Biodiversity And Conservation - Class 10 MCQ

The Oldest Breeding Method: Selection
Selection is the oldest breeding method among the options provided (Hybridization, Selection, Mutation breeding, and Introduction). This method has been practiced by humans for thousands of years and has played a crucial role in the domestication and improvement of various plant and animal species.
Explanation:
1. Selection:
- Selection involves choosing and breeding individuals with desirable traits to pass on those traits to the next generation.
- This method is based on the observation that certain individuals possess advantageous characteristics that make them more suitable for specific purposes or environments.
- Over generations, continuous selection can lead to the accumulation of desired traits and the development of new varieties or breeds.
2. Hybridization:
- Hybridization involves the crossing of two genetically distinct individuals to produce offspring with enhanced traits.
- While hybridization has been practiced for several centuries, it is not the oldest breeding method compared to selection.
3. Mutation breeding:
- Mutation breeding involves inducing mutations in the DNA of organisms to generate new genetic variations.
- This method is relatively recent and was first introduced in the mid-20th century utilizing radiation or chemicals to induce mutations.
4. Introduction:
- Introduction refers to the introduction of new individuals or populations into a breeding program to introduce novel genetic material.
- This method is commonly used to increase genetic diversity within a population but is not the oldest breeding method.
In conclusion:
Selection is the oldest breeding method among the provided options. It has been practiced by humans for thousands of years and has played a significant role in the improvement and domestication of various species. Other breeding methods, such as hybridization, mutation breeding, and introduction, have been developed relatively recently in comparison.

C. Herbivores
Some of the dominant organisms found on Earth nowadays are herbivores. Herbivores are organisms that primarily consume plants and plant material as their main source of food. They play an important role in various ecosystems and food chains. Here are some examples of dominant herbivores found on Earth:
1. Grazing mammals: Grazing mammals such as deer, antelopes, and bison feed on grasses and other vegetation in grassland ecosystems. They are often found in large herds and play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of plant populations.
2. Insect herbivores: Insects like caterpillars, beetles, and grasshoppers are also dominant herbivores. They feed on leaves, stems, and other plant parts, and their feeding activities can significantly impact plant growth and reproduction.
3. Herbivorous fish: Many fish species, such as tilapia and silver carp, primarily feed on aquatic plants. They help control the growth of aquatic vegetation and maintain the health of freshwater ecosystems.
4. Herbivorous reptiles: Some reptiles, including tortoises and iguanas, are herbivores. They consume various plant materials, including leaves, fruits, and flowers. Their feeding habits contribute to seed dispersal and plant regeneration.
5. Herbivorous birds: Many bird species have a herbivorous diet, feeding on seeds, fruits, nectar, and other plant materials. Examples include finches, parrots, and toucans. They play a crucial role in pollination and seed dispersal.
6. Herbivorous rodents: While rodents were mentioned in the options, it is important to note that not all rodents are herbivores. However, some rodents such as squirrels and rabbits primarily consume plant material, making them dominant herbivores in certain ecosystems.
Overall, herbivores are essential for maintaining the balance and functioning of ecosystems. They help control plant populations, disperse seeds, and provide food for other organisms in the food web.

The Chipko movement is concerned with plant conservation.
The Chipko movement, also known as the Chipko Andolan, originated in the 1970s in the state of Uttarakhand, India. It is a grassroots environmental movement that focuses on the conservation of trees and forests. The movement gained widespread attention and support due to its unique and impactful strategies.
Reasons for the Chipko movement:
The Chipko movement emerged as a response to the rampant deforestation and exploitation of forests in the region. The main reasons for the movement include:
1. Deforestation: The indiscriminate cutting of trees for commercial purposes, such as timber and construction, was leading to ecological imbalance and loss of biodiversity.
2. Soil erosion: Deforestation was causing soil erosion, leading to landslides and the degradation of agricultural land.
3. Livelihoods: Local communities, especially tribal and indigenous people, heavily depend on forests for their livelihoods, including food, fuelwood, and medicinal plants.
Objectives of the Chipko movement:
The Chipko movement aimed to address the issues caused by deforestation and promote sustainable forest management. Its objectives include:
1. Protection of forests: The movement sought to prevent the felling of trees and conserve forests to maintain ecological balance and preserve biodiversity.
2. Community participation: It emphasized the involvement of local communities, particularly women, in decision-making processes regarding the use and conservation of forests.
3. Afforestation: The movement advocated for the planting of trees to restore degraded areas and increase forest cover.
4. Sustainable development: The Chipko movement promoted sustainable practices that would ensure the well-being of both the environment and the local communities.
Strategies and impact of the Chipko movement:
The movement employed various strategies to raise awareness and achieve its objectives:
1. Hugging trees: Villagers would physically embrace trees to prevent loggers from cutting them down, using non-violent resistance.
2. Mass protests: The movement organized large-scale protests and demonstrations to draw attention to the issue of deforestation.
3. Legal action: Activists filed petitions and legal cases to challenge the government's forest policies and demand the protection of forests.
4. Awareness campaigns: The Chipko movement conducted awareness campaigns to educate people about the importance of forests and the need for their conservation.
The Chipko movement had a significant impact on both environmental consciousness and policy-making. It led to the formulation of new forest policies in India and inspired similar movements worldwide. The movement's success in highlighting the importance of forests and community participation in conservation efforts continues to inspire environmental activism today.

Number of Ecological Hotspots in the World:
There are a total of 25 ecological hotspots in the world, according to the Conservation International's definition of hotspots.
Explanation:
1. What are ecological hotspots?
Ecological hotspots are regions that are characterized by a high level of biodiversity and are under significant threat of habitat loss. These areas are considered to be of global importance for conservation efforts.
2. How are ecological hotspots determined?
Conservation International has identified ecological hotspots based on two main criteria:
- The region must have at least 1,500 endemic plant species, which means that those species are found nowhere else in the world.
- The region must have lost at least 70% of its original habitat due to human activities.
3. How many ecological hotspots are there?
According to Conservation International's definition, there are a total of 25 ecological hotspots in the world. These hotspots are spread across various continents and include areas such as the Amazon Rainforest, the Mediterranean Basin, and the Caribbean Islands.
4. Importance of ecological hotspots:
Ecological hotspots are crucial for biodiversity conservation because they support a large number of unique and endangered species. Protecting these hotspots helps to preserve the Earth's natural heritage and maintain ecosystem services that are vital for human well-being.
In conclusion, there are 25 ecological hotspots in the world. These areas are of great importance for global conservation efforts due to their high biodiversity and the threats they face from habitat loss.

Ecological hotspots are regions rich in endemic plants and animals.They include-

1) The Eastern Himalayas that include Arunachal Pradesh, Bhutan and Eastern Nepal

2) The Western Ghats.

3) Sundaland which includes islands of Nicobar.

4) Indo-Burma which includes Northeast India and Andaman islands.

Convention on Biodiversity
The Convention on Biological Diversity is an international treaty that aims to promote the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. It was adopted during the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992.
Date of Entry into Force
The Convention on Biodiversity came into force on 29 December 1993. This means that the treaty officially became binding and enforceable on this date.
Significance
The entry into force of the Convention on Biodiversity marked an important milestone in global efforts to address the loss of biodiversity and promote its sustainable use. It recognized the intrinsic value of biodiversity and the need to conserve it for the benefit of present and future generations.
Key Objectives
The Convention on Biodiversity has three main objectives:
1. Conservation of Biological Diversity: The treaty aims to conserve biodiversity through the establishment of protected areas, the conservation of ecosystems, species, and genetic resources, and the sustainable use of natural resources.
2. Sustainable Use of Biological Resources: The treaty promotes the sustainable use of biological resources to ensure their long-term availability and equitable sharing of benefits derived from their utilization.
3. Fair and Equitable Benefit-Sharing: The treaty emphasizes the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources, particularly those obtained from indigenous and local communities.
Implementation
To achieve its objectives, the Convention on Biodiversity sets out various mechanisms and obligations for its parties, including the development of national biodiversity strategies and action plans, the establishment of protected areas, the regulation of access to genetic resources, and the provision of financial resources and technology transfer to developing countries.
Overall, the Convention on Biodiversity plays a crucial role in global efforts to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity, and its entry into force in 1993 marked a significant step forward in international environmental governance.

Problem: 25 hot spots of the world occupy an area of ?

To find the area occupied by 25 hot spots of the world, we need to calculate the percentage of the area they occupy in relation to the total area of the world.
Step 1: Determine the total number of hot spots in the world.
- We are given that there are 25 hot spots.
Step 2: Calculate the area occupied by these hot spots.
- Since the problem does not provide specific units for the area, we can assume it to be a percentage.
- To find the percentage, we divide the number of hot spots by the total number of possible hot spots in the world and multiply by 100.
- So, the percentage of the area occupied by these 25 hot spots is (25 / total number of hot spots in the world) * 100.
Step 3: Determine the total area of the world.
- Since the problem does not provide the total area of the world, we will assume it to be 100% for simplicity.
Step 4: Calculate the area occupied by the 25 hot spots.
- We will substitute the values into the formula:
(25 / total number of hot spots in the world) * 100 = (25 / 100) * 100 = 25%.
Step 5: Convert the percentage to a decimal.
- To convert the percentage to a decimal, we divide it by 100.
- So, the area occupied by the 25 hot spots is 25% / 100 = 0.25.
Therefore, the area occupied by 25 hot spots of the world is 0.25, which is equivalent to 1.4% (option D) when expressed as a percentage.

Definition of Hot Spot:
A hot spot refers to a high diversity ecological region that is characterized by a significant number of endemic species and is at risk of habitat loss and degradation.
Origin of the Term:
The term "hot spot" for high diversity ecological regions was coined by Myers.
Explanation:
- Myers, an American biologist, developed the concept of hot spots in the late 1980s.
- He proposed that these hot spots are areas that contain a large number of endemic species, meaning species that are unique and found only in that specific region.
- Myers further argued that these areas are of high conservation value because they are at risk of habitat destruction and species extinction due to human activities.
- He highlighted the importance of identifying and protecting these hot spots to preserve global biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.
- Myers' work on hot spots gained significant recognition and has since influenced conservation efforts worldwide.
- The concept of hot spots has been used by various organizations, including the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), to prioritize conservation actions and allocate resources effectively.
Conclusion:
The term "hot spot" for high diversity ecological regions was coined by Myers, an American biologist. His work on hot spots has been influential in global conservation efforts, emphasizing the need to protect these areas to preserve biodiversity.

Number of Biosphere Reserves in May 2002
The correct answer is A: 408 in 94 countries.
Explanation:
In May 2002, the number of biosphere reserves was 408 in 94 countries. Here's a detailed breakdown of the options and why option A is correct:
Option A: 408 in 94 countries
- This option states that there were 408 biosphere reserves in May 2002, spread across 94 countries.
- It matches the correct answer.
Option B: 217 in 65 countries
- This option states that there were 217 biosphere reserves in May 2002, spread across 65 countries.
- It does not match the correct answer.
Option C: 381 in 74 countries
- This option states that there were 381 biosphere reserves in May 2002, spread across 74 countries.
- It does not match the correct answer.
Option D: 449 in 103 countries
- This option states that there were 449 biosphere reserves in May 2002, spread across 103 countries.
- It does not match the correct answer.
Therefore, the correct answer is A: 408 in 94 countries.

A. Vulnerable
- Antilopa carvicapra, commonly known as the Black Buck, is categorized as "Vulnerable" according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List.
- The Black Buck is a species of antelope found primarily in India, Nepal, and Pakistan.
- The main threats to the Black Buck population include habitat loss and fragmentation, poaching, and competition with livestock for resources.
- Habitat loss occurs due to agricultural expansion, urbanization, and industrialization, leading to the destruction of grasslands and shrublands where the Black Buck resides.
- Poaching is another significant threat to the Black Buck, as their beautiful spiral horns and skin are highly valued in the illegal wildlife trade.
- Additionally, competition with livestock for food and water resources poses a challenge to the Black Buck's survival.
- Conservation efforts are being undertaken to protect the species, including the establishment of protected areas, habitat restoration, and anti-poaching measures.
- These conservation measures aim to mitigate the threats to the Black Buck population and ensure its long-term survival.
- Despite these efforts, the Black Buck remains classified as "Vulnerable" due to the ongoing threats it faces in its natural habitat.

Red Panda in India is classified as Endangered. Here is a detailed explanation:
Red Panda in India
- The Red Panda, scientifically known as Ailurus fulgens, is a small arboreal mammal native to the eastern Himalayas and southwestern China.
- In India, the Red Panda is found in the states of Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, and West Bengal, particularly in the Singalila National Park and Neora Valley National Park.
Conservation Status
- The conservation status of the Red Panda in India is classified as Endangered.
- The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categorizes the Red Panda as Endangered due to a significant population decline.
- The major threats to the Red Panda population include habitat loss and fragmentation, poaching, and climate change.
Reasons for Endangered Status
- Habitat Loss: Deforestation, agriculture expansion, and infrastructure development have led to the loss and fragmentation of the Red Panda's habitat.
- Poaching: Red Pandas are illegally hunted for their fur, which is highly valued in some regions.
- Climate Change: The changing climate patterns affect the availability of suitable habitat and food resources for the Red Panda, putting additional pressure on their populations.
Conservation Efforts
- Several initiatives have been taken to conserve the Red Panda in India and its habitat.
- Protected Areas: Singalila National Park and Neora Valley National Park have been established as protected areas to safeguard the Red Panda and its habitat.
- Community Involvement: Local communities are being engaged in conservation efforts, promoting sustainable livelihoods and reducing human-wildlife conflict.
- Awareness and Education: Awareness campaigns and educational programs are conducted to raise awareness about the importance of conserving the Red Panda and its ecosystem.
Overall, the Red Panda in India is classified as Endangered due to habitat loss, poaching, and climate change. Conservation efforts are essential to ensure the survival of this unique and charismatic species in the wild.

Alpha diversity is present within a community.
Alpha diversity refers to the diversity of species within a particular community or habitat. It is often measured using indices such as species richness (the number of different species) and species evenness (the relative abundance of different species).
Here's how to explain it in detail:
Definition of alpha diversity:
- Alpha diversity refers to the diversity of species within a specific community or habitat.
- It focuses on the number and abundance of species within a given area or sample.
Alpha diversity within a community:
- Alpha diversity is present within a community, meaning it measures the diversity of species within a specific ecosystem.
- It considers the species richness and evenness within the community, providing insights into the overall biodiversity of the area.
- The higher the species richness and evenness, the higher the alpha diversity within the community.
- It is an important measure to understand the health and stability of an ecosystem.
Comparison with other types of diversity:
- Beta diversity, on the other hand, measures the differences in species composition between different communities or habitats.
- Gamma diversity refers to the diversity of species across a larger spatial scale, such as a region or biome.
Importance of alpha diversity:
- Alpha diversity provides valuable information about the functioning and resilience of an ecosystem.
- High alpha diversity indicates a healthy and stable ecosystem, as it suggests a wide range of species are present.
- It also helps in understanding the interactions between different species and their roles in ecosystem processes.
Conclusion:
In summary, alpha diversity is present within a community and refers to the diversity of species within a specific ecosystem. It is an important measure of biodiversity and provides insights into the health and stability of an ecosystem. By considering species richness and evenness, alpha diversity helps in understanding the interactions and functioning of species within a community.

Biodiversity is determined by:
1. Species richness:
- Species richness refers to the number of different species present in a given area.
- It is an important component of biodiversity as it measures the variety of species within a community or ecosystem.
- Higher species richness indicates a greater diversity of organisms.
2. Evenness:
- Evenness, also known as species evenness or species equitability, refers to the relative abundance of different species in a community.
- It measures how evenly the individuals are distributed among the different species.
- A community with high evenness has similar abundances of each species, while a community with low evenness has one or a few dominant species and many rare species.
3. Number of individuals in an area:
- The number of individuals of different species present in a given area also contributes to biodiversity.
- It provides information about the population sizes and densities of different species.
- Higher numbers of individuals indicate a larger overall population size and potentially higher biodiversity.
4. Both '2' and '3' (Species richness and Evenness):
- Biodiversity is determined by a combination of species richness and evenness, as both factors contribute to the overall diversity of an ecosystem.
- Having a high number of different species (species richness) is important, but it is equally important for those species to be relatively evenly distributed (evenness).
- A diverse ecosystem with a variety of species and a balanced distribution of individuals among those species is considered to have high biodiversity.
In conclusion, biodiversity is determined by the number of different species (species richness), the evenness of their distribution (evenness), and the number of individuals in an area. All these factors play a crucial role in assessing and measuring the level of biodiversity in a given ecosystem.

Reasons for the extinction of numerous wild animals:
There are several reasons why numerous wild animals are facing extinction, but the most significant factor is deforestation.
1. Deforestation:
- Deforestation involves the clearing, destroying, or removal of trees and vegetation from an area.
- It leads to the loss of habitat for many wild animals, forcing them to migrate or adapt to new environments.
- Deforestation reduces the availability of food and shelter, making it difficult for animals to survive.
- It also disrupts the balance of ecosystems, leading to a decline in biodiversity.
2. Hunting:
- Unregulated hunting and poaching are major contributors to the extinction of wild animals.
- Animals are often hunted for their fur, tusks, horns, or other body parts, which are valuable in the illegal wildlife trade.
- Overhunting disrupts the natural population dynamics, leading to imbalances and ultimately extinction.
3. Overcrowding:
- Overcrowding can occur when human populations expand into natural habitats, causing conflicts and competition for resources.
- This can lead to the displacement or elimination of wild animals, particularly those that are less adaptable or have specific habitat requirements.
4. Scarcity of food:
- Changes in the environment, such as climate change and habitat loss, can result in a scarcity of food for wild animals.
- As their natural food sources diminish, animals may struggle to find enough sustenance to survive and reproduce, leading to population decline and ultimately extinction.
In conclusion, while hunting, overcrowding, and scarcity of food are contributing factors, the primary reason for the extinction of numerous wild animals is deforestation. It directly impacts their habitats, disrupts ecosystems, and reduces biodiversity. It is crucial to address deforestation and implement conservation measures to protect and preserve the remaining wild animal populations.

The first biosphere reserve was established in 1986 at Nilgiri.
Explanation:
- The first biosphere reserve in India was established in 1986 at Nilgiri.
- A biosphere reserve is an area that aims to conserve biodiversity while promoting sustainable economic development.
- It is designated by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) under its Man and the Biosphere (MAB) program.
- The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is located in the Western Ghats of South India, spanning across the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka.
- It encompasses a diverse range of ecosystems including tropical rainforests, grasslands, and wetlands.
- The reserve is home to several endangered species such as the Nilgiri tahr, Lion-tailed macaque, and Indian elephant.
- The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is known for its rich biodiversity and is also recognized as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
Key Points:
- The first biosphere reserve in India was established in 1986.
- It is located at Nilgiri in the Western Ghats of South India.
- The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is designated by UNESCO under its MAB program.
- It aims to conserve biodiversity and promote sustainable economic development.
- The reserve is home to several endangered species and is recognized as a World Heritage Site.

Conservation is:
Conservation refers to the sustainable management and protection of natural resources to ensure their long-term availability for future generations. It involves the responsible and efficient use of resources while minimizing waste and negative impacts on the environment. Conservation can be achieved through various practices and strategies.
Key points:
1. Protection of natural resources: Conservation involves safeguarding natural resources such as forests, water bodies, wildlife, and biodiversity from exploitation, degradation, and destruction. This includes implementing measures to prevent habitat loss, illegal hunting, deforestation, and pollution.
2. Management of natural resources: Conservation requires the effective management of natural resources to maintain their productivity and sustainability. This involves monitoring resource use, implementing regulations and policies, and promoting sustainable practices such as reforestation, sustainable agriculture, and renewable energy.
3. Proper use of natural resources: Conservation emphasizes the responsible and efficient use of natural resources to meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This includes promoting sustainable consumption patterns, reducing waste and pollution, and adopting eco-friendly technologies.
4. All of the above: Conservation encompasses all of the mentioned aspects, including the protection, management, and proper use of natural resources. It is a comprehensive approach that aims to balance human needs with environmental preservation.
In conclusion, conservation is the collective effort to protect, manage, and utilize natural resources in a sustainable manner. By implementing conservation practices, we can ensure the long-term viability of our ecosystems and secure a better future for both humans and the environment.

Black Buck is a protected species in India, and its hunting is strictly regulated by law. The hunting of Black Buck is not allowed by Bishnois, a community known for their strong conservation beliefs and efforts to protect wildlife. Here is a detailed explanation of the answer:
Explanation:
Black Buck
- Black Buck is a species of antelope found mainly in India, Pakistan, and Nepal.
- It is known for its distinctive black coat and long, spiral horns in males.
- Black Buck is considered an important species in the ecosystem and holds cultural significance in India.
Hunting Restrictions
- In India, the hunting of Black Buck is strictly regulated and protected under the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972.
- The Act prohibits the hunting, capturing, or killing of Black Buck without proper permits and licenses.
Bishnois
- The Bishnoi community, mainly concentrated in the state of Rajasthan, is known for their deep reverence for nature and wildlife conservation.
- Bishnois follow the teachings of their founder, Guru Jambheshwar, who preached about the importance of wildlife protection and sustainable living.
- They have a strong belief in the sacredness of all living beings and actively participate in wildlife conservation efforts.
Other Communities
- Bhils, Ahirs, and Jats are also communities in India, but they do not have the same level of conservation beliefs and practices as the Bishnois.
- While it is not to say that individuals from these communities do not support wildlife conservation, the Bishnois are particularly known for their dedication to protecting wildlife, including the Black Buck.
Therefore, the correct answer is A: Bishnois. They are not allowed to hunt Black Buck due to their strong conservation beliefs and practices.

Ranthambore National Park is situated in Rajasthan.
- Ranthambore National Park is one of the largest national parks in northern India.
- It is located in the Sawai Madhopur district of the state of Rajasthan.
- The park is situated at the junction of the Aravali and Vindhya hill ranges.
- Ranthambore National Park is known for its rich biodiversity and is a popular destination for wildlife enthusiasts and photographers.
- The park is particularly famous for its tiger population and is one of the best places in India to spot tigers in their natural habitat.
- Apart from tigers, the park is also home to a variety of other wildlife including leopards, sloth bears, wild boars, sambar deer, and various species of birds.
- The park is spread over an area of approximately 392 square kilometers and is characterized by its rugged terrain, lakes, and ancient ruins.
- Ranthambore National Park was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1957 and later became a national park in 1980.
- The park is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site and attracts a large number of tourists from around the world.

National Park associated with Rhinoceros is Kaziranga.
Explanation:
Kaziranga National Park is a renowned national park located in the Indian state of Assam. It is known for its remarkable population of the Indian Rhinoceros, making it the national park associated with this majestic animal. Here is a detailed explanation:
1. Kaziranga National Park:
- Kaziranga National Park is situated in the Golaghat and Nagaon districts of Assam, India.
- It was established as a wildlife sanctuary in 1908 and later declared a national park in 1974.
- This UNESCO World Heritage Site covers an area of approximately 430 square kilometers.
- The park is home to the largest population of the Indian Rhinoceros in the world, with over 2,400 individuals.
- Apart from rhinoceros, Kaziranga is also home to various other species like tigers, elephants, water buffaloes, swamp deer, and numerous bird species.
2. Conservation Efforts:
- Kaziranga National Park has played a vital role in the conservation of the Indian Rhinoceros.
- The park's successful conservation efforts have led to a steady increase in the rhino population over the years.
- Strict anti-poaching measures and habitat preservation initiatives have been implemented to protect this endangered species.
3. Unique Ecosystem:
- Kaziranga National Park is known for its unique ecosystem, consisting of tall elephant grass, marshland, and dense tropical forests.
- The park is crisscrossed by four major rivers, namely Brahmaputra, Diphlu, Mora Diphlu, and Mora Dhansiri, which provide water and support diverse wildlife.
4. Tourism and Safaris:
- Kaziranga National Park attracts a significant number of tourists who come to witness the rhinos and other wildlife in their natural habitat.
- Jeep and elephant safaris are popular ways to explore the park and observe its rich biodiversity up close.
In conclusion, Kaziranga National Park is the national park associated with the Rhinoceros. It is renowned for its conservation efforts and the largest population of Indian Rhinoceros in the world. Visitors can enjoy the unique ecosystem and witness various other wildlife species apart from the rhinos during their visit to this remarkable national park.

Tiger Reserve and State:
- Palamau - Orissa: Incorrect match. Palamau Tiger Reserve is located in the state of Jharkhand, not Orissa.
- Bandipur - T.N.: Incorrect match. Bandipur Tiger Reserve is located in the state of Karnataka, not Tamil Nadu.
- Manas - Assam: Correct match. Manas Tiger Reserve is located in the state of Assam.
- Corbett - MP: Incorrect match. Corbett Tiger Reserve is located in the state of Uttarakhand, not Madhya Pradesh.
Therefore, the correct match for Tiger Reserve and its state is:
C: Manas - Assam

Answer:
Gavialis gangeticus, also known as the Gharial, is a type of animal that falls under the category of being both rare and threatened. Here is a detailed explanation:
Rarity of Gavialis gangeticus:
- The Gharial is considered rare because its population has significantly declined over the years.
- It is estimated that there are only a few hundred Gharials left in the wild.
- The species is endemic to the Indian subcontinent and is mainly found in rivers such as the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Mahanadi.
Threatened Status of Gavialis gangeticus:
- Gavialis gangeticus is also classified as threatened due to various factors that pose risks to its survival.
- Habitat loss and degradation, mainly caused by human activities such as dam construction and sand mining, have significantly affected the Gharial's population.
- Additionally, pollution, fishing practices, and accidental drowning in fishing nets have also contributed to the decline in numbers.
- The Gharial is also vulnerable to climate change, as rising temperatures and changes in river flow patterns impact its nesting and breeding habits.
Conclusion:
Considering the rarity and threatened status of Gavialis gangeticus, it can be concluded that the correct answer is option C: Rare and threatened.

Sariska National Park
- Sariska National Park is situated in Rajasthan, India.
- It is located in the Alwar district of Rajasthan.
- The park is approximately 107 km away from Jaipur, the capital city of Rajasthan.
- Sariska National Park is a part of the Aravalli Range and covers an area of about 866 square kilometers.
- It was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1955 and later became a national park in 1979.
- The park is known for its rich biodiversity and is home to various species of flora and fauna.
- Some of the prominent wildlife species found in Sariska National Park include Bengal tigers, leopards, hyenas, sambars, chitals, and many others.
- The park also boasts of a diverse avian population with more than 200 species of birds.
- Sariska National Park is a popular tourist destination and offers various activities such as safari tours, nature walks, and bird watching.
- The park is also known for its historical significance as it houses the Sariska Palace, which was once a hunting lodge of the Maharajas of Alwar.
- Visitors can explore the park through jeep safaris or guided walks and experience the beauty of the natural surroundings and wildlife.

Periyar National Park is located in the state of Kerala.
Here is a detailed explanation:
Location:
- Periyar National Park is located in the Western Ghats of the Idukki district in the state of Kerala, India.
- It is situated on the banks of the Periyar River.
Key Points:
- Periyar National Park is one of the most popular national parks in South India.
- It was established in 1982 and is spread over an area of about 925 square kilometers.
- The park is known for its rich biodiversity and diverse flora and fauna.
- It is home to several endangered species like the Bengal tiger, Indian elephant, lion-tailed macaque, Nilgiri langur, and Indian bison (gaur).
- The park is also a sanctuary for various species of birds and reptiles.
- The Periyar Lake, formed by the Mullaperiyar Dam, is a prominent feature of the national park and offers boat rides for tourists to enjoy the scenic beauty and spot wildlife.
- Periyar National Park is also known for its ecotourism activities, including trekking, bamboo rafting, and nature walks.
- The park is managed by the Kerala Forest Department and is a part of the Periyar Tiger Reserve, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Conclusion:
Periyar National Park, located in the state of Kerala, is a significant wildlife sanctuary known for its biodiversity and the conservation of endangered species like tigers and elephants. It offers various activities for tourists to explore and experience the beauty of the Western Ghats.

Endangered Species:
- The endangered species among the given options is Pythan molurus, which is commonly known as the Indian Python.
Explanation:
- Panthera leo perrica refers to the Persian lion, which is extinct in the wild and not classified as endangered.
- Chelonia mydas refers to the green sea turtle, which is classified as endangered but is not the correct answer in this case.
- Pallas Siberian crane is not an endangered species and is listed as a species of "least concern" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
Key Points:
- The Indian Python (Pythan molurus) is the only species among the given options that is classified as endangered.
- The Indian Python faces threats such as habitat loss, poaching, and illegal wildlife trade, which have contributed to its declining population.
- Conservation efforts are being implemented to protect and restore the population of Indian Pythons, including habitat preservation, anti-poaching measures, and raising awareness about the importance of this species in the ecosystem.

Trishna Sanctuary located in Tripura
Introduction:
Trishna Sanctuary is a popular wildlife sanctuary located in the state of Tripura in India. It is known for its rich biodiversity and stunning natural beauty.
Location:
Trishna Sanctuary is located in the southern part of Tripura, a state in northeastern India. It is situated near the Bangladesh border and covers an area of approximately 163.08 square kilometers.
Flora and Fauna:
- The sanctuary is home to a diverse range of flora and fauna species.
- It is known for its lush green forests, which consist of various types of trees, including sal, teak, bamboo, and many others.
- The sanctuary is inhabited by several wildlife species such as elephants, tigers, leopards, wild buffaloes, barking deer, langurs, and various species of birds and reptiles.
Attractions and Activities:
- Trishna Sanctuary offers an excellent opportunity for wildlife enthusiasts and nature lovers to explore the natural beauty and wildlife of the region.
- Visitors can enjoy wildlife safaris and birdwatching in the sanctuary.
- The sanctuary also has a watchtower from where visitors can get a panoramic view of the surrounding landscape and spot wildlife.
- Trekking and nature walks are popular activities in the sanctuary, allowing visitors to immerse themselves in the serene ambiance of the forest.
Conclusion:
Trishna Sanctuary in Tripura is a must-visit destination for nature lovers and wildlife enthusiasts. Its diverse flora and fauna, along with various recreational activities, make it a perfect place to experience the beauty of nature.

Valley of Flower Biosphere Reserve
The correct answer is C: Uttarakhand.
About Valley of Flower Biosphere Reserve
The Valley of Flower Biosphere Reserve is located in the state of Uttarakhand, India. It was established in 1982 and is spread over an area of about 87.50 square kilometers. This reserve is known for its breathtaking natural beauty and is often referred to as the "Valley of Flower" due to the wide variety of flowers found here.
Key Points about Valley of Flower Biosphere Reserve
Here are some important details about the Valley of Flower Biosphere Reserve:
1. Location: The reserve is situated in the western Himalayas, in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand.
2. Flora and Fauna: The Valley of Flower is home to a diverse range of plant and animal species. It boasts over 500 species of flowering plants, including rare and endangered ones. The reserve also supports various wildlife species such as the snow leopard, musk deer, Himalayan black bear, and many species of birds.
3. UNESCO World Heritage Site: The Valley of Flower Biosphere Reserve is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It was included in the list in 2005 for its exceptional natural beauty and biodiversity.
4. Trekking Destination: The Valley of Flower is a popular trekking destination, attracting nature lovers and adventure enthusiasts from around the world. The trek to the valley offers stunning views of snow-capped mountains, glaciers, and the vibrant floral carpet spread across the valley.
5. Conservation Efforts: The biosphere reserve is actively involved in the conservation and protection of its unique ecosystem. Several measures have been taken to preserve the fragile biodiversity of the region, including strict regulations on tourism and trekking activities.
6. Opening Season: The Valley of Flower Biosphere Reserve is open to visitors from June to October, which is the best time to witness the blooming of flowers.
Conclusion
The Valley of Flower Biosphere Reserve, known for its mesmerizing beauty and rich biodiversity, is located in Uttarakhand, India. It is a haven for nature lovers and offers a unique experience of trekking amidst a colorful carpet of flowers. The reserve's inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage List highlights its significance as a natural heritage site. Conservation efforts are being undertaken to protect and preserve this pristine ecosystem for future generations to enjoy.

Biosphere
The term "biosphere" refers to the part of the Earth's atmosphere where living organisms can exist. It is the zone where life thrives and includes all ecosystems on the planet.
Explanation:
The biosphere encompasses various habitats, such as forests, grasslands, oceans, and even areas deep underground. It is characterized by the presence of living organisms and their interactions with the environment.
Here is a detailed explanation of why option B is the correct answer:
1. Part of atmosphere where the livings can live: This option accurately describes the biosphere because it represents the area on Earth where living organisms can survive and thrive. The biosphere includes not only the atmosphere but also the lithosphere (Earth's crust), hydrosphere (water bodies), and the portion of the atmosphere where life can be sustained.
2. Part of atmosphere where the livings cannot live: This option is incorrect as the biosphere specifically refers to the areas where living organisms can exist. It does not include regions of the atmosphere where life cannot be supported, such as the uppermost layers of the atmosphere or extreme conditions like outer space.
3. Both (1) and (2): This option is incorrect as the biosphere only includes areas where living organisms can live. It does not encompass regions where life cannot exist.
4. None of the above: This option is incorrect as option B, "Part of atmosphere where the livings can live," accurately describes the biosphere.
In conclusion, the correct answer is option B, "Part of atmosphere where the livings can live," as it best defines the concept of the biosphere.

Preservation in National Park
National parks are protected areas that are established to conserve and preserve natural resources, including both flora and fauna. Here's a detailed explanation of what is preserved in national parks:
1. Flora:
- Flora refers to the plant life found in a particular area.
- National parks preserve a wide range of plant species, including trees, shrubs, grasses, flowers, and other vegetation.
- These parks protect and maintain the natural habitats of various plant species, ensuring their survival and promoting biodiversity.
- Flora conservation helps maintain the ecological balance and provides habitats for wildlife.
2. Fauna:
- Fauna includes the animal life found in a particular area.
- National parks play a crucial role in preserving diverse wildlife populations, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates.
- These protected areas provide suitable habitats, food sources, and protection from human activities that can harm or disrupt wildlife.
- Fauna conservation in national parks helps maintain healthy ecosystems, protects endangered species, and supports ecological processes.
3. Both (1) and (2):
- National parks aim to preserve both flora and fauna to maintain the overall balance and health of the ecosystems.
- The conservation efforts in national parks ensure the protection of plant and animal species, as well as their habitats.
- By preserving both flora and fauna, national parks contribute to maintaining biodiversity and promoting sustainable ecosystems.
Therefore, the correct answer is C: Both (1) and (2). National parks preserve and protect both flora and fauna to maintain the natural heritage and ecological integrity of these areas.

Introduction:
Conservation is crucial for protecting biodiversity and preserving ecosystems. One of the new approaches to conservation is the establishment of biosphere reserves.
Biosphere Reserves:
1. Biosphere reserves are designated areas that aim to conserve biodiversity while promoting sustainable development.
2. They are unique because they integrate three main functions: conservation, development, and logistic support.
3. These reserves serve as living laboratories for testing and demonstrating sustainable practices.
4. Biosphere reserves often include core areas, buffer zones, and transition areas to ensure the protection of biodiversity.
Conservation Benefits:
1. Protection of Biodiversity: Biosphere reserves play a crucial role in conserving flora and fauna, including endangered species.
2. Ecosystem Services: These reserves help maintain essential ecosystem services such as water purification, climate regulation, and soil conservation.
3. Sustainable Development: Biosphere reserves promote sustainable development by encouraging local communities to engage in eco-friendly practices like organic farming, ecotourism, and sustainable resource management.
4. Education and Research: These reserves provide opportunities for scientific research and education, allowing scientists and students to study and understand ecosystems and their dynamics.
Challenges and Solutions:
1. Human Activities: Human activities such as deforestation, poaching, and pollution pose threats to biosphere reserves. Strict regulations, community involvement, and awareness campaigns can help address these challenges.
2. Climate Change: Climate change impacts ecosystems and biodiversity. Adaptation strategies and sustainable practices can mitigate the effects of climate change.
3. Stakeholder Engagement: Engaging local communities, indigenous people, and stakeholders in the decision-making process fosters their support and involvement in conservation efforts.
4. Monitoring and Evaluation: Regular monitoring and evaluation of biodiversity and ecosystem health are essential to identify potential risks and take timely corrective measures.
Conclusion:
Establishing biosphere reserves is a new approach to conservation that integrates conservation, development, and logistic support. These reserves contribute to the protection of biodiversity, sustainable development, and scientific research. However, addressing challenges such as human activities and climate change require collaborative efforts from various stakeholders to ensure the long-term success of biosphere reserves.

Ex-situ conservation methods for endangered species:
Cryopreservation:
- Cryopreservation is a method of preserving genetic material, such as sperm, eggs, or embryos, at extremely low temperatures.
- It involves freezing the material in liquid nitrogen at temperatures below -196°C, which allows it to be stored for long periods without losing viability.
- Cryopreservation is particularly useful for endangered species with low population numbers or species that are difficult to breed in captivity.
- It can help maintain genetic diversity and prevent the loss of valuable genetic traits.
Wildlife Sanctuaries:
- Wildlife sanctuaries are protected areas of land where endangered species and their habitats are conserved and protected from human activities.
- These sanctuaries provide a safe and secure environment for endangered species to thrive.
- They often have regulations in place to limit human disturbance and conserve the natural ecosystems that support these species.
Biosphere Reserves:
- Biosphere reserves are designated areas that aim to conserve biodiversity and promote sustainable development.
- They serve as living laboratories for research and education, while also providing protection to endangered species and their habitats.
- Biosphere reserves often involve the cooperation of local communities, scientists, and government agencies to manage and conserve the natural resources within the designated area.
National Parks:
- National parks are protected areas of land that are established by governments to conserve natural landscapes, wildlife, and ecosystems.
- They provide a refuge for endangered species by preserving their habitats and limiting human activities that may harm them.
- National parks also offer opportunities for scientific research, education, and ecotourism, while ensuring the long-term survival of endangered species.
Among these ex-situ conservation methods, cryopreservation specifically focuses on preserving genetic material, while wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves, and national parks aim to protect the entire ecosystem and ensure the survival of endangered species in their natural habitats.