UGC NET Paper 1 Mock Test - 2 - UGC NET MCQ

The correct response is Facilitating a project where students research local environmental issues and propose solutions.

Key Points

• Option 3 promotes student-centered learning by placing them in the driver's seat.
• They actively research, analyze, and propose solutions, fostering critical thinking, collaboration, and ownership of their learning.
• The other options involve passive information consumption or guided experiences, aligning more with teacher-centeredness.

Additional Information

Student-centered learning (SCL) flips the traditional classroom script, shifting the focus from teacher-directed instruction to active student engagement. It's an umbrella term encompassing various approaches that prioritize the individual needs, interests, and learning styles of each student. Here are some key characteristics:

1. Shift in Ownership: Students become partners in their learning journey, taking ownership of their goals, pace, and even to some extent, content exploration. This can involve activities like project-based learning, choice boards, or personalized learning plans.

2. Active Engagement: SCL moves beyond passive knowledge absorption. Students participate actively in discussions, problem-solving, and collaborative activities. This could involve simulations, debates, group research, or creative presentations.

3. Differentiated Instruction: Teachers cater to individual differences by employing diverse teaching methods, resources, and assessments. This might involve offering multiple pathways to mastery, tiered activities, or personalized feedback.

4. Focus on Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Instead of simply memorizing facts, students are encouraged to ask questions, analyze information, and form their own conclusions. This can happen through open-ended questioning, research projects, or problem-solving tasks.

5. Development of 21st Century Skills: SCL emphasizes skills like collaboration, communication, creativity, and critical thinking that are crucial for success in the modern world. Students learn to solve real-world problems, adapt to change, and think independently.

The correct response is All of the above.

Key Points

Each option presents a significant challenge that inhibits the potential of mass media for environmental development:

Lack of access: In rural areas, limited internet connectivity, lack of media devices, and language barriers can restrict access to environmental information and participation in online discussions.
Commercial interests: Media outlets often prioritize sensational or profit-driven stories, obscuring nuanced environmental issues or promoting unsustainable practices through advertising.
Limited media literacy: Audiences, especially in vulnerable communities, might lack the skills to critically analyze information, identify biases, and discern credible sources from misinformation.

Additional Information

In communication, "mass media" refers to channels or technologies that can reach a large audience simultaneously. It's not just about the tools but also the processes and systems involved in producing, disseminating, and consuming information for a broad spectrum of people.

Here are some key characteristics of mass media in communication:

One-to-Many Communication: Unlike interpersonal communication where messages are exchanged directly between individuals, mass media transmits information from a single source (individual, organization, etc.) to a large, dispersed audience.

Wide Reach and Penetration: Mass media platforms like television, radio, newspapers, and the Internet have the potential to reach millions of people across geographical boundaries, making them powerful tools for disseminating information and shaping public opinion.

Formalized and Controlled Content: Information communicated through mass media often undergoes editing, selection, and formatting to fit specific platforms and target audiences. This control over content can influence how messages are perceived and interpreted.

Heterogeneity of Audiences: Mass media audiences are diverse in terms of demographics, interests, and backgrounds. This presents challenges in crafting messages that resonate with everyone and raises questions about representation and accessibility.

Commercialization: Mass media operates within a complex economic system, often relying on advertising, sponsorships, and subscriptions for revenue. This can influence the type of content produced and the way it is framed.

Key Points

• In traditional square of opposition logic, there are several types of relationships between different types of statements. One of these is "subalternation". In a subalternation relationship, the truth of the universal form of a statement (either positive or negative) guarantees the truth of its particular form.
  

Here are the classifications of statements:

• A. All dogs are mammals (Universal Affirmative) B. No dogs are mammals (Universal Negative) C. Some dogs are not mammals (Particular Negative) D. Some dogs are mammals (Particular Affirmative)
• According to the rules of subalternation:
• If a universal affirmative proposition (A) - "All dogs are mammals" - is true, then its subalternate, the particular affirmative proposition (D) - "Some dogs are mammals" - must also be true. In other words, if all dogs are indeed mammals, it must also be true that at least some dogs are mammals.

Therefore, statements A (All dogs are mammals) and D (Some dogs are mammals) form a subalternate pair, hence option 4 (A and D only) is the correct answer.

Given:

Calculation:

The total boys passed from class XI = 300

The total girls in class XII = 270

So, the number of boys who passed is more than the total number of girls.

So, Difference = (300 - 270) = 30

Now, Required percentage = (30/270) × 100% = 11.11%

∴ Total boys passed from class XI is 11.11% more than the total number of girls in class XII.

Given:

Calculation:

Total number of students from class IX class X and class XI is = (160 + 360 + 500)

⇒ 1020

The average of them = 1020/3

⇒ 340

∴ The average number of students passed from class IX, class X and class XI in the exam is 340.

Given:

Calculation:

The total number of boys who passed the exam = (64 + 180 + 300 + 189)

⇒ 733

The total numbers of girls who appeared in the exam = (120 + 200 + 250 + 270)

⇒ 840

The total number of girls who passed in the exam = (96 + 180 + 200 + 189)

⇒ 665

The total number of girls who failed in the exam = (840 - 665)

⇒ 175

The difference between them = (733 - 175)

⇒ 558

∴ The difference between the total boys who passed and the total girls who failed the exam is 558.

Given:

Calculation:

The total number of girls from class IX, who appeared in the exam = 120

Out of them the number of girls who passed the exam = 96

So, the number of girls who failed = (120 - 96)

⇒ 24

∴ In class IX, 24 girls failed the exam.

The square of opposition is a diagram that shows the logical relationships between the four primary forms of propositions in classical logic. The four forms are:

• A propositions: All S are P.
• E propositions: No S are P.
• I propositions: Some S are P.
• O propositions: Some S are not P.

The relationships between the four forms are shown in the following table:

Key Points

1. A: If 'No stars are Dull' is True (This is an E proposition - Universal Negative)

   • If E is true, the corresponding A proposition ('All stars are dull') would be false, and the O proposition ('Some stars are dull') would be true. Thus, O is true. Therefore, IV is the correct match.

2. B: If 'Some flowers are fragrant' is True (This is an I proposition - Particular Affirmative)

   • If I is true, both A ('All flowers are fragrant') and O ('Some flowers are not fragrant') are undetermined. Thus, III is the correct match.

3. C: If 'All sweets are sugary' is True (This is an A proposition - Universal Affirmative)

   • If A is true, E ('No sweets are sugary') would be false, and I ('Some sweets are sugary') would be true. Thus, II is the correct match.

4. D: If 'Some animals are not mammals' is True (This is an O proposition - Particular Negative)

   • If O is true, both E ('No animals are mammals') and I ('Some animals are mammals') are undetermined. Thus, I is the correct match.

Thus, the correct answer is: A - IV, B - III, C - II, D - I.

India is faced with the challenge of sustaining its rapid economic growth while dealing with the global threat of climate change.

Key Points

• The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) describes the features of the National Water Mission.
• A National Water Mission will be mounted to ensure integrated water resource management helping to conserve water, minimize wastage and ensure more equitable distribution both across and within states.

Important Points

• The Mission will take into account the provisions of the National Water Policy and develop a framework to optimize water use by increasing water use efficiency by 20% through regulatory mechanisms with differential entitlements and pricing.
• The National Water Policy would be revisited in consultation with States to ensure basin-level management strategies to deal with variability in rainfall and river flows due to climate change.

Hence The National water mission under the climate Action plan of the Government of India seeks to improve water use efficiency by 20%.

Additional Information

Goals of the National Water Mission

• Comprehensive water database in the public domain and assessment of the impact of climate change on water resources
• Promotion of citizen and state action for water conservation, augmentation, and preservation
• Focused attention to vulnerable areas including overexploited areas Increasing water use efficiency by 20% Promotion of basin level integrated water resources management.

The correct answer is 'To provide structure, order, and standards of conduct.’

Key Points

• Government rules establish the framework for societal functioning.
• They ensure orderliness and promote adherence to standards of conduct.
• Government rules safeguard individual rights and promote justice.
• Through laws and regulations, governments address societal issues and maintain public safety.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Additional Information

• Option 1: Government rules typically aim to protect individual liberties rather than restrict them.
• Option 3: Government rules seek to promote equality and justice rather than inequality.
• Option 4: Government rules prioritize public safety rather than limit it.

The correct answer is 'To contribute to the collective well-being and progress of the community.’
Key Points

• Individual roles are crucial for the welfare and progress of society.
• Citizens contribute to societal welfare through civic activities and respecting others' rights.
• By fulfilling their obligations, individuals uphold the integrity of the social fabric.
• Active participation in society fosters collective well-being and progress.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.
Additional Information

• Option 1: Individual roles typically aim to enhance societal welfare rather than undermine it.
• Option 3: Individual roles involve respecting the rights of others rather than violating them.
• Option 4: Individual roles promote order and harmony rather than chaos and disorder

The correct answer is 'By establishing standards of conduct and promoting justice.’
Key Points

• Government rules provide structure and order to society.
• They establish standards of conduct that promote justice and fairness.
• Government rules safeguard individual rights while ensuring collective well-being.
• Through laws and regulations, governments maintain societal order and address societal issues.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.
Additional Information

• Option 1: Government rules aim to prevent chaos and disorder rather than promote them.
• Option 3: Government rules typically aim to protect individual rights and freedoms.
• Option 4: Government rules seek to promote equality and justice rather than inequality.

The correct answer is 'To contribute to collective well-being and progress.’
Key Points

• Individual roles are crucial for societal progress and advancement.
• Citizens contribute to progress through active participation in civic activities and respecting societal norms.
• By fulfilling their obligations as law-abiding members of society, individuals uphold the integrity of the social fabric.
• Active engagement in societal affairs fosters collective well-being and progress.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.
Additional Information

• Option 1: Individual roles typically aim to enhance societal advancement rather than hinder it.
• Option 2: Individual roles promote order and harmony rather than chaos and disruption.
• Option 4: Individual roles involve adhering to societal norms and standards rather than violating them.

The method of teaching where a new teacher practices her teaching techniques in a simplified and reduced context before applying them in a full classroom setting is commonly referred to as micro teaching.

Key Points

• Micro teaching is a teacher training technique that involves breaking down a teaching skill into smaller, more manageable steps. The teacher then practices these steps in a simulated classroom setting, with a small group of students or peers. This allows the teacher to receive feedback on their teaching and to make adjustments before using the skill in a full classroom setting.
• Micro teaching is a valuable tool for new teachers, as it allows them to practice their teaching skills in a safe and supportive environment. It can also be used by experienced teachers to develop new teaching skills or to improve their existing teaching skills.
• Here are some of the benefits of using micro teaching:
  • It allows teachers to practice their teaching skills in a safe and supportive environment.
  • It provides teachers with feedback on their teaching so that they can make adjustments.
  • It helps teachers to develop new teaching skills and to improve their existing teaching skills.
  • It can help teachers to identify their strengths and weaknesses as teachers.
  • It can help teachers to develop a more confident and polished teaching style.
• Micro teaching can be used to practice a variety of teaching skills, such as:
• Lesson planning
  • Classroom management
  • Delivery of instruction
  • Questioning techniques
  • Assessment techniques
• Micro teaching can be used in a variety of settings, such as:
  • Teacher training programs
  • Professional development workshops
  • Schools and other educational institutions
• If you are a new teacher or if you are interested in developing your teaching skills, I encourage you to consider using micro teaching. It is a valuable tool that can help you to become a better teacher.

Key - Points
Assertion A: A fallacy occurs when the middle term appears to be the reason but it is not a valid reason.
Explanation:

• Fallacy is the class name given to bad (illogical) arguments.
• Fallacies are errors or tricks of reasoning.
• We call a fallacy an error of reasoning if it occurs accidentally; we call it a trick of reasoning if a speaker or writer uses it in order to deceive or manipulate his audience.
• They give you the impression that they are valid.
• There are four main categories: fallacies of relevance, induction, presumption, and ambiguity.
• A fallacy occurs when the middle term appears to be the reason but it is not a valid reason.

Thus, A is correct.
Reason R: In Indian logic, a fallacy is called hetvabhasa.
Explanation:

• Hetvabhasa is a Sanskrit term that means fallacy in the English language.
• In other words, in Indian logic, a fallacy is called Hetvabhasa.
• There are five kinds of fallacies according to Nyaya school: Savyabhicāraḥ, Virudhaḥ, Satpratipakshaḥ, Asidhdhaḥ and Bādhitaḥ.
• All five fallacies are regarded as material fallacies.
• Material fallacies occur when the reasoning is unsound because of an error concerning the subject matter of the argument.
• Material fallacies are also known as fallacies of presumption.
• They are informal fallacies.
• They are committed by deductive arguments.

Thus, R is correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is an intergovernmental organization with the primary objective of promoting solar energy usage and reducing dependence on fossil fuels.

Key PointsStatement I: The International Solar Alliance is headquartered in Paris, France.

• The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is headquartered in Gurugram, India, not Paris, France.
• ISA is an alliance of more than 121 countries, primarily located between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, that are committed to reducing their dependence on fossil fuels and promoting the use of solar energy.
• It was launched jointly by the Prime Minister of India and the President of France in 2015 at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris.

Hence Statement I is incorrect.

Statement II: The objective of the International Solar Alliance is to provide financial assistance only to countries for the development of renewable energy.

• The ISA aims to achieve a number of objectives, including increasing the deployment of solar power generation, reducing the cost of solar power generation, and promoting universal access to energy.
• Additionally, the alliance seeks to create a platform for member countries to collaborate on solar energy policies and programs, and to provide a forum for sharing best practices and lessons learned.
• While the ISA does provide a platform for member countries to collaborate on solar energy policies and programs, its objective is not solely to provide financial assistance for the development of renewable energy.

Hence Statement II is incorrect.

All of the above can be good alternatives to ipsative assessment, depending on the specific context and purpose of the assessment. The best way to choose the most appropriate type of assessment is to consider the following factors:

• Purpose of the assessment: What information do you need to gather about the student's learning?
• Learning objectives: What specific skills or knowledge are you trying to assess?
• Student characteristics: Are you assessing a large group of students or an individual student?
• Available resources: What time, materials, and personnel do you have available?

Key Points

• The norm-referenced assessment compares a student's performance to the performance of other students in a similar group or population. This type of assessment is often used to make decisions about placement, eligibility, and ranking. Norm-referenced assessments can be a good alternative to ipsative assessment because they provide information about a student's performance relative to their peers, which can be helpful for making comparisons and setting goals.
• Criterion-referenced assessment compares a student's performance to a set of pre-established criteria or standards. This type of assessment is often used to measure mastery of specific skills or knowledge. Criterion-referenced assessments can be a good alternative to ipsative assessment because they provide information about whether a student has met specific learning objectives, which can be helpful for tracking progress and making decisions about instructional interventions.
• Portfolio assessment is a method of collecting and evaluating a student's work over time. This type of assessment can be used to track a student's progress, identify strengths and weaknesses, and showcase a student's best work. Portfolio assessments can be a good alternative to ipsative assessments because they provide a more comprehensive and holistic view of a student's learning than a single test or assessment.

Additional Information

• Ipsative assessment is a type of assessment that compares a student's performance to their own past performance. This type of assessment can be a good alternative to norm-referenced, criterion-referenced, and portfolio assessments in certain situations, such as tracking a student's progress over time or identifying areas for improvement. However, ipsative assessment does not provide information about a student's performance relative to their peers or against pre-established standards, which can be limiting in some cases.

The correct answer is Written memos.

Key Points Written memos are a form of verbal communication, not non-verbal communication. Verbal communication involves the use of written or spoken words to convey a message. In the case of written memos, information is communicated through written language, making it a form of verbal communication.

Let's briefly explain the other options:

• a) Eye contact: Eye contact is a non-verbal communication cue that involves looking into another person's eyes while speaking or listening. It can convey interest, attentiveness, sincerity, and emotional connection.
• b) Posture and body movement: Posture and body movement are non-verbal cues that communicate various emotions, attitudes, and intentions. For example, standing up straight may convey confidence, while slouching may suggest relaxation or disinterest.
• d) Facial expressions: Facial expressions are another form of non-verbal communication that involves the movement of facial muscles to convey emotions, reactions, or attitudes. Smiling, frowning, raising eyebrows, and squinting are all examples of facial expressions that can communicate different messages.
• In conclusion, written memos do not fall under non-verbal communication because they rely on written words to convey information, making them a form of verbal communication. The other options, eye contact, posture and body movement, and facial expressions, are all forms of non-verbal communication as they involve cues without the use of spoken or written words.

The correct response is Fallacy of irrelevant reason.

Key Points

• This fallacy (also known as non sequitur) occurs when the reason given has no logical connection to the conclusion.
• Example: "I should receive a salary increase because I have a pet cat."
• Applicable here: The assertion that "sound is a product" does not logically lead to the conclusion that "sound is permanent." The properties of a product (like a jar) do not transfer to sound in a way that justifies the conclusion. It's an irrelevant comparison, making this the correct identification of the fallacy.

Additional InformationThe Fallacy of contradictory reason:

• This fallacy occurs when the reason given contradicts the claim itself.
• Example: "The climate is warm because it is cold."
• Inapplicable here: There is no inherent contradiction in the statement "Sound is permanent because it is a product like a jar." The problem lies elsewhere, not in contradictory reasoning.

The fallacy of wrong assertion:

• This fallacy involves a wrong or false statement/assertion as the reason for a claim.
• Example: "The earth is flat because ships disappear over the horizon."
• Inapplicable here: The reason given ("it is a product like the jar") is not inherently wrong as an assertion, but it is irrelevant to the claim made. The issue is not about the truth of the statement but about its relevance.

The Fallacy of Trivial Reason:

The teaching method is a way to put theory into practice with the help of principles, pedagogy, and management strategies. It helps the teachers to plan and present the lesson coherently. There are different kinds of teaching-learning methods that make learning a fruitful process and the 'lecture-containing performance' is one of them.
Key Points

• With direct instruction, a teacher usually gives information in a very explicit manner. Direct instruction is usually started with the teacher telling the students what the expectations are for their performance. Direct instruction is the use of straightforward, explicit teaching techniques, usually to teach a specific skill. For the teaching aspect of direct instruction, a teacher may stand at the front of the class and lecture the students about a specific topic.
• indirect instruction is mainly student-centred, It is a student-centred approach to learning where students observe, investigate and draw inferences from data. Examples of indirect instruction methods include reflective discussion, concept formation, concept attainment, cloze procedure, problem-solving, and guided inquiry.

Hence, it can be concluded that the lecture method, usage of props are direct teaching methods whereas mapping concept and hypothesis development are part of the indirect method.

The correct response is Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.

Giving, receiving, and exchanging information are all parts of communication, which might take the form of talking, writing, listening, or reading. Effective communicators pay close attention to others' opinions, talk or write effectively, and respect them. It is of two types:

• Verbal
• Non-verbal

Key Points

Assertion A: Smiles and laughter should be avoided when messages are serious.

For effective communication, the following are the necessary components:

• Clarity
• Conciseness
• Correctness
• Completeness
• Coherence
• Consideration
• Courtesy
• Concreteness
• Consistency

​To achieve the goal of effective communication, the following must be taken into consideration. But the smiles and laughter while receiving messages may distort the message.

Hence, assertion A is correct.

Reason: Non-verbal cues are always contextual like verbal communication.

• The creation and maintenance of interpersonal connections are functions of nonverbal communication.
• Additionally, those who are adept at decoding nonverbal cues have several social benefits.

The examples are:

• Nodding,
• Facial Expressions,
• leaning toward the speaker to show interest, etc.

Body language can reinforce your spoken message or it can contradict it entirely.

Thus, the reason R is correct.

• While both statements are true, the reason provided (R) does not directly explain the assertion (A).
• The avoidance of smiles and laughter during serious messages is primarily due to maintaining the appropriate tone and ensuring the message is taken seriously, not necessarily because non-verbal cues are contextual.

Therefore, both, A and R are true but R is the correct explanation of A.

Additional Information

• The smiles and laughter avoidance are not related to Non- Verbal cues in any form.
• The two are different concepts from each other.

The correct answer is C. Right Devotion.

Key Points

• The Eightfold Path, outlined in the Fourth Noble Truth, consists of eight practices that guide Buddhists towards liberation from suffering. These practices can be categorized into three categories: wisdom, ethical conduct, and mental discipline. However, Right Devotion isn't one of the eight elements.

Here's a breakdown of the remaining options:

• A. Right Understanding: This refers to accurate understanding of the Four Noble Truths, which is crucial for navigating the path.
• B. Right Thought: This involves cultivating wholesome thoughts free from greed, aversion, and harmfulness.
• D. Right Mindfulness: This emphasizes maintaining present-moment awareness of body, feelings, mind, and phenomena.

Therefore, considering both the traditional categories and the specific elements of the Eightfold Path, Right Devotion doesn't fall within its framework.

The correct answer is Accepts substitution between man-made capital and natural capital.

• Accepts substitution between man-made capital and natural capital is the weak sustainability approach of sustainable development.

Key Points

• Weak sustainability
  • ​Weak sustainability postulates the full substitutability of natural capital whereas the strong conception demonstrates that this substitutability should be severely seriously limited due to the existence of critical elements that natural capital provides for human existence and well-being.
  • Thus Weak sustainability is an idea within environmental economics that states that 'human capital' can substitute 'natural capital'.
  • Weak sustainability has been defined using concepts like human capital and natural capital.
  • Human capital incorporates resources such as infrastructure, labour and knowledge.
  • Natural capital covers environmental assets such as fossil fuels, biodiversity and other ecosystem structures.
  • In very weak sustainability, the overall stock of man-made capital and natural capital remains constant over time.
  • An example of weak sustainability could be mining coal and using it for the production of electricity.

Additional Information

• Strong sustainability
  • ​Strong sustainability assumes that economic and environmental capital is complimentary, but not interchangeable.
• The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
  • The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were launched with a transformative approach from earlier Millennium Development Goals.
  • They include the issues of human rights, inequality, gender empowerment and concessional finances (low-interest-rate loans) for inclusive development.

The correct answer is 26th June 1945.

Key Points

• The UN was established after World War II with the aim of preventing future wars, succeeding the League of Nations, which was characterized as ineffective.
• On 25 April 1945, 50 governments met in San Francisco for a conference and started drafting the UN Charter.
• The UN Charter was signed on 26th June 1945 and took effect on 24 October 1945, when the UN began operations.
• In accordance with the Charter, the organization's objectives include maintaining international peace and security, protecting human rights, delivering humanitarian aid, promoting sustainable development, and upholding international law.
• At its founding, the UN had 51 member states, with the addition of South Sudan in 2011, membership is now 193, representing almost all of the world's sovereign states.
• The Millennium Summit was held in 2000 to discuss the UN's role in the 21st century.
• The Sustainable Development Goals were launched in 2015 to succeed the Millennium Development Goals.

Classroom Communication: Communication is a medium of exchanging ideas and pieces of information and is an integral part of the teaching and learning process. There is direct communication between a teacher and learners allows the teacher to get immediate feedback that can help him or her to anticipate the learners', understanding of what has been taught. Based on the feedback the teacher can improve his or her communication in the classroom. Classroom communication is a two-way communication and there are certain factors that affect communication inside a classroom. They are:

• The involvement of the participants: the classroom communication is a two-way process. The communication could be effective only id both the teacher and the students are actively involved in the teaching and learning process. The students asking questions and the teacher un return clearing the doubts of the students, for example, can ensure the active participation of both the participants.
• Empathy: Empathy is an attitude and process of understanding and experiencing someone else’s feelings as one own. The empathetic attitude of the teacher and the students towards each other will help the participants to understand each other better and it smoothens the process of classroom communication thus facilitating the learning process.
• Homophilous: Rogers and Bhowmik explain homophily as the tendency of human beings to choose and understand people who are similar to them. For example, when a person is presented with some choices of individuals to interact with, there will be a tendency to choose individuals who are like themselves. The homophilous condition in the classroom will help both the teacher and students to communicate and reflect with each other much effectively.

From the above-mentioned points, it is clear that classroom communication is effective when the participants are active, empathetic, and homophilous.

NOTE:

The following characteristics of a participant may affect classroom communication negatively:

• Heterophilous: Heterophilous can be understood as the individual’s tendency to associate with people who are different from them. Rogers and Bhowmik have asserted that heterophyllous communication is an ineffective mode of communication when it comes to the learning process in particular.
• Silence: silence in the classroom can cause a passive attitude by the participants. For instance, when no student asks questions, classroom communication becomes a passive and one-way process reducing the efficiency of the learning process.
• Uncritical: uncritical attitude could understand the participants’ lack of interest in raising questions and demand for clarity. It leads to the participants being passive in the learning process reducing the efficiency of the communication process.

The correct answer is Past experiences.

Key Points

• Past experiences act as a barrier to effective communication.
• It is a socio-psychological barrier based on experience in the past.
• If the person does not share similar experiences and expectations in communication, they will not attribute similar meaning to the symbols of the message.
• The experiences and expectations are different for farmers, bankers, businessmen, scientists, etc.
• The process of communication becomes very hard when these people can't exchange each other's ideas, feelings, and values quickly.

Additional Information

• According to SL Tubbs and Sylvia Moss
  • "Communication is effective when the stimulus, as it was initiated and intended by the sender, corresponds by the receiver".
• The effectiveness of communication is a key to success in the modern world.
• Those who want to survive in the business world have to build strong communication skills.
• The following are the necessary tools for effective communication
  • Positive approach
  • A clear objective of communication
  • Clear thoughts and expectations
  • You attitude
  • Courtesy
  • Patience in Listening
  • Time Consciousness
  • Adaptability
  • Attentiveness
  • Proper selection of channel and media
  • Organization of message
  • Realistic approach
  • Adequate knowledge of subject and receiver.

Anumana or Inference:

• This word is derived from two Sanskrit words, 'Anu' means after and 'Mana' means measurement. So it means measuring after something.
• Anumana is knowledge after proof.
• Anumana is a means of knowledge or one of the six types of Pramans in Indian Philosophy.

Key-Points
Gautama has classified anumana into three,

Conclusion:

• In the present day, geomorphologists and scientists identified the similarity between the West coast of Africa and the Eastern coast of South America.
• Based on the present evidence, they inferred the continents were united together.
• After that, they break into pieces and drifted from each other.

Therefore, option 2 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is Vertical communication

Communication can be defined as the two-way process through which two and more persons exchange ideas and develop understanding. It is not completed unless the receiver of the message has understood the message and his reaction or response is known to the sender of the message.

Important Points

It is of two types Formal and informal. Some of the most important types of direction in formal communication are:

1. Vertical
2. Horizontal or Lateral and
3. Diagonal or Cross-wise

Key Points Vertical communication

• Vertical communication is a form of communication that occurs between two individuals who are at different positions of hierarchy within the same organization.
• It follows a linear system where information flows from one individual to the next as per their titles.
• It is communication that flows up and down the organization, usually along the chain of command or formal reporting lines
• It is of two types Downward and Upward communication in which the flow of information is downwards and upwards along the chain of command.

Hence, Downward communication and Upward communication are Vertical communication.

Additional Information

• Lateral or horizontal communication:
  • This type of communication can be seen taking place between persons operating at the same level or working under the same executive
• Diagonal or crosswise communication
  • It takes place when people working at the same level interact with those working at a higher or lower level of organisational hierarchy and across the boundaries of their reporting relationships

The socio-constructivist approach to learning emphasizes the importance of social interaction, collaboration, and active construction of knowledge.

Key PointsCollaborative project works align with the principles of socio-constructivism and support assessment in several ways:

• Reflecting Real-World Skills: Collaborative project works allow students to work together, apply their knowledge, and solve real-world problems.
• Active Engagement: Collaborative project works require active participation, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills.
• Social Interaction: Collaborative project works provide opportunities for students to interact and engage in meaningful discussions with their peers.
• Higher-Order Thinking Skills: Collaborative project works often involve complex tasks that require higher-order thinking skills, such as analysis, synthesis, evaluation, and creativity.

Hence, We can conclude that the Socio-constructivist approach to learning supports assessment on the basis of collaborative project works.

The correct answer is (d) All of the above.

Key PointsBloodless technological rituals are a significant aspect of contemporary society, providing a means for individuals to connect with something larger than themselves, express individuality, and promote social change and activism.

Connecting with something larger: In a world increasingly characterized by individualism and isolation, bloodless technological rituals offer a sense of community and shared purpose. These rituals, often centered around shared interests or values, tap into human beings' innate desire to belong to something larger than themselves. For instance, online gaming communities provide a platform for individuals to connect and collaborate, fostering a sense of camaraderie and shared achievement.

Expressing individuality and creativity: Bloodless technological rituals serve as a powerful medium for self-expression and creativity. Individuals can utilize technology to create and participate in rituals that reflect their unique identities, interests, and values. For example, online social media platforms facilitate the creation and dissemination of user-generated content, allowing individuals to showcase their creativity and connect with others who share their passions.

Promoting social change and activism: Bloodless technological rituals have emerged as a potent tool for social change and activism. Technology enables individuals to organize, mobilize, and amplify their voices, raising awareness of important issues and advocating for positive change. For instance, social media campaigns have played a crucial role in mobilizing public support for various social movements, while online petitions have provided a platform for individuals to voice their concerns and demand action from policymakers.