MH SET Paper 2 Mock Test - 1 (Political Science) - MAHA TET MCQ

The Public Accounts Committee consists of not more than twenty-two members, fifteen elected by Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament, and not more than seven members of Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament.

In political philosophy, the general will is the will of the people as a whole. The term was made famous by 18th-century French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau. 

James Manor - Emeritus Professor of Commonwealth Studies. 

Both Assertion- Federalism is not dead in India and Reason- New regions are constantly demanding statehood are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Conflict theory:

• Conflict theory is a social theory that views society as a system in which various groups are in constant conflict over power, resources, and status. Conflict theory posits that society is composed of groups that have competing interests, and that social change is the result of struggles between these groups. Conflict theory is rooted in the works of Karl Marx, who developed the theory of economic determinism.
• According to Marx, social conflict arises from economic inequality and the struggle for control over the means of production. He believed that the economic system shapes all aspects of society, including culture, politics, and social relationships. Marx argued that the capitalist system is inherently exploitative, as the owners of the means of production (the bourgeoisie) use their power to extract surplus value from the labor of workers (the proletariat). Marx believed that the class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat would eventually lead to a revolution in which the workers would seize control of the means of production and establish a socialist society.
• In summary, conflict theory is also known as the theory of economic determinism because it emphasizes the role of economic factors in shaping society and views economic inequality as the root cause of social conflict.

Max weber was considered as the founding father of the "Theory of bureaucracy".

• Weber's theory of bureaucratic management also has two essential elements.
  • First, it entails structuring an organization into a hierarchy.
  • Secondly, the organization and its members are governed by clearly defined rational-legal decision-making rules.
• He gave the six characteristics of Bureaucracy.
  • Fixed jurisdictional areas are managed by rules and laws of administrative regulations.
  • Hierarchy of graded authorities where lower offices are supervised by higher ones.
  • Management is done by official documents.
  • Officials are having expert training.
  • It requires full time working of officials.
  • Management follows the rules.

Muhammad Iqbal was a poet and philosopher who was known for his influential efforts to direct his fellow Muslims to the establishment of Pakistan.

• He was born November 9, 1877, in Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. 
• Iqbal was a fervent advocate for the political and spiritual resurrection of Islamic civilisation.
• Iqbal was elected to the Punjab Legislative Council in 1927 and served in the All India Muslim League in several capacities.
• Works of Mohammad Iqbal are: 
  • The Development of Metaphysics in Persia (1908)
  • The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam(1930)
  • Tarana-e-Hind (1905)
  • The Bang-e-Dara (1924)

​​Thus, Tarana-e-Hind, The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in ISLAM and The Bang-e-Dara are writings that were associated with Muhammad Iqbal. 

The central feature of Immanuel Wallerstein's work is World System theory. The main characteristic of his definition is the development of a global division of labour, including the existence of independent political units at the same time.

Some of the countries with uncodified/unwritten constitutions include Israel, New Zealand, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom(England), and Canada.

While both "governance" and "governability" are central themes in public administration, they cater to different dimensions of state functions and the broader administrative environment:

Governance:

• ​ This concept relates to the processes, mechanisms, relations, and institutions through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, mediate their differences, and exercise their legal rights and obligations.
• Governance goes beyond just the activities of the government. It involves a set of processes (both formal and informal) through which decisions are made, stakeholders are engaged, and policies are implemented. It encapsulates the broader system by which societies are managed.

Governability:

• Governability, on the other hand, concerns the state's capacity and ability to implement policies, establish order, and maintain legitimacy. It's about the conditions that make governance possible and effective.
• Factors influencing governability can include the state's bureaucratic capacity, the coherence of its political institutions, societal trust, and external influences or pressures.

Eco-feminist:​

• Ecofeminism describes movements and philosophies that link feminism with ecology.
• This movement seeks to eradicate all forms of social injustice, not just injustice against women and the environment.
• Its advocates say that paternalistic/capitalistic society has led to a  harmful split between nature and culture.
• Ecofeminism believes that "feminine" values such as reciprocity, nurturing and cooperation, are present both among women and in nature.
• Vandana shiva is an eco-feminist who wrote a book about ecofeminism.

Vandana Shiva is an example of an eco-feminist.

Of a good free press it is expected that it should Give fair picture of national progress.

Freedom of speech is a feature of Democratic Constitutions.

Freedom of the press is important because it plays a vital role in informing citizens about public affairs and monitoring the actions of government at all levels.

A good bureaucracy is expected to avoid giving classified information to a political executive,
In a bureaucracy that is run successfully, the impersonal nature of the relationships that are formed create unique advantages. It creates a structure where equality is a point of emphasis. Friendships don't influence the outcomes that are created.

Under the cabinet government, the state is administered under the nominal executive head.
The Governor is the Chief Executive in a State. All the executive powers of the State Government are vested upon him and decisions are taken in his name. He appoints the Chief Minister and his Council of Ministers. He may dismiss the members of the Council of Ministers on the advice of the Chief Minister.

In a parliamentary system of government, such as the United Kingdom, the executive branch (the government) is typically formed by the political party or coalition that has the majority in the legislative branch (parliament). The executive, led by the Prime Minister, derives its authority from the legislature. Therefore, the judiciary's primary means of exerting control over the executive branch in a parliamentary system is through judicial review.

The correct answer is (Inclusive representation of diverse groups and protection of minority rights)

The correct answer is Multi-party system.

He was the author or editor of 32 scholarly books and numerous peer-reviewed articles. His most recent research involved three projects: child labor and education policy in India and other developing countries; comparing immigration, refugees and citizenship policies in Japan, Germany, South Africa and the USA; and analyzing the causes and effects of migration and refugee flows.

Dr. Weiner's 1991 book The Child and the State in India: Child Labor and Education Policy in Comparative Perspective (Princeton University Press, 4th ed., ISBN 978-0-691-07868-7) had a major impact in Indian debates on how to end child labor, and was perhaps his magnum opus. "It was his crowning achievement. It made all of us think about the question of illiteracy," according to Jagdish Bhagwati, a Columbia University economist and colleague since the mid-1950s.Dr. Bhagwati said the book prompted economists to recommend more investments in education for the poor, and policies to help poor people recognize education as a valuable investment.

The State is concrete while the Government is abstract.
Abstract and concrete are classifications that denote whether the object that a term describes has physical referents. Abstract objects have no physical referents, whereas concrete objects do.

One of the critiques Bentham levelled against the Declaration was its assertions of rights in the form of absolute and universal norms.He identified that absolute rights possessed by everyone equally are meaningless and undesirable. They lack meaning because if everyone has, for example, unbounded liberty, there is nothing precluding them from using that liberty to impinge on the liberty of another. In this way “human government and human laws”are required to give some bounds to rights in order for them to be realised. Even if advocates of absolute rights recognise this necessity, as the proponents of the Declaration did, Bentham argues that it is in vain. “It would be self-contradictory, because these rights are, in the same breath which their existence is declared, declared to be imprescriptible; and imprescriptible… means nothing unless it excludes the interference of the laws.”

The correct answer is Public Accounts Committee.

Public Accounts Committee

• Public Accounts Committee was introduced in 1921 after its first mention in the Government of India Act, 1919.
• The chairman of the Public Accounts Committee is appointed by the Lok Sabha speaker.
• It consists of 22 members(15 from Lok Sabha and 7 from Rajya Sabha).
• ​It scrutinizes the appropriation and finance accounts of the Government of India and reports of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India.

Those three reports submitted by CAG are:

• Audit report on appropriation accounts
• Audit report on finance accounts
• Audit report on public undertakings

The correct answer is Integrative approach: Parties work together to develop mutually beneficial solutions, maximizing joint gains.

• Public administration, as an aspect of a more extensive governmental system, is characterized by its emphasis on serving the public interest and managing public resources. This often requires the negotiation and reconciliation of diverse and sometimes conflicting interests.
• The collaborative model, a well-regarded practice in public administration, aligns well with the integrative approach to conflict management.
• This approach, following the concepts of thinkers like Mary Parker Follet, encourages parties involved in a conflict to cooperate and find creative solutions that satisfy everyone's interests, thereby maximizing joint gains.
• Unlike competitive or distributive models, the integrative approach doesn't look at conflict resolution as a zero-sum game, aiming instead for a win-win outcome.
• Moreover, this model fosters a cooperative environment that stimulates open communication, mutual respect, and collective decision-making.
• This approach serves the dual purpose of not just resolving conflicts but developing stronger partnerships, building trust, and promoting better understanding of different perspectives, essential facets in public administration.
• The integrative approach also enables the innovative generation of solutions and ideas that may not have surfaced in a competitive or avoidant atmosphere. Thus, it reinforces democratic values, respectful dialogue, and acknowledges the importance of diverse interest groups, vital in the realm of public administration.

The correct answer is Foreign Policy. 

• Kautilya propounded his Mandala Theory in his famous work named Arthashastra. 
• He gave this theory for any prospective king who wishes to rule over the world. 
• Kautilya played an important role in instituting Mauryan Dynasty at the throne of Magadha in 4th Century BC. 
• He guided King Chandragupta Maurya to overthrow the ruling dynast and gain the seat of Magadha. 

Thus we can conclude that Kautilya's model theory related to foreign policy.

G.C.Field said that a 'political party is a voluntary association of people for the purpose of attaining political power':

Niccolo Machiavelli erected a wall of separation between politics and ethics. He believed that politics is governed by its own standards and can not be bound by ethical standards. He made a clear distinction between ethics for the Prince and for the common people. He wanted ruler to focus on the preservation of state without being bound by moral obligations.
Thus, the Correct answer is Option B.

Modern liberalism has tried to struck a balance between the interests of Individual and Society

• This act was passed in 1992 and it was a major step toward the implementation of the Panchayati Raj system in India.
• From the point of view of local self-governance, constitutional recognition has been given to the constitution of Panchayats through this amendment act.

The correct answer is Article-51

• Article 51 of the Indian Constitution ensure that the State shall endeavour to promote and maintenance of international peace and security, just and honourable relations between nations, respect for international law and treaty obligations, as well as settlement of international disputes by arbitration.
• India is the only country in the world which has a specific article for international peace and harmony in its constitution.