MPTET Varg 3 Mock Test - 5 - MPTET MCQ

Educational backwardness: By backwardness, the teacher usually means relative inability to acquire skill in language and number. Certain of these backward children—not all of them by any means—are backward in so many other things that we call them sub-normal in general intelligence.

Key Points

Factors that lead to educational backwardness:

Family factor:

• The household factors include poverty, unemployment, educational level of parents, insufficient income, number of family members, disputes within the family due to alcoholism and absence of reference group within the family, health condition of the parents, etc.
• Many social scientists argue that poverty is the primary reason for the educational backwardness of people in India.

Individual factors:

• The individual factors include poor academic performance, poor understanding, lack of motivation, less level of ambition, peer group influence, early marriage, lack of awareness, and less utilization of policies and programs, etc.
• Among the students from weaker sections, the level of ambition is less when compared to the general students. This is mainly due to the absence of persons in attractive jobs, and the absence of motivation in education.

Physical factors:

• The role of educational institutions and their environment is inevitable to the educational progress of the student community.
• The factors such as the distance of the school, poor infrastructure facilities, disinterest in studies, the attitude of teachers, and exclusionary behavior of other students, etc, are related to educational institutions.

Government factors:

• The Governmental factors include ineffective implementation of reservation policies and the absence of timely intervention in the matters of financial aid. These are the two important factors that play a significant role in the backwardness of people.

Other factors such as societal and political reasons also play a significant role. Due to the unchanging social attitude of the general community towards the weaker section by upholding the mythical concept of caste hierarchy, the weaker sections are getting less acceptance and are mentally excluded from mainstream society.

Conclusion:

To encourage the educational participation of all sections especially the SC/STs, OBCs, and Women, the State is committed to providing many measures including access and equality of opportunities at all levels of education. But still, the government is unable to achieve the expected rate of progress due to the factors discussed above. So, from the above discussion, we can conclude that occupation of the family does not lead to educational backwardness. Hence, option (3) is correct.

"Jean Piaget", a Swiss psychologist, has made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized in four stages and the 'sensorimotor stage' is one of them.

• He observed his children and their process of making sense of the world around them and developed a model of how the mind processes new information encountered.

Key Points

Concrete Operational Stage:

• 'Concrete Operational Stage' lasts around 7 to 11 years of age which refers to the later childhood stage of child development.

• In this stage, children can classify objects into groups and subgroups and gain the abilities of conservation of number, area and volume.
• Children show attainment of the concept of reversibility, seriation, transitivity as a cognitive capacity.

Drawing implications from Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, a teacher teaching students of age 7-8 years in the classroom should:

• use concrete props and visual aids whenever possible.
• make instructions relatively short, using actions as well as words.
• present problems that require logical and analytical thinking.
• provide a wide range of experiences in order to build a foundation for concept learning and language.
• be sensitive to the possibility that students may have different meanings for the same word or different words for the same meaning. 
• give children a great deal of hands-on practice with the skills that serve as building blocks for more complex skills like reading comprehension.

Hence, it becomes clear that drawing implications from Piaget's theory of cognitive development, a teacher teaching students of age 7-8 years in the classroom should present problems that require logical and analytical thinking.

Additional Information

Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive Development:

Kohlberg's theory of moral development is a theory that focuses on how children develop morality and moral reasoning. His theory played a profound role in the development of moral psychology.

Key Points

Some of the points of criticism are: 

• Moral reasoning does not confer about moral behaviour. There is still a difference between knowing moral behaviour and actions. Moral reasoning, therefore, may not lead to moral behaviour.
• Researchers have focused that Kohlberg has overemphasized the concept of justice.  Interpersonal feelings, care, responsibility was not emphasized.  
• There is a Cultural bias as some cultures emphasize personal rights and other importance of society.
• Most of his subjects were under the age of 16 who had no experience with marriage. Thus, Heinz dilemma may have been abstract.
• Kohlberg's method of determining the moral reasoning abilities could underestimate the moral reasoning of individuals who do not have the ability to explicitly state the knowledge that they have
• Carol Gilligan suggested that Kohlberg's theory was gender-biased since all of the subjects in his sample were male.

Hence we can conclude that underestimating young children's moral reasoning abilities and basing his theory primarily on interviews of males as subjects are limitations of Kohlberg's theory of moral development. 

Motivation is the drive to achieve something in life that satisfies one’s needs. There are two primary types of motivation namely, intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. 

Key Points

Intrinsic motivation is the motivation that is animated by personal satisfaction, interest, or pleasure. Independence, Curiosity, and Acceptance are examples of intrinsic motivation.

Intrinsic motivation refers to the behavior which focuses on:

• personal satisfaction and internal rewards.

• purposes to learn and improve to serve a cause.

• motivating individuals intrinsically to achieve goals.
• working for their own sake and inherent accomplishment.

Hint 

• Extrinsic motivation refers to a behavior that is guided by earning rewards or avoiding punishment.

Hence, it could be concluded that Students learn for personal satisfaction is related to Intrinsic motivation.

Language is a system of symbols and rules that is used for meaningful communication. A language uses symbols, which are sounds, gestures, or written characters that represent objects, actions, events, and ideas.

Key Points

• Words may refer to specific objects or actions or they may be symbolic representations for concepts.
• Skinner believed that language is acquired through principles of conditioning, including association, imitation, and reinforcement.
• Children modify their language through imitation and reinforcement, such as parental praise and being understood. 
• Conditioning has been defined as a form of learning in which the capacity of eliciting a response is transferred from one stimulus to another.
• In the conditioning process, an unconditioned stimulus is given to a person. This stimulus causes a reflex on its own.

Thus, it is concluded that children learn new words for specific objects mostly by conditioning process.

David Wechsler developed a group of intelligence tests to assess the intelligence of adults and children.

• It consists of 11 subtests, 6 of which are verbal tests and 5 are non-verbal tests.
• The verbal scales include Information, Comprehension, Memory Span, Arithmetic, Similarities, Digit Span, and Vocabulary. The performance scales include Picture Arrangement, Picture Completion, Block Design, Object Assembly, and Digit Symbol.

Key Points

• ​ Picture completion test contains pictures or drawings in which a few pictures are missing. It is a type of intelligence test. For example:- Leg missing from the picture of an insect.
• Kohs’ Block Design Test contains a number of wooden blocks. The subject is asked to arrange the blocks within a time period to produce a given design. The test is the measure of perceptual-motor coordination, mental coordination, and the ability for analysis and synthesis.

Thus, it is concluded that the picture completion test and Koh's block design test are conducted to know the intelligence of the child.

Hint

• Interest implies preferences or likes and dislikes for a specific activity or a group of specific activities such as lawyer, physician, engineer, musician, artist, etc.
• An aptitude is a special potential in a certain field of performance. It indicates a special ability to learn or develop knowledge of skill in some specific area.

• An attitude is a hypothetical construct that can only be inferred through the behavior of the individual. Attitudes are acquired and they develop out of the influence of many factors.

Language skills are necessary for effective communication in any environment and to interact with others. It allows an individual to comprehend and produce language for proper and effective interpersonal communication.

• The four basic language skills are listening-speaking-reading-writing. Writing refers to the process of using symbols (letters of the alphabet, punctuation, and spaces) to communicate thoughts in a readable form.

Key Points For awaking confidence or for developing a writing potential in learners, the teacher should:​

• respect for their written expressions.

• support learners in their writing endeavors.
• give scope to learners to share their drafts.
• develop awareness about the social nature of writing.
• provide appropriate scaffolds and feedback to learners.
• provide opportunities to write other than academic context.
• make learners confident by providing a judgment-free environment.
• provide every opportunity to make a connection between reading and writing.

Thus, if a child is facing problems in expressing himself using written language teachers should respect their written expressions, to awake confidence in him.

Confusion Points

• Aspects like Calligraphy/handwriting is a secondary aspect of writing. It would not reinforce the child to write drafts independently.
• Spellings can be focused if the learners have acquired the confidence to write his/her thoughts without any fear. 
• Writing speed will make the learner anxious to complete the task on time rather than building confidence for writing. 

Metacognitive knowledge

• Metacognitive knowledge is also called metacognitive awareness.
• Metacognition knowledge is what individuals know about themselves and others as cognitive processors.
• Metacognitive regulation is the regulation of cognition and learning experiences through a set of activities that help people control their learning.
• An individual's knowledge of strategies, how to use strategies, and when and why to use strategies to be, think, feel, act, and learn in the world.
• Metacognitive Knowledge. Metacognitive knowledge involves
  • learning processes and your beliefs about how you learn and how you think others learn
  • the task of learning and how you process information
  • the strategies you develop and when you will use them.

Procedural knowledge 

• Procedural knowledge involves knowing HOW to do something
• Procedural Knowledge refers to the knowledge of how to perform a specific skill or task and is considered knowledge related to methods, procedures, or operation of equipment.
• Procedural knowledge is also referred to as know-how.
• Procedural knowledge is the knowledge exercised in the performance of some task.
• Unlike descriptive knowledge, which involves knowledge of specific facts or propositions, procedural knowledge involves one's ability to do something.
• It is the ability to execute action sequences to solve problems.
• This type of knowledge is tied to specific problem types and therefore is not widely generalizable. Procedural knowledge is goal-oriented and mediates problem-solving behaviour.
•  Procedural knowledge involves implicit learning, which a learner may not be aware of, and may involve being able to use a particular form to understand or produce language without necessarily being able to explain it.

Factual knowledge 

• Factual knowledge is one of the most common types of knowledge that students are expected to learn.
• Factual knowledge may be described as the basic information about a particular subject or discipline that students must be acquainted with.
• Factual knowledge refers to individuals' understanding of factually accurate information
• The number of relevant facts individuals can recall
• Factual knowledge, related to the circuit elements as generic objects and stored in a frame system, and used for diagnosis through frame instantiation. 

Conceptual knowledge

• It is also referred to as Declarative Knowledge.
• Conceptual Knowledge refers to the knowledge of, or understanding of concepts, principles, theories, models, classifications, etc.
• We learn conceptual knowledge through reading, viewing, listening, experiencing, or thoughtful, reflective mental activity.
• They understand why a mathematical idea is important and the kinds of contexts in which is it useful.
• They have organized their knowledge into a coherent whole, which enables them to learn new ideas by connecting those ideas to what they already know.
• Conceptual understanding also supports retention.

Therefore, The awareness of one’s own cognition and particular cognitive knowledge processes refers to metacognition knowledge.

The active participation and involvement of children play a very vital role in learning and shaping the personality of a child. 

Key Points

A child-centered method is one that gives primacy to children's experiences and needs and provides ample opportunities for the children.

• While investigating the problems, it is often found that children break the problem into parts and analyze it, then they try solving the parts logically, this critical thinking shapes the child to be Scientific Investigators.
• When a child is encouraged to be self-dependent, it helps in developing thoughts and rationality in them and they try multiple ways to find a solution, and doing this multiple times helps them evolve as a Problem Solver.
• Children are Active Explorers of the environment as they are excited to learn about what is this, why it is here, how it is working, etc. They ask many questions about objects and situations in their surroundings.

Hence, we can conclude that in the classroom students break the problem into parts and analyze it, then try solving the parts logically and systematically, this thinking shapes the learner to be a scientific Investigator.

Ivan Pavlov, a Russian psychologist has propounded the 'Theory of Classical Conditioning' which emphasizes that learning as a habit formation is based on the principle of association and substitution.

• Classical Conditioning Theory explains that the process of learning takes place when a response becomes associated with a new stimulus and this process of a response to a new stimulus is known as conditioning.

Important Points

• Spontaneous recovery is a phenomenon that involves suddenly displaying behavior that was thought to be extinct.
• This can apply to responses that have been formed through both classical and operant conditioning.
• Spontaneous recovery can be defined as the reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest period or period of lessened response.
• For example:
  • While riding a normal bicycle one does not use gears. While driving the scooter one differentiates and further learns to use gears.
  • If the human being stops riding a bicycle or scooter for a long time he/she may temporarily forget the balance, this is extinction. However, on trying, relearning occurs very faster than the initial time to learn. This is spontaneous recovery.

​Thus, it is concluded that the sudden appearance of a response after a period of extinction is known as Spontaneous Recovery.

Additional Information

• Stimulus Generalization: If the behavior occurs in presence of another stimulus similar to the conditioned one, this is called generalization, e.g. salivation after hearing the sounds similar to bell (sometimes maybe in higher or lower tone also), is called the process of generalization.
• Stimulus Discrimination: It is referred to the ability to differentiate between similar stimuli. For example, a student may feel fear during a Mathematics test but not during a moral science test. This shows the student is able to discriminate between the appropriate and inappropriate situations for a response.
• Extinction: It refers to the gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behavior decreasing or disappearing. For example, A dog previously learned that jumping up onto its owner will result in receiving a treat. When the owner stops giving treats to the jumping, the dog eventually stops.

Wolfgang Kohler, a German psychologist, proposed the ‘Insightful Theory of learning’.

Key PointsAccording to Kohler, insight doesn't take place with trial & error, rather than it is a sudden reorganization of experience.

‘Insight Theory of learning’ implies that:

• The solution to a problem arrives ‘all of a sudden’ flash of insight when a person is struggling. 
• Insight enhances an individual's ability to perceive and understand something or someone instinctively.
• Insight doesn't rely on behavior or observation, it is the sudden realization of a problem's solution using intuition.

For this, Kohler demonstrated the following experiment:

• He kept chimpanzees in a closed room where food was kept out of their reach, and items like boxes, stick was there.
• The chimpanzee would roam inside the room to reach the food.
• They would ‘suddenly’ stand on a box and use the stick to bring food close to them.
• It should be noted that it was not the result of trial and error instead, the chimpanzee suddenly came up with the idea to use boxes and stick.

Hence, we conclude that the Insight Theory of Learning was given by Kohler.

Additional Information

• B. F. Skinner, an American psychologist, propounded the "Theory of Operant Conditioning" which is also known as "Instrumental Conditioning Theory".
• Clark Hull was one of the famous behaviorists. He gave drive-reduction theory. 
• Carl Rogers, an American humanistic psychologist has proposed 'Experiential Learning Theory'.

Given:

Quotient = 167

Dividend = 16075

Remainder = 43

Concept used:

Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

Calculations:

Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

⇒ 16075 = Divisor × 167 + 43

⇒ 16075 - 43 = Divisor × 167 

⇒ 16032 = Divisor × 167 

⇒ Divisor = 16032/167

∴ The Divisor is 96

Given:

Perimeter of square = 60 cm

Formula Used:

The perimeter of square = 4 × Side

Area of square = Side × Side

Calculation:     

Perimeter of square = 4 × Side

⇒ 60 = 4 × Side

⇒ Side = 15 cm  

Area of square = Side × Side

⇒ Area of square = 15 × 15

⇒ Area of square = 225 cm²

∴ Area of square is 225 cm².

Given: 

The number = 540

Concept Used:

N = ap × bq × cr Where a and b are odd prime factors and c is even prime factor of N.

Number of factors of N = (p + 1) × (q + 1) × (r + 1)

Number of odd factors of N = (p + 1) × (q + 1)

Number of even factors of N = (p + 1) × (q + 1) × r

Number of prime factors = p + q + r

Number of prime divisor = a, b, and c ie 3

Calculation:

The number = 540

Factorisation = 2 × 270

⇒ 2 × 3 × 90 

⇒ 2 × 3 × 2 × 45

⇒ 2 × 3 × 2 × 3 × 15

⇒  2 × 3 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5

⇒ 22 × 33 × 51

Number of prime factors of N = p + q + r

Here, p = 2, q = 3 and r = 1

Number of prime factors of N = 2 + 3 + 1 = 6

∴ The number of prime factors of 540 is 6 

Mathematics focuses on developing an understanding of numbers, shapes, and patterns by using the techniques of problem-solving and logical reasoning.

• The mathematical curriculum treats mathematics both as a tool for practical utility as well as a discipline that develops reasoning and analytical abilities.

Key Points

• The assessment and evaluation are required to know the strengths and weaknesses of the students.
• It also helps in knowing about the learning barriers such as lack of interest, unwillingness to learn, and other psychological factors that are affecting their learning.
• The assessment and evaluation are useful in improving the learning pace of students by removing their learning barriers.
• With the help of assessment, the teacher will be able to recognize the errors made by the learners. Also, it gets easier to provide remedies for their errors.
• After assessing the performance of learners, the teacher gives them feedback that is done through the formative assessment.
• Formative assessment is taken during the learning process to motivate students to learn and to give them continuous feedback as reinforcement.

Hint

• Rote memorization and rote-learning in mathematics can help learners in getting good marks in exams but they won't be able to perform the computational process of mathematics well and also the learners will not be able to use mathematical knowledge in practical life.

Hence, it is concluded that "rote memorization and rote learning in mathematics" is least likely to impact the teaching-learning in mathematics.

The correct answer is Both Hindi and Jain.

• The Khajuraho Group of Monuments is a group of Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain temples.
• They are situated in Madhya Pradesh.
• The temples are famous for their Nagara-style architecture.
• The temples of Khajuraho were constructed by the Rajput rulers of Chandella Dynasty who ruled over central India from the 10th to the 13th Century CE.

Social science is the branch of science devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies. 

Key PointsMain objectives of teaching social studies at the primary level are - 

• The teaching of social studies is aimed at helping learners to develop greater awareness of themselves to clarify and examine their values and to establish a sense of self-identity.
• The teaching of social studies helps promote learners' concern for the development of an understanding and acceptance of others in the society with different values and lifestyles.
• Social studies teaching helps provide learners with an understanding of past events and persons and their roles in shaping present day lives and a visualisation of future changes.
• Social studies teaching helps provide learners with a knowledge of human systems in areas of economics, government, and culture, and how they are part of this society.
• Social studies teaching helps provide learners the skills necessary to carry out an independent investigation of problems and to react critically to the solutions posed by others.
• Social studies teaching aims at providing learners with an awareness of possible situations and their possible roles in shaping the future.
• Social studies helps provide learners with an appreciation of people's efforts to improve human conditions through creative expression and problem-solving.
• Social studies teaching provides learners with an understanding of the decision-making processes involved in human interaction and with the skills necessary to become effective decision-makers. 

Therefore, from the above points, it is clear that to keep record of crimes in society is not an objective of teaching social studies at the primary level.

The correct answer is Humanoid Robot.

Key Points

• The word 'Vyommitra' is made up of two words of the Sanskrit language 'Vyom' and 'Mitra' which means space and friend respectively.
  • This is the prototype of the Half-Humanoid robot developed by ISRO.
  • It was unveiled on 22 January 2020.

Additional Information

• Vyommitra is planned to be sent on the manned space mission in December 2021 which will help the astronauts.
• Under the "Gaganyaan" program, Vyommitra will be sent to unmanned missions before the astronauts leave.
• The aim of its creation is that ISRO does not want to fly animals on board for its experiments like other nations do to find out how the human body reacts during long-duration in space.
• This humanoid robot will understand what weightlessness and radiation can do to a human body.

सीखना या अधिगम एक व्यापक सतत् एवं जीवन पर्यन्त चलनेवाली महत्वपूर्ण प्रक्रिया है। 

• जिस व्यक्ति में सीखने की जितनी अधिक शक्ति होती है, उतना ही उसके जीवन का विकास होता है।
• मनुष्य जन्म के उपरांत ही सीखना प्रारंभ कर देता है और जीवन भर कुछ न कुछ सीखता रहता है।
• धीरे-धीरे वह अपने को वातावरण से समायोजित करने का प्रयत्न करता है।

Important Points

सीखने के मुख्य नियम तीन है जो इस प्रकार हैं -

1. तत्परता का नियम - इस नियम के अनुसार जब व्यक्ति किसी कार्य को करने के लिए पहले से तैयार रहता है तो वह कार्य उसे आनन्द देता है एवं शीघ्र ही सीख लेता है। इसके विपरीत जब व्यक्ति कार्य को करने के लिए तैयार नहीं रहता या सीखने की इच्छा नहीं होती हैतो वह झुंझला जाता है या क्रोधित होता है व सीखने की गति धीमी होती है।

2. अभ्यास का नियम - इस नियम के अनुसार व्यक्ति जिस क्रिया को बार-बार करता है उस शीघ्र ही सीख जाता है तथा जिस क्रिया को छोड़ देता है या बहुत समय तक नहीं करता उसे वह भूलने लगताहै। जैसे‘- गणित के प्रष्न हल करना, टाइप करना, साइकिल चलाना आदि। इसे उपयोग तथा अनुपयोग का नियम भी कहते हैं।

3. प्रभाव का नियम - इस नियम के अनुसार जीवन में जिस कार्य को करने पर व्यक्ति पर अच्छा प्रभाव पड़ता है या सुख का या संतोष मिलता है उन्हें वह सीखने का प्रयत्न करता है एवं जिन कार्यों को करने पर व्यक्ति पर बुरा प्रभाव पडता है उन्हें वह करना छोड़ देता है। इस नियम को सुख तथा दुःख या पुरस्कार तथा दण्ड का नियम भी कहा जाता है।

अतः निष्कर्ष निकलता है कि दिए गए विकल्पों में से, अधिगम वह विकास है जो अभ्यास और प्रयास से आता है।

दृश्य-श्रव्य सामग्री​ वह होती हैं, जिसके अन्तर्गत श्रव्य (कान) के साथ-साथ दृश्य (आँखे) ज्ञानेन्द्रियों का उपयोग कर शिक्षण अधिगम को सरल व सफल बनाया जाता है।

• दृश्य-श्रव्य सामग्री द्वारा ज्ञानेन्द्रियों का उपयोग कर सम्बन्धित ज्ञान से साक्षात्कार कराया जाता है।
• उदाहरण-  चलचित्र, दूरदर्शन, नाटक, कठपुतली, टेलिविजन, इंटरनेट, कम्प्युटर आदि।

अतः हम कह सकते हैं कि दृश्य-श्रव्य का प्रयोग करते हुए ज्ञानेन्द्रियों का सम्बन्धित ज्ञान से साक्षात्कार कराया जाता है।

Hint

सौन्दर्य की परख इन्द्रियों की सन्तुष्टि के आधार पर  की जाती है। 

Key Points

• सौन्दर्य की परख अनेक प्रकार से की जाती है।

• बाह्य सौन्दर्य की परख समझना तथा उसकी अभिव्यक्ति करना सरल है। 

Additional Information

सौन्दर्य

• परिभाषा - शोभित होने की अवस्था या भाव
• वाक्य में प्रयोग - सूर्यास्त के समय आकाश की छटा देखते ही बनती है ।
• समानार्थी शब्द - छटा , शोभा , कांति , छवि
• लिंग - पुल्लिंग
• शब्द-विन्यास विविधता - सौंदर्य

आनन्द

• परिभाषा - किसी बात में रुचि होने के कारण उससे मिलने वाला या लिया जाने वाला सुख
• वाक्य में प्रयोग - बच्चे बारीश का आनंद ले रहे हैं। / बच्चे बारिश में खेलने में रस ले रहे हैं। / बच्चे बारीश का मज़ा ले रहे हैं। / बच्चे बारीश का मज़ा ले रहे हैं।
• समानार्थी शब्द - रस
• लिंग - पुल्लिंग

परख 

• परिभाषा - योग्यता, विशेषता, सामर्थ्य, गुण आदि जानने के लिए अच्छी तरह से देखने या परखने की क्रिया या भाव
• वाक्य में प्रयोग - शिक्षिका ने छात्रों की परीक्षा ली ।
• समानार्थी शब्द - परीक्षा , जाँच , कसौटी
• लिंग - स्त्रीलिंग

रसास्वादन की अनुभूति का बोध चरित्र स्पर्शी रूप से होता है।

Key Points

•  जब रूप के साथ चरित्र का भी स्पर्श हो जाता है तब उसमें रसास्वादन की अनुभूति भी होती है।

रसास्वादन

• परिभाषा - खाने-पीने की चीजों या किसी अन्य वस्तु को उपयोग में लाने की क्रिया
• वाक्य में प्रयोग - अधिक रक्तचाप से पीड़ित व्यक्ति को नियमित रूप से औषध का सेवन करना चाहिए ।
• समानार्थी शब्द - सेवन , उपभोग , उद्ग्रहण
• लिंग - पुल्लिंग
• एक तरह का - क्रिया

चरित्र

• परिभाषा - जीवन में किए जाने वाले कार्यों या आचरणों का स्वरूप जो किसी की योग्यता, मनुष्यत्व आदि का सूचक होता है
• वाक्य में प्रयोग - चरित्र मनुष्य की योग्यता को दर्शाता है ।
• लिंग - पुल्लिंग
• एक तरह का - लक्षण

मनोहर का संधि-विच्छेद ‘मनः + हर’ होगा। इसलिए इसका सही उत्तर ‘मनः + हर’ होगा।

• ‘मनः + हर’ में विसर्ग के बाद व्यंजन के मेल से विकार उत्पन्न हुआ और विसर्ग तथा व्यंजन से मिलकर ‘ओ’ की उत्पत्ति हुई और ‘मनोहर’ शब्द की उत्पत्ति हुई।
• इसलिए यहाँ पर विसर्ग संधि होगी।

Key Points

• विसर्ग संधि: विसर्ग के साथ स्वर या व्यंजन के मेल से विकार उत्पन्न होता है।
  • जैसे- दुः + आत्मा = दुरात्मा, निः + कपट = निष्कपट आदि।

रसास्वादन यहाँ सही विकल्प है क्योंकि सौन्दर्य से इसका सम्बन्ध नही है।

• अन्य सौन्दर्य के अर्थ है।

Key Points

• रसास्वादन
  •  परिभाषा - रस का आस्वादन करना
  • समानार्थी शब्द - सेवन , उपभोग , उद्ग्रहण
  • लिंग - पुल्लिंग
  • एक तरह का - क्रिया

बापू की प्रतिमा के आगे शंख और घड़ियाल बजे।

Key Points

शंख:-

• एक सागर के जलचर का बनाया हुआ ढाँचा है, जो कि ज्यादातर दक्षिणावर्त में बना होता है।
• यह हिन्दु धर्म में अति पवित्र माना जाता है। यह धर्म का प्रतीक माना जाता है।
• यह भगवान विष्णु के दांए ऊपरी हाथ में शोभा पाता दिखाया जाता है।
• धर्मिक अवसरों पर इसे फूँक कर बजाया भी जाता है। 
• शंख महाभारत में वर्णित एक राजा विराट के एक पुत्र का नाम भी था।

Important Points

Language teaching: It is the process whereby a child gains communicative comprehension or fluency over a language. It involves practice by learners where facilitation is provided by a teacher.

Key Points

The following are the Principles of Language Teaching which helps to achieve the desired goals of Language Teaching: 

• Principle of material preparation: Learning materials are important because they can significantly increase student achievement by supporting student learning.
  • For material preparation grading is done for getting things in a systematic manner.
  • For example, a worksheet may provide a student with important opportunities to practice a new skill gained in class. 
• Principle of Motivation and Interest: It should motivate students and create interest in subjects. Flashcards, videos, pictures can be used for this purpose.
• Principle of Linking with Life: It deals with the use of graded structures of the English language in daily life situations.
• Principal of Oral Approach: Teaching of language should start with speaking rather than writing.
• Principal of Mother Tongue: While teaching, mother tongue and every day should be used.
• Principle of Controlled Vocabulary: The aim should be to teach spoken language therefore a limited set of vocabulary can be used.
• Principle of Habit Formation: A teacher can help students to form habits to learn a language.  For example, the habit of newspaper reading, going to the library, consulting a dictionary, etc.

Hence, we can conclude that all the given options are among the principles of language teaching. That's why 4th option is correct.

Language tests are tests that play a significant role in the teaching-learning process of language. Language tests measure the learning, skills learned by learners and also help in finding mistakes and weak areas of the students.

Key Points

Qualities of a good language test:

Hence, it could be concluded that the qualities of a good language test do not include subjectivity.

The correct answer is option 2) i.e., 'Dr Brahm Prakash'.

Key Points

• In the given passage it has been stated that  Dr Kalam worked with three great minds. Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, of the Dept. of Space, Professor Satish Dhawan, who succeeded him and Dr. Brahm Prakash, father of nuclear material.
• Thus, option 2 is the correct answer for the given question. 

The correct answer is 'guess'
Key Points

• The most appropriate answer for this question is 'guess.'
• The word prediction is a noun and its meaning is a statement about what you think will happen in the future. 
  • Example: Please don't ask me to make any predictions about tomorrow's meeting.
• ​So the guess is the correct synonym of the word prediction.
• Thus the correct answer is option 3.
  Additional Information

• Let's discuss some Synonyms and antonyms of the word prediction.
  • ​​Synonyms: anticipate, forecast, envision
  • Antonyms: unforeseen, ignore, measure