UGC NET Paper 1 Mock Test - 9 - UGC NET MCQ

Out of the options, the statement that best represents the difference between an input device and an output device is:

1) An input device is a peripheral used to provide data and control signals to a computer, whereas an output device is used to receive information from the computer.

Key Points

• 2) An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to provide or to communicate the results of data processing to the user, whereas an input device only allows users to view the processed data: This statement oversimplifies the role of input devices. Input devices not only allow users to view data but also provide raw data for processing, control signals for operating the computer, and even generate instructions within specific programs.
• 3) An input device, such as a mouse, sends instructions to the computer, while an output device can only be a monitor: This statement incorrectly limits the range of both input and output devices. Many devices beyond mice serve as input sources, and output devices extend beyond just monitors to speakers, printers, scanners, and more.
• 4) Input devices are not essential for a computer to function, while output devices are necessary for any computing process: While true that some specialized computers may function without user input, this is not the case for most general-purpose computers. Both input and output devices play crucial roles in the basic operation of a computer system: input allows interaction and data entry, while output provides feedback and results.

Therefore, option 1 accurately encapsulates the core difference between input and output devices by focusing on their data flow directions: input feeds data into the computer, while output presents processed information to the user. This simple principle captures the essence of their respective roles within a computer system.

• The Indian Universities Act of 1904, also known as the Raleigh Commission after the name of its chairman Sir Thomas Raleigh, was instrumental in reshaping the then-existing structure of higher education in India during British rule.
• Prior to this Act, higher education institutions had a significant degree of autonomy, with some periodic oversight from the state. The main problem identified was the declining standards of higher education due to inadequate state supervision and control, and the functioning of universities merely as exam-conducting bodies rather than focusing on teaching and research.
• The Raleigh Commission, through the Indian Universities Act, sought to remedy this by asserting a greater degree of government control over Indian universities. It reduced the size of university bodies, increased official representation in them, and gave universities supervisory control over colleges.
• Thus, the Act's purpose was to tighten the administrative efficiency of universities, raise educational standards, ensure their responsiveness to societal needs, and reorient them to the task of teaching rather than just conducting examinations.

Hence, the correct answer is 3) "The Act aimed to improve the standard of higher education in India by asserting greater control and supervision over universities."

Given:

The given numbers are: 21, 25, 26, 29 and 34.

Concept used:

Average = (Sum of all observations) ÷ (Total number of observations)

Calculation:

The sum of all given numbers = 21 + 25 + 26 + 29 + 34 = 135

The number of observation = 5

The required average = 135/5 = 27

According to the question,

⇒ ? = 81 - 3(27)

⇒ ? = 81 - 81

⇒ ? = 0

∴ The value of the required expression is 0.

• The University of Calcutta, the University of Bombay, and the University of Madras were all modelled on the lines of the University of London.
• These universities were established in the mid-19th century, during the British colonial period in India. They were modelled on the University of London in terms of their structure, governance, and curriculum.
• The University of Andhra and the University of Mysore, on the other hand, were established later in the early 20th century.
• They were influenced by the University of London to some extent, but they also had their own unique features and were not directly modelled on the University of London.

Therefore, the correct answer is 1) A, B and C only.

Variables represent the measurable traits that can change over the course of a scientific experiment. In all there are six basic variable types:

dependent, independent, intervening, moderator, controlled, and extraneous variables.

Key Points Matching is a statistical technique used to avoid confounding in a study design.

• The goal of matching is to reduce bias for the estimated treatment effect in an observational-data study, by finding, for every treated unit, one (or more) non-treated unit(s) with similar observable characteristics against who the covariates are balanced out.
• By matching treated units to similar non-treated units, matching enables a comparison of outcomes among treated and non-treated units to estimate the effect of the treatment reducing bias due to confounding.
• Example study: In a cohort study matching is done by ensuring an equal distribution among exposed and unexposed of the variables believed to be confounding.
• In a matched case-control study, a case, affected by the disease, is matched with one or more individuals not affected by the disease, the controls.
• Because in a matched case-control study case and control group become too similar not only in the distribution of the confounder but also in the distribution of the exposure.
• A matched case-control study requires statistical analysis to correct this phenomenon.

Therefore the variable the researcher matches to eliminate it as an alternative explanation is called a matching variable.

Additional Information

• The independent variables are factors that the researcher can control in an experiment (what is changed).
• The dependant variable is dependent on the independent variable (what is observed)

The independent variable is usually the x-axis and the dependant the y axis.

Confusion Points

• Partial correlation measures the strength of a relationship between two variables while controlling for the effect of one or more other variables.
• With partial correlation, the third variable holds constant for both X and Y. This variable is called a partial variable.
• with semi partial correlation; the third variable holds constant for either X or Y but not both.

Given:
Speed of man = 14 km/h
Total distance to cover = 7 km
Formula used:
Time = distance/speed
Calculation:
If the man doesn't stop to rest, then
Time taken to complete the distance of 7 km = 7/14 = 1/2 h = 30 min
Total rest time = 7 × 6 = 42 min
Total time to cover the distance = 30 + 42 = 72 min = 1 1/5 hours
∴ The correct answer is 1 1/5 h.

Important PointsStatement I: (79.375)₁₀ = (1001111.011)₂

• To convert 79.375 from decimal to binary, divide the integer part by 2 repeatedly and recording the remainders to get the binary integer part, and multiplying the fractional part by 2 repeatedly to get the binary fractional part.
  • 79 divided by 2 gives quotient 39 and remainder 1
  • 39 divided by 2 gives quotient 19 and remainder 1
  • 19 divided by 2 gives quotient 9 and remainder 1
  • 9 divided by 2 gives quotient 4 and remainder 1
  • 4 divided by 2 gives quotient 2 and remainder 0
  • 2 divided by 2 gives quotient 1 and remainder 0
  • Finally, 1 divided by 2 gives quotient 0 and remainder 1.
• This gives the binary integer part as 1001111.

For the fractional part (.375), multiply by 2:

• 0.375 × 2 = 0.75 (integer part 0)
• 0.75 × 2 = 1.5 (integer part 1)
• 0.5 × 2 = 1.0 (integer part 1)

This gives the binary fractional part as .011.

Therefore, (79.375)₁₀ = (1001111.011)₂ is true.

Statement II: (1010.111)₂ = (10.875)₁₀

To convert 1010.111 from binary to decimal:

For the integer part, multiply each digit by 2 raised to the power of its position (starting from 0 on the right):

• 1 × 2³ = 8
• 0 × 2² = 0
• 1 × 2¹ = 2
• 0 × 2⁰ = 0
• Adding these together gives 10.

For the fractional part, multiply each digit by 2 raised to the power of its negative position (starting from -1 on the left):

• 1 × 2^-1 = 0.5
• 1 × 2^-2 = 0.25
• 1 × 2^-3 = 0.125
• Adding these together gives 0.875.

Therefore, adding the integer and fractional parts together gives (10.875)₁₀.

So, (1010.111)₂ = (10.875)₁₀ is true.

Based on these calculations, both Statement I and Statement II are true.

The university that was considered the learning center for royal princes during the Gupta period in ancient India was Nalanda University.
Key Points

• Nalanda was a Mahavihara (a Buddhist monastic university) located in the ancient kingdom of Magadha (present-day Bihar, India). It was one of the largest and most prestigious universities in the ancient world, and it attracted students from all over Asia.
• Nalanda University was founded in the 5th century CE by Kumaragupta I, one of the most powerful rulers of the Gupta Empire. The Gupta kings were patrons of Buddhism, and they supported Nalanda University generously.
• Nalanda University offered a wide range of courses, including philosophy, religion, mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and linguistics. It was known for its high standards of education and its world-class faculty.
• Nalanda University was also a center for cultural exchange. Students from all over Asia came to Nalanda to study, and they brought with them their own cultures and traditions. This made Nalanda University a melting pot of cultures, and it played an important role in the spread of Buddhist thought and culture throughout Asia.

The other options are incorrect:

• Takshashila University was another major university in ancient India, but it was not the learning center for royal princes during the Gupta period.
• University of Mithila was a center of Hindu learning, but it was not as prestigious as Nalanda University during the Gupta period.
• Vikramshila University was founded in the 8th century CE, so it was not in existence during the Gupta period.

Out of the listed options, the referencing style typically used in Engineering, Computer Science, and Physics research is: IEEE style.

Key Points

• APA style: While sometimes used in specific areas of applied psychology or human-computer interaction within these fields, APA is more prevalent in social sciences and education.
• MLA style: Primarily used in humanities and languages, MLA wouldn't be the common choice for technical fields like engineering or physics.
• Chicago style: Although some subfields (e.g., history of science) might utilize Chicago's author-date system, it's not the dominant style in these technical disciplines.
• IEEE style: Developed specifically for engineering and related fields, IEEE style is the standard for references in publications, conference proceedings, and technical reports in these areas. It emphasizes specific elements like author affiliations, article identifiers, and precise citation formatting.

Therefore, based on the focus on technical and scientific research, IEEE style emerges as the most characteristic referencing choice for the mentioned fields.

The correct answer is B only.

Key Points

• A) ROM is volatile memory: This statement is false. ROM stands for Read-Only Memory, meaning it retains its data even when the power is off. Volatile memory, on the other hand, loses its data when powered down.
• B) ROM is typically used for the storage of firmware like BIOS: This statement is true. Firmware like BIOS and other basic system instructions are commonly stored in ROM due to its non-volatile nature and read-only access.
• C) ROM can be easily rewritten or modified: This statement is false. Traditional ROM is permanent and cannot be easily modified after being programmed. Some newer types of ROM (like EEPROM) offer limited rewritability, but it's generally not "easy" compared to RAM.
• D) ROM refers to the main memory used by programs in execution: This statement is false. The main memory used by programs during execution is RAM (Random Access Memory), which allows for both reading and writing. ROM is primarily used for read-only data and instructions that remain unchanged over time.

Therefore, only B) ROM is typically used for the storage of firmware like BIOS is true. The other options contain at least one false statement.

The correct answer is D only. The Indian Universities Act of 1904 was enacted by Lord Curzon to increase governmental control over universities in India.

Key Points

• A) It set a uniform curriculum for all universities in India: This statement is false. While the Act aimed to standardize certain administrative and academic principles, it didn't impose a uniform curriculum across all universities. Individual universities continued to have some autonomy in designing their own courses and syllabi.
• B) It established a system for affiliating new universities to the British education system: This statement is true, but it's not the key change. The Act introduced a system for affiliating colleges to existing universities, but this primarily aimed to expand access to higher education rather than directly increase government control.
• C) It marginally decreased governmental control over universities: This statement is completely false. The Act was specifically designed to give the government more influence over universities. It increased the number of government nominees on university governing bodies, gave the government greater power to regulate fees and curriculum, and strengthened the role of the central government in overseeing university affairs.

Therefore, the major impact of the Indian Universities Act of 1904 was the intensification of government control over universities, making option D the correct answer.

• A literature review should be conducted in a systematic and structured manner to ensure that all relevant sources are considered, biases are minimized, and reliable conclusions are drawn.
• This includes defining clear research questions, having explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria, conducting thorough and reproducible searches, systematically appraising and synthesizing the evidence, and interpreting the findings in an unbiased way.
• The other approaches (impromptu and unstructured approach, following personal instincts, or relying only on the most recent research papers) can lead to biased or incomplete findings.

Given

Mixture of 60 litres, ratio of milk and water = 2 ∶ 3

The desired ratio of milk and water = 1 ∶ 2

Concept:

We should find out the amount of water to be added to change the ratio of milk and water from 2 ∶ 3 to 1 ∶ 2.

Calculation:

In the mixture, quantity of milk = (2/5) × 60 = 24 litres

⇒ For the milk and water to be in the ratio 1 ∶ 2,

⇒ Amount of water needed = 2 × quantity of milk

= 2 × 24 = 48 litres

⇒ Amount of water to be added = 48 - (60 - 24) = 12 litres

Therefore, 12 litres of water must be added to make the ratio of milk and water 1 ∶ 2.

The correct answer is Norway.

• An agreement in the field of higher education and research is signed with India by the delegation of the educational institute of Norway in New Delhi.
• The agreement is a part of a visit to India by the delegation of important educational institutions of Norway.
• India and Norway have signed four Memorandum of Understandings in the field of research and higher education.
• One agreement was linked between the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi and UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, for cooperation in the fields such as:
  • Bio-photonics
  • Health and diagnostic tools
  • Nanotechnology
  • Water Management
  • Renewable energy.
• The second agreement was signed between Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology and UiT, the Arctic University of Norway for facilitating student and staff exchange and consolidate joint efforts towards project initiatives in the EU arena and national arena.
• The other agreements were signed between IIT Jammu and Norwegian University of Science and Technology and IIT Mandi and Norwegian University of Science and Technology with a special focus on activities in
  • Landslides
  • Tunnels
  • Water Management
  • Hydropower
  • Project-based learning
  • Student and researcher mobility
  • Cold region Technologies.

The correct answer is: Both Statement I and Statement II are false.

Important Points

Statement I: In a ratio scale, zero point is arbitrary.

• This statement is false.
• In a ratio scale of measurement, the zero point is not arbitrary.
• A ratio scale has a true zero point, which represents the absence of the measured attribute.
  • For example, in measurements like weight, height, or income, a value of zero indicates a complete absence of the attribute being measured.

Statement II: The nominal scale allows ordering/ranking of data.

• This statement is also false.
• The nominal scale is the lowest level of measurement and does not involve ordering or ranking of data.
• It simply categorizes data into distinct groups or categories based on shared characteristics.
• There is no inherent order or hierarchy among these categories.

Additional Information

Measurement Scales

• Qualitative data is used to define the information and can also be further broken down into sub-categories through the four scales of measurement.

Psychologist Stanley Stevens developed the four common scales of measurement. Each scale of measurement has properties that determine how to properly analyse the data. The four scales are- Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio.

• The ordinal scale is the 2nd level of measurement that reports the ranking and ordering of the data without actually establishing the degree of variation between them.
• A Nominal Scale is a measurement scale, in which numbers serve as “tags” or “labels” only, to identify or classify an object. This measurement normally deals only with non-numeric (quantitative) variables or where numbers have no value.
• The interval scale is a quantitative measurement scale where there is order, the difference between the two variables is meaningful and equal, and the presence of zero is arbitrary.
• A ratio scale is a quantitative scale where there is a true zero and equal intervals between neighboring points. Unlike on an interval scale, a zero on a ratio scale means there is a total absence of the variable you are measuring.
• Length, area, and population are examples of ratio scales.

The use of ICT in education is growing more and more as it helps students in the effective achievement of their learning objectives. E-learning refers to a wide variety of electronic technologies used for educational purposes in a variety of educational formats and designs. E-learning instructions can be classified into synchronous and asynchronous.
Key - Points
Synchronous communication:

• Also known as ‘real-time’, as both the learner and the teacher are present in real-time in an online virtual classroom.
• The virtual classroom is mediated by e-learning technologies.
• It facilitates ‘live’ classrooms and live interactions.
• The tools used for synchronous instructions are video conferencing and instant messaging.

Advantages:

• Real-time collaboration.
• Immediate response and feedback.
• Video/web conferencing allows for body language and tone of voice.
• Increased motivation and engagement with course concepts.
• Increased social presence.

Disadvantages:

• Lack of reflection between collaborators.
• If technology fails the collaboration session not possible.
• The huge time commitment for collaborators.
• Difficult for one to many communication.

​Important Point

• Encourage live participation and interaction through online classes: Synchronous communication in the form of video or audio conferencing encourages live participation and interaction among students. Hence, this statement is correct.
• Enables response flexibility: One key disadvantage of synchronous communication is that it does not enable response flexibility because there’s a high pressure to answer immediately. When there isn’t this huge pressure on students to respond as quickly as possible, they can focus on the subject content and give their full attention. Hence, this statement is incorrect.
• Have to be extremely clear and detailed with the subject matter: Synchronous communications administer the opportunity for more in-depth interactions. Teachers and students can have live discussions to brainstorm or solve problems, something that wouldn’t be possible in the case of an asynchronous environment. Hence, this statement is correct.
• More time for subject matter reflection: Synchronous e-learning requires an immediate response as a result of which students don't get enough time to understand the concept behind the subject matter and respond positively. Hence, this statement is incorrect.

Additional Information

• ​Asynchronous: Both synchronous and asynchronous instructions involve the use of e-learning technologies, however, in asynchronous the learner and the teacher are not present at the same time rather the content is accessed by the learner at a later time i.e. there is a time delay between the content delivery and content access. E-learning and communication technologies such as emails, discussion boards, blogs, etc.

​Thus, option 2 is the correct answer.

The National Skill Development Corporation India (NSDC) was set up as a one of its kind, Public-Private Partnership Company with the primary mandate of catalyzing the skills landscape in India. NSDC is a unique model created with a well thought through underlying philosophy based on the following pillars:

• 1. Create: Proactively catalyze the creation of large, quality vocational training institutions.

• 2. Fund: Reduce risk by providing patient capital. Including grants and equity.

• 3. Enable the creation and sustainability of support systems required for skill development. This includes the Industry-led Sector Skill Councils.

  Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)
  • The Scheme was subsequently launched on 15 July 2015, on the occasion of World Youth Skills Day by Honorable Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi.
  • PMKVY is implemented by National Skills Development Corporation (NSDC) under the guidance of the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE).
  • With a vision of a “Skilled India”, MSDE aims to skill India on a large scale with speed and high standards. PMKVY is the flagship scheme that is driving towards greater realization of this vision.

• Salient Features:

• • Short Term Training

  • Recognition of Prior Learning

  • Special Projects

  • Kaushal and Rozgar Mela

  • Placement Assistance

  • Continuous Monitoring

  • Standardized Branding and Communication

  The Scheme aims to:

  • Encourage standardization in the certification process and initiate a process of creating a registry of skills

  • Benefit 24 lakh youth at an approximate total cost of Rs. 1,500 crore.

  • Reward candidates undergoing skill training by authorized institutions at an average monetary reward of Rs.8,000 (Rupees eight thousand) per candidate. ​

  • Enable and mobilize a large number of Indian youth to take up skill training and become employable and earn their livelihood. Increase productivity of the existing workforce and align the training and certification to the needs of the country.

• Hence, Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojna is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship implemented by the National Skills Development Corporation.

• Additional Information:

• 1) Robotic India: All India Council for Robotics and Automation (AICRA)

  • AICRA a not-for-profit organization is the apex body, setting up standards in Robotics & Automation and education industry as well as helping over 35,00+ members organizations and professionals to solve difficult technical problems while enhancing their leadership and personal career capabilities.
  • It supports the Robotics & Automation industry, providing support systems to institutions such as quality assurance, information systems, and train-the-trainer (TTT) academies either directly or through partnerships.
  • To strengthen supplementary skill development, AICRA focuses on fostering private sector-led efforts that include both non-profit and for-profit initiatives with the goal of building models that are scalable.
  • AICRA is focused on building the architecture integral to the development of the automation sector through policy advocacy, and help in setting up the strategic direction for the sector to unleash its potential and dominate newer frontiers.

• 2) Artificial Intelligence @ schools:

  • ​CBSE has introduced Artificial Intelligence as an optional subject at Class 9 from the Session 2019- 2020 onwards and has been conducting training for Teachers on how to use AI in the Classroom. A Training Video has also been prepared to assist the same.

  • CBSE announced AI as a multi-disciplinary integrated pedagogical approach to further enhance teaching and learning across classes 6 to 12.

• 3) Make in India:

  • ​The Make in India initiative was launched by Prime Minister in September 2014 as part of a wider set of nation-building initiatives.

  • It was devised to transform India into a global design and manufacturing hub.

  • It was a powerful, galvanizing call to action to India’s citizens and business leaders, and an invitation to potential partners and investors around the world.

  • it represents a complete change of the government’s mindset – a shift from issuing authority to a business partner, in keeping with Prime Minister's tenet of ‘Minimum Government, Maximum Governance’.

The best description of the key feature of Open Educational Resources (OER) is: C. OER are teaching and learning materials that are freely available and also permit users to freely modify and redistribute them. Key Points

• A. OER are always free but not available for modification or adaptation due to copyright restrictions: While access to OER is typically free, not all OER come with open licenses that allow modification and redistribution. Some OER have Creative Commons licenses that restrict certain uses, like non-commercial use or requiring attribution.
• B. OER refers exclusively to online courses from established universities and institutions: While many OER come from these sources, OER can encompass a wide range of materials, including textbooks, lectures, videos, images, assessments, and more. They can be created by anyone, not just established institutions.
• D. OER are physical textbooks and materials provided at a reduced cost to promote education: While some OER may be available in physical formats, the key feature of OER is their digital nature and open licensing.

Therefore, C accurately captures the essence of OER: freely available and modifiable educational materials, empowering users to adapt and share them for wider educational benefit.

Education is only for those who are interested in it is NOT correct.

• Education is only for those who are interested in it is not the objective of National Education Policy,1986.

Key Points

• National Policy on Education, 1986:
  • This policy aimed at the special emphasis on the removal of disparities and to equalize educational opportunity, especially for Indian women, Scheduled Tribes (ST), and the Scheduled Caste (SC) communities.
  • It launched "Operation Blackboard" to improve primary schools nationwide.
  • The policy expanded the Open University system with the Indira Gandhi National Open University, which had been created in 1985.
  • The policy called for the creation of the "rural university" model, based on the philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi, to promote economic and social development at the grassroots level in rural India.

The correct answer is Self-selected sampling

Key Points

• Self-selection sampling is a type of non-probability sampling technique. Non-probability sampling focuses on sampling techniques that are based on the judgement of the researcher.
• In statistics, self-selection bias arises in any situation in which individuals select themselves into a group, causing a biased sample with nonprobability sampling.
• It is commonly used to describe situations where the characteristics of the people which cause them to select themselves in the group create abnormal or undesirable conditions in the group.
• In the given situation, only people who peruse newspapers and radio become part of the sample.

Additional Information

1. Cluster Sampling: It is based on the ability of the researcher to divide the sampling population into groups, called clusters and then to select elements within each cluster, using the simple random sampling technique. It is appropriate when the population is large.
2. Area sampling is a method of sampling used when no complete frame of reference is available. The total area under investigation is divided into small sub-areas which are sampled at random or according to a restricted process (stratification of sampling).
3. In statistics, multistage sampling is the taking of samples in stages using smaller and smaller sampling units at each stage.

• The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship in association with Quest Alliance, National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC), and other units of the curriculum's eco-system of the Ministry launched a new course on competency skills.
• The initiative is being supported by the Future Right Skills Network, a collective effort by Quest Alliance, Accenture, Cisco, and JPMorgan.
• Over 2.5 million students from over 15,600 government and private Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) will benefit from the programme, which includes a new and expanded 120-hour curriculum in Hindi and English.
• Some of the modules include employability skills, digital skills, citizenship, diversity and inclusion, career development and goal setting, getting ready for work and entrepreneurship.
• Variants of courses of 30, 60, and 90 hours duration are also being launched for both long-term and short-term courses.
• Future Right Skills Network is on a mission to empower youth in technical and vocational training institutions with employability skills for a knowledge-based economy.
• Quest Alliance is a not-for-profit trust that equips 21st-century youth with skills by enabling them to learn on their own. We create scalable solutions that enable teachers to bridge gaps for quality education and skill training.

Additional Information

• Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship - Dharmendra Pradhan
• Ministry of Human Resource Development - Ramesh Pokhriyal
• Ministry of Information and Broadcasting - Anurag Thakur
• Ministry of Education - Dharmendra Pradhan

Given :
Data of the number of 5 types of cars (A, B, C, D, E) manufactured (in thousand) by company X over the years.
Calculation :
The Production of 'E' type cars in 2016 = 115
The Production of 'B' type cars in 2019 = 215
Percentage of E-type cars in 2016 according to B-type cars in 2019 = 115/215 x 100
⇒ 53.5%
∴ The answer is 53.5%.

Given :
Data of the number of 5 types of cars (A, B, C, D, E) manufactured (in thousand) by company X over the years.
Calculation :
Number of D cars manufactured in 2018 = 230
Number of D cars manufactured in 2021 = 220
Approximate percentage decrease in production from 2018 to 2021 = (230 - 220) / 230 x 100
⇒ 10/230 x 100 = 4.35%
∴ The answer is 4.35% .

Given :
Data of the number of 5 types of cars (A, B, C, D, E) manufactured (in thousand) by company X from 2016 to 2021.
Calculation :
Total production of A type cars in given years = 230 + 240 + 250 + 260 + 230 + 255 = 1465
Total production of B type cars in given years = 200 + 220 + 215 + 215 + 135 + 130 = 1115
Total production of C type cars in given years = 125 + 228 + 212 + 230 + 240 + 250 = 1285
Total production of D type cars in given years = 130 + 165 + 230 + 220 + 120 + 220 = 1085
Total production of E type cars in given years = 115 + 212 + 218 + 125 + 120 + 130 = 920
Clearly, we can see that A has the highest production from 2016 to 2021
∴ The answer is A.

Given :
Data of the number of 5 types of cars (A, B, C, D, E) manufactured (in thousand) by company X from 2016 to 2021
Solution :
If we analyse the data of production of all the cars over the years, then we get that there is no such car who showed continuous increase over previous years production.
∴ The answer is non of these.

A “sample” is a miniature representation of and selected from a larger group or aggregate. The sample provides a specimen picture of a larger whole. This larger whole is termed as the “population” or “universe”. In research, this term is used in a broader sense; it is a well-defined group that may consist of individuals, objects, characteristics of human beings, or even the behavior of inanimate objects, such as, the throw of a dice or the tossing of a coin.

Sampling is the selection of representative of a small group (sample) from the population. The method used for drawing a sample is significant
to arrive at dependable results or conclusions. The various sampling methods can be broadly classified into two categories: Probability Sampling and Non-probability Sampling.

Simple or unrestricted random sampling:

• Simple random sampling is a method of selecting a sample from a finite population in such a way that every unit of the population is given an equal chance of being selected.
• In practice, you can draw a simple random sample unit by unit through the following steps:
  1. Define the population
  2. Decide the size of the sample or the number of units to be included in the sample.
  3. Make a list of all the units in the population and number them from 1 to n.
  4. Use either the ‘lottery method’ or ‘random number tables’ to pick the units to be included in the sample.
• For example,
  1. ​​you may use the lottery method to draw a random sample by using a set of ‘n’ tickets, with numbers ‘1 to n’ if there are ‘n’ units in the population.
  2. After shuffling the tickets thoroughly, the sample of required size, say x, is selected by picking the required x number of tickets.
  3. The units which have the serial numbers occurring on these tickets will be considered selected.
  4. The assumption underlying this method is that the tickets are shuffled so that the population can be regarded as arranged randomly.

Hence, Define the target population, decide sample size, list all the units of the target population, and drawing the sample by randomization is the process of drawing samples in a simple random sampling.

UPI stands for Unified Payments Interface. So the answer is (3).

Key Points

• UPI is a real-time payment system developed by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI).
• It is designed to facilitate inter-bank peer-to-peer (P2P) and person-to-merchant (P2M) transactions.
• UPI is a mobile-first platform, and it can be used to transfer money between bank accounts using a smartphone app.
• UPI is one of the most popular digital financial tools in India. It is used by millions of people to send and receive money, pay for goods and services, and make other financial transactions.

The correct answer is (4) MHRD, Information and Broadcasting Minsitry, Prasar Bharti, IGNOUKey Points

• Gyan Darshan is a 24-hour educational television channel that was launched in 2000 by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), the Information and Broadcasting Ministry, Prasar Bharati, and the Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU).
• The channel is dedicated to providing quality educational content to students and teachers across India.
• The channel's programming includes a wide variety of programs, including:
  • School education programmes: These programmes cover all subjects taught in schools, from primary to secondary level.
  • Teacher training programmes: These programmes provide training to teachers on the latest teaching methods and technologies.
  • Vocational education programmes: These programmes provide training in various vocational skills.
  • Lifelong learning programmes: These programmes provide opportunities for adults to learn new skills and knowledge.
• Gyan Darshan is available on all major cable and satellite platforms in India. It is also available online through the IGNOU website.
• The channel has been a major success and has helped to improve the quality of education in India.
• It has also helped to bridge the digital divide and has made quality educational content accessible to people from all parts of the country.

The correct answer is 'Visible, near Infrared, low and high energy X-rays'.
Key Points

• The passage mentions, "The maiden mission, Chandrayaan-1... emphasized high-resolution remote sensing of the lunar surface across distinct spectrums - visible, near Infrared, low and high energy X-rays."
• The importance of each spectrum - visible, near Infrared, low and high energy X-rays - lies in their ability to provide varied information about the moon's surface.
• A visible light sensor can capture images that are much like what humans would see.
• Near Infrared sensors can measure the heat and have many practical applications in the field of remote sensing, including soil moisture sensing, foliage study, and geological exploration.
• X-ray sensors, both low and high energy, can provide information about the mineral composition of the moon's surface.

Therefore, the correct option is 'Option 3'.

• University consists of various units and subunits in its academic system.
• There are professors, deans, heads of departments, senior officers, and others.
• These units and subunits help in the integration of various factors ultimately help in the achievement of overall objectives.
• The quality of the academic system is dependent on the most basic unit that is the Board of Studies.

Key Points

Board of Studies:

• It is the building block of the academic system, existing at the right bottom of the tier system.
• It is this basic unit that helps setting up the whole system systematically.

Important PointsFunctions of the Board of Studies:

To monitor and review:

• the existing programme structures,
• course syllabi, vis-à-vis programmes of other Institutes,
• teaching and evaluation methodology,
• market requirement,
• modern trends and update the courses and programmes and
• make suggestions for amendments, if any.

Thus, the basic unit of the academic system of the University is ​the Board of Studies.