TS SET Paper 2 Mock Test - 9 (History) - TS TET MCQ

The correct answer is 3 only.​
Key Points

The Cripps Mission was sent to India because-

• The main proposals of the mission were as follows.
• After the end of the war, a constituent assembly would be convened to frame a new constitution solely by Indians. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• Members of this assembly would be partly elected by the provincial assemblies through proportional representation and partly nominated by the princes. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• The British government would accept the new constitution subject to two conditions: (i) any province not willing to join the Union could have a separate constitution and form a separate Union, and (ii) the new constitution-making body and the British government would negotiate a treaty to effect the transfer of power and to safeguard racial and religious minorities. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.

Additional Information

Cripps mission

• The main proposals of the mission were as follows.
  • An Indian Union with a dominion status would be set up; it would be free to decide its relations with the Commonwealth and free to participate in the United Nations and other international bodies.
  • After the end of the war, a constituent assembly would be convened to frame a new constitution. Members of this assembly would be partly elected by the provincial assemblies through proportional representation and partly nominated by the princes.
  • The British government would accept the new constitution subject to two conditions: (i) any province not willing to join the Union could have a separate constitution and form a separate Union, and (ii) the new constitution-making body and the British government would negotiate a treaty to effect the transfer of power and to safeguard racial and religious minorities.
  • In the meantime, the defense of India would remain in British hands and the governor-general’s powers would remain intact.
• It was opposed by: Muslim League, INC, Hindu Mahasabha, Liberals, Depressed class, Sikh.

The correct answer is 2 only.

Key Points

• Simhavishnu defeated the Kalabhras and laid the foundation of the Pallava rule in Tondaimandalam.
• He also defeated the Cholas and extended the Pallava territory up to the river Kaveri. Hence statement 1 is incorrect.
• Simhavishnu was a patron of Bharavi.
• Bharavi was a great Sanskrit poet who wrote one of the greatest classical Sanskrit epics that were hailed as Mahakavya or great poetry i.e Kiratrjuniya- it is the dialogue between Arjuna and Shiva and in which Shiva blessed Arjuna with the Pasupata Shastra. Hence statement 2 is correct.

​Pallava society and culture

• The Pallava society was based on Aryan culture.
• Brahmins were greatly patronised by the kings, and they received land and villages.
  • This was called Brahmadeya.
  • The Brahmin status was greatly enhanced during this reign. The caste system became rigid.
• The Pallava kings were orthodox Hindus and worshipped Shiva and Vishnu. They were tolerant of Buddhism and Jainism too although both these faiths lost their relevance and popularity.
• Kanchipuram was a great centre of learning.
• The University of Kanchi played a great part in the propagation of Aryan culture in the South.
• It can be said that the aryanisation of southern India was completed during the Pallava reign.
• Vatsyayana who wrote Nyaya Bhashya was a teacher at Kanchi University (Ghatika).
• Bharavi and Dandin lived in Pallava courts. Dandin composed Dashakumaracharita.
• The Vaishnava and Saiva literature flourished during this period.
• Sanskrit was the chief language among the royals and scholars.
• Some of the inscriptions are in a mix of Tamil and Sanskrit.
• Vedic traditions were superimposed on the local ones.
• Many Tamil saints belonging to either Saivite (Nayannars) or the Vaishnavaite (Alwars) sects lived during the 6th and 7th centuries.
• Saivite saints: Appar, Sambandar, Sundarar and Manik

So, option 2 is correct.

The fiscal system was established on a firm basis.

1) Warriors and priests, i.e., the Kshatriyas and the Brahmanas, were exempted from the payment of taxes, and the burden fell on the peasants who were mainly vaishyas or grihapatis.

2) Bali, a voluntary payment made by the tribesmen to their chiefs in Vedic times, became a compulsory payment to be made by the peasants in the age of Buddha, and officers called balisadhakas were appointed to collect it.

3) Artisans and traders also had to pay taxes. The tolls were collected by officers known as shulkika or shulkadhaksha.

The correct answer is 1, 2 and 3.​
Key-Points

• At the first post-War Congress session in September 1945 at Bombay, a strong resolution was adopted declaring Congress support for the INA cause. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Defense of INA prisoners in the court was organized by Bhulabhai Desai, Tej Bahadur Sapru, Kailash Nath Katju, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Asaf Ali. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• The Loyalists appealed to the Government to abandon the trials for good Indo-British relations. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Additional Information

The Indian National Army and Subhash Chandra Bose

• The idea was first conceived by ​Mohan Singh​ in Malaya.
• Phase 1:
  • He left the British Indian Army and turned to the Japanese for help
  • Japan handed over the prisoners of war (POW) to Mohan Singh
  • By 1942, there were about 40,000 ready to join INA
  • But they were planning to enter India only when invited by the INC
  • Also kept ready the army to counter any possible Japanese invasion of India
  • Differences arose between Japanese and Mohan Singh as well (2000 vs 20000)
• Phase 2:
  • The arrival of Subhash Bose in Singapore in 1943
    • 1938, 1939- President of INC at Haripura and Tripuri sessions. Differences with Gandhi
    • 1940- formed the Forward Bloc
    • 1941- He fled India (despite house arrest)
  • Journey via Afghanistan, Central Asia to Russia
  • Once Russia joined the Allies in WW2, he shifted to Germany for help. And then reached Japan.
  • With Japanese help, he set up a strong INA.

The correct answer is ​1 and 4 only.

Key Points

• During the 18th century, with the decline of the Mughal empire, arose a large number of independent and semi-independent powers.
• The rulers of all the 18th century States tried to legitimize their position by acknowledging the nominal Supremacy of the Mughal emperor and by seeking his approval as his representatives.
• Moreover, nearly all of them adopted the methods and spirit of the Mughal administration. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
  • The first group of states succession States inherited functioning Mughal administrative structure and institutions others tried to adopt an apt in varying degrees the structure and Institutions including the Mughal revenue system.
• The rulers of these States established by law and order and viable economic and administrative structures.
• In general, there was in most of the states decentralization of political authority with chiefs, jagirdars and zamindars gaining in economic and political power.
• The politics of these states were invariably non-communal or secular, the motivations of the rulers being similar in economic and political terms. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• There is therefore little warrant for the belief that the decline and breakup of the Mughal Empire were followed by Anarchy or breakdown of law and order in different parts of India.
  • Infact whatever anarchy in administration and economy existed in the 18th century usually followed British Wars of conquest and British intervention in the internal affairs of the Indian states.
• However, none of these States had never succeeded in arresting the economic crisis which was certain during the 17th century. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
  • All of them remained basically rent extracting States.
  • Zamindars and jagirdars whose number and political strength constantly increased continued to fight over the income from agriculture while the condition of the peasants continued to deteriorate. Hence, statement 4 is correct.
• While the state prevented any breakdown of internal trade and even tried to promote foreign trade, they did nothing to modernize the basic Industrial and commercial structure of their states.
• This largely explains their failure to consolidate themselves or to ward off external attacks

Albruny had composed a book titled “Kitab-Ul-Hind”. It was composed in the 11th century. Albruni came with Mahmoud Ghaznavi in ​​India.

The correct answer is 1 and 3 only.​
Key-Points

The main points in the CR (C. Rajagopalachari) Plan were:

• Muslim League to endorse Congress's demand for independence. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• League to cooperate with Congress in forming a provisional government at the center.
• After the end of the war, the entire population of Muslim majority areas in the North-West and North-East India to decide by a plebiscite, whether or not to form a separate sovereign state. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• In case of acceptance of partition, agreement to be made jointly for safeguarding defense, commerce, communications, etc. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Additional Information

Objections to CR plan:

• Jinnah wanted Congress to accept the two-nation theory. He wanted only the Muslims of the North-West and North-East to vote in the plebiscite and not the entire population.
• He also opposed the idea of a common center.
• While the Congress was ready to cooperate with the League for the independence of the Indian Union, the League did not care for the independence of the Union. It was only interested in a separate nation.
• Hindu leaders led by Vir Savarkar condemned the CR Plan.

August Offer (Aug 1940)

• The main proposals of the mission were as follows.
  • An Indian Union with a dominion status would be set up; it would be free to decide its relations with the Commonwealth and free to participate in the United Nations and other international bodies.
  • After the end of the war, a constituent assembly would be convened to frame a new constitution. Members of this assembly would be partly elected by the provincial assemblies through proportional representation and partly nominated by the princes.
  • The British government would accept the new constitution subject to two conditions: (i) any province not willing to join the Union could have a separate constitution and form a separate Union, and (ii) the new constitution-making body and the British government would negotiate a treaty to effect the transfer of power and to safeguard racial and religious minorities.
  • In the meantime, the defense of India would remain in British hands and the governor-general’s powers would remain intact.
• It was opposed by: Muslim League, INC, Hindu Mahasabha, Liberals, Depressed class, Sikh.

• Trade unions are organized associations of workers in a trade or profession.
• These are interested in the economic and social welfare of the workers and are formed to further their rights and interests.
• In India, Trade Unions in India are registered under the Trade Union Act (1926).

Key-Points

All India Trade Union Congress:

• The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) is the oldest trade union federation in India.
• It is associated with the Communist Party of India.
• According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, AITUC had a membership of 14.2 million in 2013.
• It was founded on 31 October 1920 with Lala Lajpat Rai as its first president.
• Until 1945 when unions became organised on party lines, it was the primary trade union organisation in India.
• The main purpose of labour unions is to give workers the power to negotiate for more favourable working conditions and other benefits through collective bargaining.
• The following are the objectives of a trade union:
  • To improve the economic lot of workers by securing them better wages.
  • To secure workers better working conditions.
  • To secure bonuses for the workers from the profits of the enterprise/organization.

Thus, Lala Lajpat Rai was the first President of the All India Trade Union Congress established in 1920.

There were political, economic, social, religious, and military reasons behind the 1857 revolt.

• Widow remarriage Act, 1856 was taken as the interference of the British in personal affairs. This was a social cause.
• Subsidiary alliance and doctrine of lapse Policy were hurting every section of the people. This was a political cause.
• Racial segregation and British arrogance in the administration upset educated Indians. This was an administrative cause.
• Implementation of the General service Establishment Act 1856 was the military cause of the 1857 revolt. it stated that Indians have to serve anywhere in the country.

Hence, option D is not a cause.

Balathal in southeast Rajasthan shows evidence of protohistoric occupation from the closing centuries of the 4th millennium BC.

The Vedic literature was composed in Sanskrit. The correct sequence of Vedic literature is Vedic Samhitas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upnishadas.

Ajanta caves in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra are about 30 rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments. These caves are inspired from Jataka tales. Chinese Buddhist travelers, Fa-hien and Hiuen Tsang, refer to Ajanta in their travelogues to India. Ellora caves are located in Maharastra with 34 caves. These caves presents monuments and artwork of not only Hinduism but also of Buddhism and Jainism.

The correct answer is 1, 2, and 3 only.
Key-Points

• The important points of the Mountbatten plan were as follows:
  • Punjab and Bengal Legislative Assemblies would meet in two groups, Hindus and Muslims, to vote for partition. If a simple majority of either group voted for partition, then these provinces would be partitioned. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
  • In the case of partition, two dominions and two constituent assemblies would be created.
  • Sindh would take its own decision.
  • Referendums in NWFP and Sylhet district of Bengal would decide the fate of these areas. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
  • Independence for princely states ruled out—they would join either India or Pakistan. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
  • independence for Bengal ruled out;
  • accession of Hyderabad to Pakistan ruled out (Mountbatten supported the Congress on this).
  • freedom to come on August 15, 1947.
  • a boundary commission to be set up if the partition was to be effected.

Additional Information

Quit India Movement

• AICC Meeting at Gowalia Tank, Bombay
  • Quit India resolution ratified. Gandhi was named the leader of the movement.
  • Demanded an immediate end to British rule.
  • Form a provisional government in India after the British withdrew.
  • Sanction a civil disobedience movement against British rule.
• Directions were given to other sections of the society
  • Government servants- Do not quit, but support Congress.
  • Soldiers- Do not quit the army but do not fire on the Indians.
  • Students- If confident, quit schools and participate.
  • Peasants- Pay mutually agreed rent to anti-government zamindars, else don’t pay.
  • Princely states- Support your Ruler only if he is anti-British.
• Spread of the Movement
  • Gandhiji carefully created tempo from individual satyagraha to mass movements.
  • The government did not wait long and immediately arrested all senior leaders.
  • Youth engaged in actions all across the provinces- hoisting flags, blowing up railway lines, telegraph lines, individual satyagraha, and even offered themselves to be arrested.
  • Underground leadership to guide youth, provide arms and ammunition.
  • Usha Mehta started an underground radio in Bombay.
  • Parallel governments were being formed-
    • Ballia, UP - Chittu Pandey.
    • Tamluk, Midnapore, Bengal - relief activities, grants to schools, supply paddy from rich to poor. Organized “Bidyut Bahinis” .
    • Satara, Maharastra - named “Prati sarkar” .Leaders like YB Chavan, Nana Patil headed the movement. Activities like village libraries, nyayadan mandals, Gandhi marriages conducted.

Parallel government during Quit India Movement.

• The prominent parallel governments were formed in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bengal, and Maharashtra.
• Patri Sarkar was the parallel government formed in the city of Maharashtra.
• When a person or a group of people forms another government in the presence of the main government, it is known as Parallel government.
• In 1942, the Quit India movement became the ultimate landmark in India's match towards freedom.
• The Quit India movement was primarily a campaign or a strategy to force the British government through discussion to execute the Independence of India.
• During the Quit India Movement, mass agitation and violent actions took place in different parts of the country.
• These groups tried to control different towns, cities, and villages, while few of the factions were able to establish independent governments.
• These were the parallel governments. Some of these governments were not able to survive for long but they had the abilities and skill to manage the state and government on their own.
• Four crucial parallel governments were made in Ballia in Uttar Pradesh, Tamluk or Midnapur in Bengal, Satara in Maharashtra, and Talcher in Orissa.
• The Parallel government in Satara, in the state of Maharashtra, was known as Patri Sarkar was the most prominent among all as it continued for three years.
• The Patri Sarkar, the local independent government in Satara district had a judicial branch made up of people's court.
• Through consensus, decisions were made. To protect the government from the attack of the British forces, a group of young men was formed.
• Hence, 1st option the correct answer.

Jama Masjid is also known as ‘Shan-i-Fatehpur’.

Charter Act of 1813 not only allowed the missionaries to travel to India, but also provided for the allocation of one hundred thousand rupees per year for two specific purposes: first, for the encouragement of the learned natives of India and the revival of and improvement of literature; secondly, for the promotion of knowledge of sciences among Indians.

The correct answer is 2 and 3 only.

Key Points

• Gupta Period: Land
  • As stated in Paharpur plates, an officer called ustapala maintained records of all the land transactions in the district and the village accountant preserved records of land in the village.
  • The crops constituted the main resources which the society produced and the major part of the revenue of the state came from agriculture.
  • It is argued by many scholars that the state was the exclusive owner of the land.
  • The most decisive argument in favor of the exclusive state ownership of land is in the Paharpur copper plate inscription of Buddhagupta.
  • It appears that though the land was to all intents and purposes that of the peasants, the king claimed its theoretical owner­ship.
  • Different land measures were known in different regions such as Nivartana, Kulyavapa, and Dronavapa.
  • The importance of irrigation to help agriculture was recognized in India from the earliest times. According to Narada, there are two kinds of dykes the bardhya which protected the field from floods, and the Khaya which served the purpose of irrigation.
    The canals which were meant to prevent inundation were also mentioned by Amarasimha as jalanirgamah.
  • The tanks were variously called, according to their sizes, as the vapi, tadaga, and dirghula. Another irrigation method was the use of ghati-yantra or araghatta.
  • During the Gupta period, the land was classified as detailed below.

• Hence, statement 1 is incorrect, and statements 2 and 3 are correct.

Tayaumanavar (1706-44), is one of the spiritual giants and a Tamil philosopher. He articulated the Saiva Siddhanta philosophy. He was one of the best exponent of sittar poetry in Tamil. Heer Ranjha, the famous romantic epic in Punjabi, was composed at this time was Warris Shah. For Sindhi literature, the 18th century was a period of enormous achievement. Shah Abdul Latif composed his famous collection of poems, Risalo.

Gupta Period: Literature

• The Gupta period is known as a bright phase of classical and secular literature.
• Sanskrit was the court language of the Guptas. During this period, it acquired a level of classical excellence.
• Epics, Puranas and Smriti texts were written during this period.
• Secular literature of this period includes writings of Asvaghosha, Vishakhadutta, Bhasa and Kalidasa, works of poetics and dramaturgy such as Kavyakriyakalpa and Natyashastra, Panchatantra, etc. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Buddhist and Jaina literature in Sanskrit was also written during this period. Important scholars were Arya Deva, Arya Asanga, and Vasubandhu. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Accordingly, option (c) is correct.

The temples built in Khajuraho of Madhya Pradesh are called "pilgrims of sculpture". These temples were built in the 10th century by the Chandel rulers.

Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948:

• It defined the broad contours of the policy delineating the role of the State in industrial development both as an entrepreneur and authority.
• It made clear that India is going to have a Mixed Economic Model.
• It classified industries into four(not three) broad areas:(Statement 1 is incorrect)
  • Strategic Industries (Public Sector):
    • It included three industries in which Central Government had a monopoly i.e. Arms and ammunition, Atomic energy, and Rail transport.
  • Basic/Key Industries (Public-cum-Private Sector):
    • 6 industries viz. coal, iron & steel, aircraft manufacturing, ship-building, manufacture of telephone, telegraph & wireless apparatus, and mineral oil.
    • They were designated as “Key Industries” or “Basic Industries”.(Statement 2 is incorrect.)
    • These industries were to be set up by the Central Government.
    • However, the existing private sector enterprises were allowed to continue.
  • Important Industries (Controlled Private Sector):
    • It included 18 industries including heavy chemicals, sugar, cotton textile & woolen industry, cement, paper, salt, machine tools, fertilizer, rubber, air and sea transport, motor, tractor, electricity, etc.
    • These industries continue to remain under the private sector
    • However, the central government, in consultation with the state government, had general control over them.
  • Other Industries (Private and Cooperative Sector):
    • All other industries which were not included in the above-mentioned three categories were left open for the private sector.
• The Industries (Development and Regula­tion) Act was passed in 1951 to implement the Industrial Policy Resolution, 1948.
• Accordingly, option D is correct.

Among the given options, Equality with their English counterparts is not true regarding the grievances of the sepoys in East India Company's Army.

Important Points

• The sepoys in the East India Company's army had a number of grievances, which led to the Revolt of 1857.
• Some of the grievances of the sepoys in East India Company's Army were:
  • ​Unsatisfactory service conditions
  • Encroachment on religious matters
  • Offences against their dignity and self-respect
  • Low salary scale compared to their English counterparts
  • Discrimination in matters of promotion and pension
• In the guise of enforcing discipline, the British authorities prohibited the Hindus and the Muslim sepoys displaying their religious marks.

• The Indian soldiers were also forced to go for the military expeditions to other countries like Burma and Afghanistan.

Based on the above discussion, we can conclude that 'Equality with their English counterparts' is not true regarding the grievances of the sepoys in East India Company's Army.

In 1806, there was a mutiny at Vellore by the sepoys due to the replacement of the turban they wore, by a leather cockade.

Key Points

• The sepoys realised that their service conditions, at times impinged upon their religious beliefs.
• At Vellore in 1806, there was a mutiny by the sepoys due to the replacement of the turban they wore, by a leather cockade.
• The Vellore Mutiny predated the Indian Revolt of 1857 by about 50 years.
• It erupted on 10th July 1806 in Vellore, present-day Tamil Nadu, and lasted only for a day, but it was brutal and shook the British East India Company.

• It was the first major mutiny by the Indian sepoys in the East India Company.

Hence, we can conclude that in 1806, there was a mutiny at Vellore by the sepoys due to the replacement of the turban they wore, by a leather cockade.

The correct match is: (A) - (3), (B) - (1), (C) - (4), (D) - (2)

Key Points

• "The First Indian War of Independence 1857-59"
  • This book is a collection of articles by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels for the New York Daily Tribune, on the 1857-59 national liberation revolt in India.
  • They analyzed the causes and consequences of the revolt, as well as its significance to world history.
  • They also criticized the British colonial rule and expressed their solidarity with the Indian people
• "The Causes of the Indian Revolt"
  • This book is a booklet written by Sayed Ahmed Khan in Urdu in 1859 and later translated into English.
  • It examines the causes of the 1857 revolt, focusing on aggressive British expansion and British ignorance of local customs as the main causes.
  • It also argues that Muslims and Hindus held equal responsibility for the British government’s policies, which were the primary cause of the uprising.
  • Khan wrote this book to correct the misconception that the revolt was merely a religious war or a conspiracy by Muslims
• "The Sepoy Mutiny and Rebellion of 1857"
  • This book is a historical study of the 1857 revolt by R.C. Majumdar, a historian and former vice-chancellor of Dacca University.
  • It analyzes the causes, events and consequences of the revolt, which was a widespread but unsuccessful rebellion against British rule in India.
  • Majumdar argues that the revolt was mainly a sepoy mutiny, not a war of independence and that it did not have any national character or significance. He also criticizes some of the Indian leaders of the revolt for their lack of vision and strategy
• "Civil Rebellion in Indian Mutinies"
  • This book is a book written by Sashi Bhusan Chaudhuri, a historian, and scholar of Indian history.
  • It explores the civil rebellion that accompanied the sepoy mutiny of 1857-1859, which was a widespread rebellion against British rule in India.
  • It examines the causes, nature, and extent of the civil rebellion in different regions of India, and its impact on the course and outcome of the revolt.

  • It also evaluates the role and contribution of various social groups and classes in the civil rebellion

​Hence, the correct matching is:

• Statement 1 is correct. The Butler Committee (1927) was set up to examine the nature of the relationship between the princely states and government.
• Statement 2 is incorrect.
• The committee gave the following recommendations—
  • Paramountcy must remain supreme and must fulfil its obligations, adopting and defining itself according to the shifting necessities of time and progressive development of states.
  • States should not be handed over to an Indian Government in British India, responsible to an Indian legislature, without the consent of states. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.

Lord Dalhousie was appointed as the governor-general of India in the year 1848 (12 January). His governor generalship lasted till 1856.

The correct answer is option 2, i.e, 1,2 and 3.

• Akbar II(22 April 1760-28 September 1837):
  • Akbar II granted the title of 'Raja' to the famous social and cultural reformer Ram Mohan Roy.
  • He is credited with starting the Hindu-Muslim unity festival Phool Walon Ki Sair.
  • Akbar had little de facto power due to the increasing British influence in India through the East India Company.
  • Akbar Shah II reigned from 1806 to 1837.
  • He was the second son of Shah Alam II and the father of Bahadur Shah II.
  • First Mughal ruler who was under British protection.
  • During his tenure, Mughal Empire shrinks to Red Fort only.
• Shah Alam II(1759-1806):
  • Popularly known as 'Ali Gauhar' who was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764 AD.
  • During his reign, the Third Battle of Panipat took place.
  • First Mughal ruler who becomes East India Company Pensioner.
• Bahadur Shah II(1837-1857):
  • He was the son of Akbar II and Rajput princess Lal Bai.
  • He was the last ruler of the Mughal Empire.
  • During his reign, 1857 revolt took place.

The correct answer is 1, 2, and 3.

Key Points

• The following are the reasons for the emergence of the left-wing within the congress in the late British Era-
  • There was a group of young leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Bose who were influenced by the outside world and with the ideological developments there. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
  • Socialist ideas acquired roots in the Indian soil and socialism became the accepted creed of Indian youth. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
  • Impact of the Russian Revolution, wherein Lenin overthrew the despotic Czarist regime and declared the formation of the first socialist state. Hence, Statement 3 is correct.
  • Several socialist and communist groups came into existence all over the country.
  • Various publications work such as S.A. Dange’s Gandhi and Lenin, Muzaffar Ahmed’s Navayug, Ghulam Hussain’s Inquilab, and M. Singaravelu’s Labour-Kisan Gazette.
  • Most importantly was the ideological difference between the radical group and the rest of congress. The rightist believed in the method of prayers and petition with no direct attack on the British. The Left-Wing on the other hand believed indirect attack and wanted independence at the earliest.
  • There was definitely a positive impact due to the Left-Wing rise within congress on the programs and policies of congress. Some of the positives were-
  • The emergence of the All India Trade Union Congress and Workers and Peasants Party.
  • Equal importance to social and economic freedom on the lines of political freedom.
  • Due to the leftist influence, the leaders within congress were able to take critical stands on various occasions such as Karachi Resolution, Economic Policy resolution at Faizpur Session, 1936 political manifesto of Congress, and National Planning Committee in 1938.

In 1600, the East India Company acquired a charter from the ruler of England, Queen Elizabeth I, granting it the sole right to trade with the East.

• This meant that no other trading group in England could compete with the East India Company.
• With this charter the Company could venture across the oceans, looking for new lands from which it could buy goods at a cheap price, and carry them back to Europe to sell at higher prices.
• The Company did not have to fear competition from other English trading companies.
• The royal charter, however, could not prevent other European powers from entering the Eastern markets.
• By the time the first English ships sailed down the west coast of Africa, round the Cape of Good Hope, and crossed the Indian Ocean, the Portuguese had already established their presence in the western coast of India and had their base in Goa.
• In fact, it was Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese explorer, who had discovered this sea route to India in 1498.
• By the early seventeenth century, the Dutch too were exploring the possibilities of trade in the Indian Ocean. Soon the French traders arrived on the scene.

Thus, we can say that only statement B is correct.

In south India some people were buried along with their tools, weapons, pottery and other belongings under big and heavy stones. These graves are known as megalithsThe practice of erecting megaliths began about 3000 years ago, and was prevalent throughout the Deccan, south India, in the north-east and Kashmir.These Megalith burials have yielded the first iron objects from south India. Besides these the use of Black and Red ware pottery was also a distinctive feature of the Megalithic people.