character and artistic expression, reaching a peak before inevitably declining.
• (b) Decline of Western Civilization: Spengler wrote after experiencing the horrors of World War I. He saw Western Civilization as having reached its peak and entering a period of cultural and spiritual decline, marked by materialism, imperialism, and social unrest.
• (c) No Rebirth for Cultures: Unlike some cyclical theories, Spengler did not believe cultures could be reborn. He viewed them as closed systems that rise and fall independently, with no possibility of renewal.

Additional Information

• (d) Technology and Economics: Spengler's theory focused more on cultural and artistic expressions as markers of a civilization's trajectory. While acknowledging technology, he didn't see it as the primary driver of historical change.

The correct answer is Maharao Ummed Singh.

Important Points

• Maharao Ummed Singh (1771-1819) became the youngest ruler of Kota at the age of 10 years.
• Ummed Singh's father Guman Singh appointed jhala Zalim Singh as his son's guardian.
• Maharao Ummed Singh signed a treaty with the British in 1817.
• Maharao was married to the daughter of Zalim Singh so most of the powers were vested with Zalim Singh.
• Later Diwan Zalim Singh became the ruler of the Kota kingdom when the king died leaving an infant son on the throne.
• British had a treaty with Zalim Singh and In return, Zalim Singh extracted an agreement that the kingdom would be separated in the future for his own descendants.
• This resulted in the formation of the kingdom of Jhalawar in 1838.

Additional Information

• Kota was separated from Bundi in 1631.
• It was again reunited with Bundi between the period 1707-1713.
• Kota rulers bore the title Maharao.
• Maharao Bhim Singh II was the last ruler of Kota.

Early nationalism is divided into two phases.

Phase 1: 1885-1905: that is since INC formation (1885) till Swadeshi movement (1905). This phase was dominated by moderates who believed in benevolent nature of British Raj and encouraged cooperation with Raj for better future of India (Nation in making). They believed that British imperialism was harming Indian interest because of its ignorance of Indian condition. Their methods of politics and protest included delegates to government, political speeches, petition etc. Few prominent moderates were Gopal krishna gokhale, Phirozeshah Mehta, Dadabhai naoroji.

Phase 2, 1905-1919 was marked by rise of extremism. Extremists like Aurobindo Ghosh, B.G Tikal, Lalalajpat Rai, Bipin chandra pal were frustrated by tea party politics of moderates and adopted method of passive resistance against British government. Their methods included passive resistance, National education, mass agitation boycott of foreign goods. Extremists laid foundation on which Gandhiji led his Gandhian phase of movement.

The correct answer is option 1.

Key Points

• Lala Murli Dhar was one of the founding fathers of the Indian National Congress at Bombay in 1885.
• Later on during the early twentieth century Indian National Congress organization spread its roots at various places in Ambala District.
• The Sikhs formed the Sikh Sabha in 1880. when the first congress conference was held in Bombay in 1885.
• Lala Muralidhar was the only one from Punjab, a province of 72 followers.
• Lala Murlidhar returned the Rai Bahadur Samman during the non-corporation.
• He is also called the 'great old man of Punjab'.

The correct answer is Dayanand Saraswati.

Key Points

• The term ‘Swaraj’ was first used by Dadabhai Naoroji in the congress session held at Calcutta in 1906.
• Swaraj Means self-governance or self-rule.
• Word "swaraj" was used Synonymously with home - rule by Dayanand Saraswati.
• Dadabhai Naoroji said that he learned the word "swaraj" from the Satyarth Prakash of Dayanand Saraswati.
• Word swaraj is used during the anti-partition movement, for moderates i.e Feroz shah, Gopal Krishna Gokhale means the dominion status i.e self-governing colonies.
• But for extremists i.e Bipan Chandra pal, Anand Mohan bose means complete independence.
• swaraj was the basis for the Indian independence movement.

Additional Information

• M. N. Roy
  • Having begun his political career at an early age, Roy first emerged as a powerful radical voice against the 1905 Partition of Bengal.
  • By 1915, as WW I raged in Europe, he and several others were convinced that the only way of fighting the British in India was with German help.
  • Roy, who left India during this period to raise funds, soon found himself intimately involved in the growing Communist struggle across the world.
• Gopal Krishna Gokhale
  • Gopal Krishna Gokhale CIE was an Indian liberal political leader and a social reformer during the Indian Independence Movement.
  • Gokhale was a senior leader of the Indian National Congress and the founder of the Servants of India Society.
• Swami Vivekanand
  • He was born Narendranath Datta on 12th January 1863.
  • National Youth Day is held every year to observe the birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda.
  • In 1893, upon the request of Maharaja Ajit Singh of the Khetri State, he took the name ‘Vivekananda.’

Raja Ram Mohan Roy is regarded as the first leader of modern India. He was moved by a deep love for his people and country and worked hard all his life for their social, religious, intellectual and political regeneration. He wrote Gift to Monotheists in Persian in 1809 and Precepts of Jesus in 1820, in which he tried to separate the moral and philosophic message of the New Testament, which he praised from its miracle stories.

He had no blind reliance on India’s own past or blind aping of the West. On the other hand, he put forward the idea that new India, guided by reason, should acquire and treasure all that was best in the East and West. He settled in Calcutta in 1814 and soon attracted a band of young men with whose cooperation he started the Atmiya Sabha.

The correct answer is (a), (b), (c), and (d).
Key Points

Recent Indian historiography has witnessed a significant expansion in scope and methodology. All the statements highlight these exciting trends:

• (a) Environmental History: This is a growing field that examines how humans have interacted with and shaped their environment over time. It explores issues like deforestation, resource management, and the impact of climate change on Indian history.
• (b) Digital Tools and Methodologies: Historians are increasingly utilizing digital tools for data analysis, text mining, historical GIS mapping, and creating online archives. This allows for more complex analysis, visualization of historical patterns, and wider public access to historical materials.
• (c) Emotions and Subjective Experiences: Historians are exploring the role of emotions like fear, anger, or joy in shaping historical events. They also examine personal narratives, diaries, and oral histories to capture subjective experiences of the past, moving beyond purely structural or economic analyses.
• (d) Marginalized Communities: There's a renewed interest in the history of marginalized communities like women, Dalits, Adivasis, and religious minorities. Historians are using various sources, including oral traditions and local archives, to reconstruct their experiences and contributions to Indian history.

The correct answer is Allaudin Khilji.

Key Points

• Delhi Sultanate was an Islamic empire based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of South Asia for 320 years.
• Allaudin Khilji was a Turko-Afghan emperor of the Khilji dynasty under the Delhi Sultanate in the Indian subcontinent.
• He strongly opposed the interference of the Ulemas in the affairs of the State.
• The Delhi Sultans were not the head of the religion but only the head of the state.

Thus, we can say that Allaudin Khilji did not allow the Ulemas to interfere in matters of the state.

Additional Information

• Ulema is a body of Muslim scholars who are recognized as having specialist knowledge of Islamic sacred law and theology.

The correct answer is 1527.

Key Points

• In 1527, Babur defeated Rana Sanga at Khanuwa.
  • ​The battle was fought on 16 March 1527.
  • The Battle of Khanwa was a decisive battle that helps the establishment of Mughal rule in India.
  • Babur assumed the title of Ghazi after the victory of this battle.
  • Khanwa is located 60km west of Agra.
• Babur was the founder of the Mughal Empire.
  • He was the first Emperor of the Mughal dynasty who ruled between 1526 to 1530.
  • He defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in the first battle of Panipat in 1526.
  • He defeated Mahmud Lodi in the battle of Ghaghra in 1529. Babur died in 1530 in Agra.
  • He was first buried in Agra, later his mortal remains were moved to Kabul and reburied in Bagh-e Babur in Kabul.
  • Autobiography of Babur: Baburnama.

Karsondas Mulji started Satya Prakesh in Gujrati in 1852 to advocate widow remarriage. Bal Shastri Jambekar was one of the first reformers in Bombay. In 1832, he started a weekly, the Darpan, with the objective of chasing away the mists of error and ignorance which clouded men’s minds, and shedding over them the light of knowledge, in which the people of Europe have advanced so far before the other nations of the world. Gopal Hari Deshmukh was an outstanding champion of new learning and social reform in Maharashtra. He was famous by the pen-name of ‘Lokahitawadi’. Vishnu Shastri Pundit founded the Widow Remarriage Association in the 1850s.