Kerala SET Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 (History) - KTET MCQ

Explanation:

The correct answer is Karauli.

Important Points

• The Karauli treaty was signed by the British and the Maratha's in the year 1817 AD.
• Arjun Deo was the founder of the state Karauli in 1348 AD.
• Maratha's ruled Karauli till the 18th century and later they were defeated by the British army.
• Later they signed the treaty with the East India Company and became a British protectorate state.
• Ganesh pal (1940-1947) was the last ruler of the karauli princely state.

​Additional Information

• The Maharaj of karauli is considered as the head of the Jadaun clan of Rajputs.
• The karauli kings claim they are the descendants of Lord Krishna.
• Arjun Deo recovered land lost by his ancestors and then created the karauli kingdom in 1348 AD.
• Jaduan ruler Gopal das played an important role in the foundation of the Agra Fort on the orders of the Mughal emperor.

Both 1 and 2 are incorrect.

Key Points

• The Swadeshi movement was a direct consequence of the British Indian government's decision to partition Bengal.
• The two main goals of this movement were the use of Swadeshi goods and the boycott of foreign-made goods.
• A Boycott Resolution was passed in Calcutta City Hall on August 7, 1905, where it was decided to boycott the use of Manchester cloth and salt from Liverpool.
• Vande Mataram became the boycott and Swadeshi movement theme song.
• However, the Indian National Congress under the Presidentship of G.K.Gokhale formally approved the Swadeshi Movement at Banaras session in December 1905. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• Objectives:
  • Condemn the partition of Bengal,
  • Condemn the reactionary policies of Curzon, and
  • Support the anti-partition and Swadeshi Movement of Bengal.
• As the Moderate-Extremist disputes were there regarding the attitude towards the Swadeshi Movement, it increased with the pace of the movement, and techniques of struggle reached a deadlock, Hence, to resolve it, Dadabhai Nauroji attempted in the Calcutta Session.
• Calcutta session of INC was held in 1906 under the presidentship of Dadabhai Nauroji. It was declared that the goal of the Indian National Congress is “self-government or swaraj”. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• It demanded governance in line with the United Kingdom or the colonies of Australia or Canada.
• Boycott foreign goods.
• Acceptance of the use of Swadeshi products and services. Eg. Indian-made crafts, promoting local entrepreneurs, etc.
• Framed National Educational Policy for which National Council of Education was set up.

Political:

• Charter Act,1861, Charter Act,1892 & Government of India Act,1909 enacted by the British in which all the demands made as follows were accepted.
  • Abolition of Indian Advisory Council set up under Queen’s proclamation,1858.
  • Self-government should be set up within the imperial framework. They demanded an increase in the representation of Indians in the legislature.
  • Direct elections for the membership in Legislature in place of nomination.
  • Indian members in the Viceroy’s Executive Council.
  • Right to discuss and vote on the budget. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Administrative:

• Open the Indian civil services examination for Indians.
• Holding simultaneous examinations in London and India.
• The Charles Aitchison Commission in 1886 recommended increasing (not decreasing) the age of civil services to 23 years. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• Accordingly, option B is correct.

• Scientific Method and Objectivity: The "positive" school, exemplified by Leopold von Ranke, emphasized applying scientific methods to historical research. They aimed for objectivity and a focus on primary sources like documents and official records.
• Reaction to Romanticism and Idealism: This movement arose as a reaction to earlier trends in historical writing, particularly Romanticism, which often relied on emotions, intuition, and philosophical interpretations of the past. They saw this approach as subjective and unscientific
• Emphasis on Critical Source Analysis: "Positive" historians valued rigorous source criticism to verify the accuracy and authenticity of historical documents. They aimed to establish a set of methodologies for historical research to ensure reliable conclusions.

Additional Information

• Increased emphasis on social and economic forces: The "positive" school actually embraced this trend, aiming to apply scientific methods to analyze these forces.
• Focus on the role of great individuals and heroic deeds: While not the sole focus, some "positive" historians found inspiration in this approach, attempting to verify details surrounding historical figures.
• Growing interest in the history of everyday life and popular culture: This development largely occurred later, in the 20th century, with the rise of social history and cultural studies.

The correct answer is Harprasad Shastri.

Key Points

• Many scholars have opined that either Asoka's political decisions or the effects of these decisions were responsible for the disintegration of the Mauryan empire.
• Their arguments generally focus on the drawbacks of Asoka's religious policy.
• Scholars like Harprasad Shastri suggested that the discontent of the Brahmin community led to the downfall of the Maurya Empire. Hence, option 4 is the correct answer.
• There are those scholars who maintain that Pushyamitra Sunga, who killed the last Mauryan emperor represented a strong Brahmanical reaction against the pro-Buddhist policy of Asoka and the pro-Jain policy of some of his successors.
• Moreover, the Satavahanas who rose to power in the Deccan after the Mauryas were also said to have been Brahmanas.
• These scholars list a series of acts done by Asoka himself which may have antagonized the Brahmanas.
• For example, the ban on animal sacrifices is considered one which was especially resented, since this action was taken by a Shudra King (according to the Purana accounts the Mauryas are listed as Shudras).
• They suggest that the Dhammamahamattas, as special officers of Dhamma appointed by Asoka, destroyed the prestige of the Brahmanas.
• These officials disallowed Bramanas to continue their traditional laws of punishment and other Smriti injunctions.

Murshid Quli Khan who was the governor of Bengal as late as 1717, effected economies in the administration and reorganised the finances of Bengal. One of the measures he took was, granting taccavi which were the agricultural loans to poor cultivators to relieve their distres as well as to enable them to pay land revenue in time. He was thus able to increase the resources of the Bengal government. In choosing revenue farmers Murshid Quli Khan gave preference to local zamindars and mahajans who were money-lenders and were mainly Hindus. He thus, laid the foundation of a new landed aristocracy in Bengal.

In Mysore, Haider Ali soon found his opportunity in the wars which involved Mysore for more than twenty years. Cleverly using the opportunities that came his way, he gradually rose in the Mysore army. In 1761, he overthrew Nanjaraj and established his authority over the Mysore state. He extended full control over the rebellious poligars who were the warrior chieftans and zamindars.

Annalistic Tradition: This refers to the early form of Roman historical writing, where events were recorded year by year (annus means year in Latin) with brief entries. These entries often focused on significant events, religious ceremonies, military victories, and the achievements of prominent individuals, particularly members of the aristocracy.
Key Points

• Preserving Lineage and Achievements: A core purpose of the annalistic tradition was to document the history and achievements of aristocratic families (gentes). These families, often patrons of the historians, used the annals to bolster their social status and political legitimacy by showcasing their ancestry and contributions to Rome's success.
• Genealogy and Prestige: The annals often traced lineages back to the founders of Rome, highlighting the families' long-standing presence and connection to Roman history. Victories in battle, political offices held, and contributions to public works were meticulously recorded to solidify the prestige of these aristocratic families.

Additional Information

• Providing a critical analysis of Rome's political and military failures: The annalistic tradition was not known for critical analysis. It focused on celebratory accounts rather than offering objective assessments.
• Constructing a linear narrative of Roman history based on verifiable evidence: While the annals provided a chronological framework, accuracy and verification were not primary concerns.
• Exploring the religious and mythological foundations of the Roman Republic: Though some annalists incorporated religious elements, the core focus wasn't on religious or mythological exploration.

The correct answer is a, b, and c only.
Key-Points

• The important points of the Mountbatten plan were as follows:
  • Punjab and Bengal Legislative Assemblies would meet in two groups, Hindus and Muslims, to vote for partition. If a simple majority of either group voted for partition, then these provinces would be partitioned. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
  • In the case of partition, two dominions and two constituent assemblies would be created.
  • Sindh would take its own decision.
  • Referendums in NWFP and Sylhet district of Bengal would decide the fate of these areas. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
  • Independence for princely states ruled out—they would join either India or Pakistan. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
  • independence for Bengal ruled out;
  • accession of Hyderabad to Pakistan ruled out (Mountbatten supported the Congress on this).
  • freedom to come on August 15, 1947.
  • a boundary commission to be set up if the partition was to be effected.

Additional Information

Quit India Movement

• AICC Meeting at Gowalia Tank, Bombay
  • Quit India resolution ratified. Gandhi was named the leader of the movement.
  • Demanded an immediate end to British rule.
  • Form a provisional government in India after the British withdrew.
  • Sanction a civil disobedience movement against British rule.
• Directions were given to other sections of the society
  • Government servants- Do not quit, but support Congress.
  • Soldiers- Do not quit the army but do not fire on the Indians.
  • Students- If confident, quit schools and participate.
  • Peasants- Pay mutually agreed rent to anti-government zamindars, else don’t pay.
  • Princely states- Support your Ruler only if he is anti-British.
• Spread of the Movement
  • Gandhiji carefully created tempo from individual satyagraha to mass movements.
  • The government did not wait long and immediately arrested all senior leaders.
  • Youth engaged in actions all across the provinces- hoisting flags, blowing up railway lines, telegraph lines, individual satyagraha, and even offered themselves to be arrested.
  • Underground leadership to guide youth, provide arms and ammunition.
  • Usha Mehta started an underground radio in Bombay.
  • Parallel governments were being formed-
    • Ballia, UP - Chittu Pandey.
    • Tamluk, Midnapore, Bengal - relief activities, grants to schools, supply paddy from rich to poor. Organized “Bidyut Bahinis” .
    • Satara, Maharastra - named “Prati sarkar” .Leaders like YB Chavan, Nana Patil headed the movement. Activities like village libraries, nyayadan mandals, Gandhi marriages conducted.

Charles Cornwallis serving as Commander-in-Chief of British India and Governor of Presidency of Fort William believes in attitudes towards governance which gives idea of responsibility to the government by adopting the idea of Indian Civil Service to benefit overall population.

The correct order is (iii), (iv), (ii), (i)

Key Points

• Revolt of Mahabat Khan:
  • Mahabat Khan was a noble who had served Jahangir's father, Akbar, and Jahangir himself.
  • He became angry with Jahangir after being demoted from his position as governor of Punjab.
  • In 1626, Mahabat Khan led a rebellion against Jahangir, which was quickly put down by the emperor's forces.
  • Mahabat Khan was captured and imprisoned, and eventually died in captivity.
• Khurram was Viceroy of the Deccan:
  • Khurram was one of Jahangir's sons, who would later become the emperor Shah Jahan.
  • In 1615, Jahangir appointed Khurram as the viceroy of the Deccan region of India, which was a very important and lucrative post.
  • Khurram carried out several successful military campaigns in the Deccan during his tenure as viceroy, which increased his prestige and power.
• Captain Hawkins visit to his court:
  • Captain William Hawkins was an English trader who visited Jahangir's court in 1609.
  • He was the first Englishman to receive permission to establish a trading factory in India, which he did in Surat.
  • Hawkins' visit to Jahangir's court was marked by several misunderstandings and cultural clashes, but he was eventually able to establish a friendly relationship with the emperor.
• Sir Thomas Roe's arrival at Jahangir's court:
  • Sir Thomas Roe was an English diplomat who arrived at Jahangir's court in 1615.
  • He was sent by King James I to establish better trade relations with the Mughal Empire.

  • Roe was able to negotiate several important trade agreements with Jahangir, which helped to increase English trade in India.

Hence the correct chronological order is:

• Subhas Chandra Bose was re-elected as the Congress’ president in 1939, defeating Pattabhi Sitaramaiah at the Tripuri Congress which prompted Mahatma Gandhi to label Pattabhi Sitaramaiah’s defeat as his own
• He was appointed President of the Indian Congress Party in 1938 but resigned on 28 April 1939. Bose was an advocate of armed resistance against British colonialism; he could not come to terms with the ideology of non-violent resistance that Gandhi advocated.
• Upon his resignation, he formed the All India Forward Bloc on 3 May 1939, a party within Congress, in an attempt to bring together the leftist faction.
• Hence, it can be concluded that Subhash Chandra Bose fought the Congress Presidential elections in 1939 on the ground that he favoured aggressive policy which was opposed by the Congress leaders.

Additional Information

• The Forward Bloc of the Indian National Congress was formed on June 22, 1939, by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, who had resigned from the presidency of the Indian National Congress on 29 April after being outmanoeuvred by Mohandas K. Gandhi.
• Subhas Chandra Bose was elected as the President of the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1939 against Dr. Pattabhi Sitaramayya.
• Subhash Chandra Bose and Sardul Singh Kavishar were the party's first president and vice-president respectively.
• It held its first conference in Nagpur from June 20-22, 1940 where it demanded complete independence for India.
• It had its own newspaper called Forward Bloc.
• After independence, the party joined mainstream politics.

The correct answer is ​1 and 4 only.

Key Points

• During the 18th century, with the decline of the Mughal empire, arose a large number of independent and semi-independent powers.
• The rulers of all the 18th century States tried to legitimize their position by acknowledging the nominal Supremacy of the Mughal emperor and by seeking his approval as his representatives.
• Moreover, nearly all of them adopted the methods and spirit of the Mughal administration. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
  • The first group of states succession States inherited functioning Mughal administrative structure and institutions others tried to adopt an apt in varying degrees the structure and Institutions including the Mughal revenue system.
• The rulers of these States established by law and order and viable economic and administrative structures.
• In general, there was in most of the states decentralization of political authority with chiefs, jagirdars and zamindars gaining in economic and political power.
• The politics of these states were invariably non-communal or secular, the motivations of the rulers being similar in economic and political terms. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• There is therefore little warrant for the belief that the decline and breakup of the Mughal Empire were followed by Anarchy or breakdown of law and order in different parts of India.
  • Infact whatever anarchy in administration and economy existed in the 18th century usually followed British Wars of conquest and British intervention in the internal affairs of the Indian states.
• However, none of these States had never succeeded in arresting the economic crisis which was certain during the 17th century. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
  • All of them remained basically rent extracting States.
  • Zamindars and jagirdars whose number and political strength constantly increased continued to fight over the income from agriculture while the condition of the peasants continued to deteriorate. Hence, statement 4 is correct.
• While the state prevented any breakdown of internal trade and even tried to promote foreign trade, they did nothing to modernize the basic Industrial and commercial structure of their states.
• This largely explains their failure to consolidate themselves or to ward off external attacks

Founded by Guru Nanak at the end of the 15th century, the Sikh religion spread among the Jat peasantry and other lower castes of the Punjab. The transformation of the Sikhs into a militant, fighting community was begun by Guru Hargobind (1606-45).

It was, however, under Guru Gobind Singh (1666-1708), the tenth and the last guru of the Sikhs, that they became a political and military force. From 1699 onwards, he waged constant war against the armies of Aurangzeb and the hill rajas.

All the given statements A, B and C related to saint Kabir are correct.

Key Points

• Kabir, who probably lived in the fifteenth-sixteenth centuries, was one of the most influential saints.
• He was brought up in a family of Muslim julahas or weavers settled in or near the city of Benares (Varanasi).
• We have little reliable information about his life.
• We get to know of his ideas from a vast collection of verses called sakhis and pads said to have been composed by him and sung by wandering bhajan singers.
• Some of these were later collected and preserved in the Guru Granth Sahib, Panch Vani and Bijak.
• Kabir’s teachings were based on a complete, indeed vehement, rejection of the major religious traditions.
• His teachings openly ridiculed all forms of external worship of both Brahmanical Hinduism and Islam, the pre-eminence of the priestly classes and the caste system.
• The language of his poetry was a form of spoken Hindi widely understood by ordinary people.
• He also sometimes used cryptic language, which is difficult to follow.
• Kabir believed in a formless Supreme God and preached that the only path to salvation was through bhakti or devotion.

• Kabir drew his followers from among both Hindus and Muslims.

Based on the above discussion, we can conclude that all the given statements A, B and C related to saint Kabir are correct.

• The Bahmani Sultanate significantly contributed to the Deccan culture by fusing Persianate culture, including art, architecture, and traditions, with Indian customs, which enriched the socio-cultural fabric of the Deccan region.
• ​The Bahmani Sultans blended Persianate flair with Indian roots, leaving an indelible mark on Deccan culture.
• Grand mosques with Persian arches adorning Indian bazaars, or poems flowing in Dakhni, a language born from Persian and local tongues.
• Their patronage of art birthed architectural marvels like Bidar's intricate mosques, while music thrived with instruments like the sitar resonating with Persian melodies.
• This cross-pollination wasn't just beautiful; it fostered tolerance, weaving a distinct Deccan identity amidst diverse faiths and customs.
• The echoes of this fusion still reverberate in the region's architecture, language, and traditions, a testament to the Bahmani legacy

Additional Information

• The Bahmani kingdom, which thrived from 1347 to 1526, was a prominent Deccan sultanate in South India
• Founded by Alauddin Hasan Bahman Shah, it carved out a vast territory encompassing present-day Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh.
• Its capital shifted between Gulbarga and Bidar, both of which boast architectural marvels showcasing the kingdom's cultural blend.
• The Bahmanis were known for their effective administration, strong military, and vibrant trade.
• They also left a lasting legacy in art, architecture, and literature. They blended Persianate influences with local Deccan traditions, resulting in unique styles evident in mosques, palaces, and literary works.

The correct answer is Bhima Nayak.

Key Points

• The Tribal Movement occurred in Sendhawa under the leadership of Bhima Nayak.
• Sendhwa is a city with a municipal government located in the Barwani district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.
• It is the headquarters for Sendhwa Tehsil.
• As of the 2011 India census, Sendhwa constitutes a population of 56,485. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%.
• Sendhwa has an average literacy rate of 63%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 70%, and female literacy is 55%.
• In Sendhwa, 17% of the population is present under 6 years of age.

Additional Information

• Bhima Nayak or Bheema Nayak was an Indian revolutionary of Madhya Pradesh.
• He fought against the agitations of the British in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
• When Bhima was delinquent by the British government, he was kept in Port Blair and Nicobar.
• He was hanged in Port Blair, the present-day capital of Andaman & Nicobar on December 29, 1876.

The Company had become the Diwan, but it still saw itself primarily as a trader.

• It wanted a large revenue income but was unwilling to set up any regular system of assessment and collection.
• The effort was to increase the revenue as much as it could and buy fine cotton and silk cloth as cheaply as possible.
• Within five years the value of goods bought by the Company in Bengal doubled.
• Before 1865, the Company had purchased goods in India by importing gold and silver from Britain.
• Now the revenue collected in Bengal could finance the purchase of goods for export.

Important PointsSoon it was clear that the Bengal economy was facing a deep crisis.

• Artisans were deserting villages since they were being forced to sell their goods to the Company at low prices.
• Peasants were unable to pay the dues that were being demanded from them.
• Artisanal production was in decline, and agricultural cultivation showed signs of collapse.
• Then in 1770 a terrible famine killed ten million people in Bengal. About one-third of the population was wiped out.

Thus, it is clear that due to a terrible famine, ten million people in Bengal were wiped out.

The fiscal system was established on a firm basis.

1) Warriors and priests, i.e., the Kshatriyas and the Brahmanas, were exempted from the payment of taxes, and the burden fell on the peasants who were mainly vaishyas or grihapatis.

2) Bali, a voluntary payment made by the tribesmen to their chiefs in Vedic times, became a compulsory payment to be made by the peasants in the age of Buddha, and officers called balisadhakas were appointed to collect it.

3) Artisans and traders also had to pay taxes. The tolls were collected by officers known as shulkika or shulkadhaksha.

Balban adopted the policy of ‘Blood and Iron’. This was done to deal with some of the Rajput zamindars who had defied the government and set up forts in the area. The medieval society was a society of great inequalities. This was reflected in the Muslim society even more than in the Hindu, the latter being predominantly rural where inequalities were less marked. It was during Firuz Tughlaq that jizyah became a separate tax. Earlier, it was a part of land revenue. He refused to exempt the Brahmins from the payment of jizyah since this was not provided in sharia. Only women, children, the disabled and the indigent who had no means of livelihood were exempt from it. Alauddin was the first Sultan to pay his soldiers in cash. Earlier, the Turkish soldiers were assigned a number of villages in the doab for the payment of their salaries. But Alauddin abolished these holdings by a stroke of the pen.

1) Swaraj:- this slogan was first introduced by Arya Samaj. the thought derived its support from the teachings of Vivekananda and Dayanand Saraswati.

2) Swadeshi:- Under the influence of Swadeshi movement the Dawn Society was established by Satish Mukherjee and Shanti-Niketan by Rabindranath Tagore to impart native education.

3) Atma-Shakti:- Tagore gave a call for Rakhi Bandhan as a token of Hindu-Muslim Unity and wrote articles under the title ‘Atma Shakti’.

The correct answer is 1, 2, and 3 only.
Key-Points

• The important points of the Mountbatten plan were as follows:
  • Punjab and Bengal Legislative Assemblies would meet in two groups, Hindus and Muslims, to vote for partition. If a simple majority of either group voted for partition, then these provinces would be partitioned. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
  • In the case of partition, two dominions and two constituent assemblies would be created.
  • Sindh would take its own decision.
  • Referendums in NWFP and Sylhet district of Bengal would decide the fate of these areas. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
  • Independence for princely states ruled out—they would join either India or Pakistan. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
  • independence for Bengal ruled out;
  • accession of Hyderabad to Pakistan ruled out (Mountbatten supported the Congress on this).
  • freedom to come on August 15, 1947.
  • a boundary commission to be set up if the partition was to be effected.

Additional Information

Quit India Movement

• AICC Meeting at Gowalia Tank, Bombay
  • Quit India resolution ratified. Gandhi was named the leader of the movement.
  • Demanded an immediate end to British rule.
  • Form a provisional government in India after the British withdrew.
  • Sanction a civil disobedience movement against British rule.
• Directions were given to other sections of the society
  • Government servants- Do not quit, but support Congress.
  • Soldiers- Do not quit the army but do not fire on the Indians.
  • Students- If confident, quit schools and participate.
  • Peasants- Pay mutually agreed rent to anti-government zamindars, else don’t pay.
  • Princely states- Support your Ruler only if he is anti-British.
• Spread of the Movement
  • Gandhiji carefully created tempo from individual satyagraha to mass movements.
  • The government did not wait long and immediately arrested all senior leaders.
  • Youth engaged in actions all across the provinces- hoisting flags, blowing up railway lines, telegraph lines, individual satyagraha, and even offered themselves to be arrested.
  • Underground leadership to guide youth, provide arms and ammunition.
  • Usha Mehta started an underground radio in Bombay.
  • Parallel governments were being formed-
    • Ballia, UP - Chittu Pandey.
    • Tamluk, Midnapore, Bengal - relief activities, grants to schools, supply paddy from rich to poor. Organized “Bidyut Bahinis” .
    • Satara, Maharastra - named “Prati sarkar” .Leaders like YB Chavan, Nana Patil headed the movement. Activities like village libraries, nyayadan mandals, Gandhi marriages conducted.

Mohiniyattam is one of the two classical dances of India that developed and gained popularity in the state of Kerala. The other classical dance form from Kerala is Kathakali.

Mohiniyattam's roots, like all classical Indian dances, are in the Natya Shastra – the ancient Hindu Sanskrit text on performance arts. However, it follows the Lasya style described in Natya Shastra that is a dance which is delicate, eras-filled and feminine. It is traditionally a solo dance performed by women after extensive training.

It is a solo dance performance that incorporates lasya and tandava styles.

It is a technique based on Kathakali.

The correct answer is 2 only.

Key Points

Alha and Udai

• Alha was a legendary general of the Chandella king Parmardi-deva (also known as Parmal), who fought Prithviraj Chauhan in 1182 CE, immortalized in the Alha-Khand ballad. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• The last prominent Chandella ruler was Parmardi-deva or Parmal is still popular due to the heroic deeds of his two Generals ‘Alha’ and ‘Udala’ who own many battles.
• The court poet Jagnik Rao has made their names immortal through his popular ballad (Veer-Kavya) ‘Alha-Khand’. It is recited through-out the hindi speaking masses in the country.
• In 1860 AD an English Officer of the East India Company, Mr. William Waterfield was so impressed with the ballad that he translated it into English under the title name of ‘Lay of Alha’ which was published by the Oxford University Press of England.

• According to the Bhavishya Purana, a text with several interpolated sections that cannot be reliably dated, Alha's mother, Devaki, was a member of the Ahir caste. The Ahirs are among the "oldest pastoralists" and were rulers of Mahoba.

Important PointsBaghelkhand

• Baghelkhand, historical region, eastern Madhya Pradesh state, central India. Known as Dahala before the Muslims, Baghelkhand was held by the warlike Kalacuri dynasty (6th–12th century), whose stronghold was at Kalinjar.
• Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• With the advent of the Baghela Rajputs (warrior caste) in the 14th century, after whom the tract is named, it was absorbed into Rewa state.

The earliest cultural phase comes from Mehrgarh.

Mehrgarh is an important Neolithic site, greatly helped in understanding the transition process from the food-collecting stage to the food-producing stage. Mehrgarh is located in Pakistan near the Bolan Pass and is considered to be a precursor to the Indus Valley Civilisation. The earliest evidence of crop production has been found at Mehragarh, which yielded evidence of cultivated barley and wheat.

Jugantar Patrika was a Bengali revolutionary newspaper founded in 1906 in Calcutta by Barindra Kumar Ghosh, Abhinash Bhattacharya and Bhupendranath Dutt. It was a political weekly. It was founded in March 1906 and served as the propaganda organ for the nascent revolutionary organisation, Anushilan Samiti, that was taking shape in Bengal at the time.

Anushilan Samiti was a Bengali Indian organisation that existed in the first quarter of the twentieth century. It propounded revolutionary violence as the means for ending British rule in India.

Albruny had composed a book titled “Kitab-Ul-Hind”. It was composed in the 11th century. Albruni came with Mahmoud Ghaznavi in ​​India.

The administrative policy of the Company underwent frequent changes during the long period between 1757-1857, however, it never lost sight of its main objects which were to increase the Company’s profit, to enhance the profitability of its Indian possessions to Britain, and to maintain and strengthen the British hold over India; all other purposes were subordinated to these aims. The administrative machinery of the Government of India was designed and developed to serve these ends. The main emphasis in this respect was placed on the maintenance of law and order so that trade with India and exploitation of its resources could be carried on without disturbance.

The treaty of Surat was signed between Raghunath Rao and English on 7th March 1775. Raghunath Rao asked for the help of the English to restore himself in Poona by ceding Salsette and Bassein.