BPSC Practice Test- 4 - BPSC (Bihar) MCQ

• The Indus civilization was first discovered by Rai Bahadur Dayaram Sahni in 1921 at a place called Harappa.
• Presently it is located in Motihari district of Pakistan.
• It is on the banks of Ravi river.

Some important points – 

• During the search, huge granaries were found, mirrors, r37 graveyards and remains of labor houses have been found.

Other searched sites:
Mohenjodaro

• Mohenjodaro was discovered by Rakhaldas Banerjee in 1922.

Lothal

• Presently situated on the banks of river Bhogwa in GujaratIt was discovered in 1957 by Ranganatha Rao. Lothal was the port or dockyard of this civilization.  

• 1870 to 1905 AD . In between, many Indian intellectuals analyzed the economic aspect of British rule. 
• Among these, the contribution of three people was the most important, they were-
•  Dadabhai Naoroji, 
•  Mahadev Govind Ranade and
• ICS Officer Ramesh Chandra Dutta
• He wrote the economic history of India. In addition to these three G.V. Joshi, G. Several political activists and journalists, including Subramanya Iyer (founder-editor of 'The Hindu' newspaper), Gopal Krishna Gokhale
• He analyzed every aspect of the then economy in depth.
• These people came to the conclusion that the biggest obstacle in the way of economic development of India is colonialism.

Indian Universities Act, 1904 (Curzon's Education Policy)

• In 1901 Curzon called a conference of higher education and university officials of India at Shimla. In 1902 the University Commission was formed under the chairmanship of 'Tomas Raleigh'. 
• The recommendation of this commission was to give suggestions regarding the status of universities and higher education.

The Indian Universities Act was passed in 1904 whose recommendations were as follows-

• The number of sub-members of the University should not be less than 50 and not more than 100, whose tenure will be 6 years. The deputy members should be nominated by the government.
• Professors and lecturers should be appointed for studies and research in universities.
• The government was given the right of veto (prohibition) on the resolution passed by the senate of the university.
•  The government had the right to amend the rules made by the Senate and if necessary, could also make new rules in this regard.
• Government control over private colleges was tightened by this act.
• The government itself took the right to get the colleges affiliated with the university.
• Under this act, for the upliftment of universities, an amount of Rs 5 lakh per annum was approved for 5 years. Subsequently, government grants became a regular feature of government policy.
• The nationalists strongly criticized the act and saw it as an attempt to consolidate imperialism.
• He alleged that the act was an attempt to kill nationalist sentiments. Gopal Krishna Gokhale termed it as an 'act of taking national education backward'.

Andhra Pradesh government has announced to set up the country's first ambulance network for animals.
Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister YS Jaganmohan Reddy announced this to reach out to the endangered animals and provide them proper animal health care.
Each ambulance will be accompanied by a veterinary doctor and a para-veterinary worker.

• Himachal Pradesh won its first Vijay Hazare trophy  by defeating Tamilnadu by 11 runs in the final of the Vijay Hazare Trophy 2021-22.
• The final was played at Sawai Man Singh stadium ,Jaipur on 26 December 2021.
• Vijay Hazare is the premier  50-50 overs  domestic cricket tournament .

• It   is an annual  competition between golf teams  from  the United States  and  Europe .
• The United States team defeated the European team 19–9 to win the Ryder Cup.
• This is the biggest victory margin since 1967.

Some important islands of the world-:
Greenland- The largest island in the world is Greenland, located in the North Atlantic, with an area of 2,166,086 km².
It is situated between the Arctic Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean.
New Guinea- The second largest island is New Guinea which is located in the southwestern Pacific and has an area of about 785,753 km²
Borneo Island- The third largest island is Borneo which is located in the west central Pacific and has an area of about 743,330 km². It is also the longest island in Asia.
Madagascar- The fourth largest island is Madagascar which is located in the Indian Ocean, its area is about 587,041 km².
Baffin- The 5th largest island is Baffin which is located in the North Atlantic, its area is about 507,451 km². Baffin is the longest island in Canada.
Sumatra- The sixth largest island is Sumatra, which is located in the Northeast Indian Ocean.
Its area is about 473,481 km².
Honshu- The 7th largest island is Honshu which is located in the Sea of Japan-Pacific, its area is about 227,960 km²
It is the main island of Japan and its largest island.
Great-UK- The 8th largest island is Great Britain which is located off the coast of NW Europe and has an area of about 209,331 km²
It is the largest island in Europe.
Victoria- The 9th largest island is Victoria which is located in the Arctic Ocean, its area is about 217,291 km²
Victoria Island is located in Canada and is the second largest island in Canada.

Lok Sabha is also known as 'House of Representatives'.
Key Points-

• Lok Sabha is the lower house of the Indian Parliament.
• The current Speaker of the Lok Sabha (17th) is Om Birla.
• The first woman Lok Sabha speaker is Meira Kumar.
• The maximum strength of the House is 552.
• At present the number of Lok Sabha members is 545.
• The first Lok Sabha Speaker was Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar.
• The first Lok Sabha was constituted on 17 April 1952.

The most important role played by ribosomes in the cells is in the synthesis of proteins. 

• Ribosomes are composed of special proteins and nucleic acids.
• RNA is a ribonucleic acid that helps in the synthesis of proteins in our body.
• This nucleic acid is responsible for the production of new cells in the human body.
• It is usually obtained from the DNA molecule. RNA resembles the same as that of DNA, the only difference being that it has a single strand unlike the DNA which has two strands and it consists of only a single ribose sugar molecule in it.
• Hence is the name Ribonucleic acid.
• RNA is also referred to as an enzyme as it helps in the process of chemical reactions in the body.

Three general classes of RNA molecules are:

• The primary functions of RNA
• Facilitate the translation of DNA into proteins
• Functions as an adapter molecule in  protein synthesis
• Serves as a messenger between the DNA and the ribosomes.
• They are the carrier of genetic information in all living cells

• Fungi & Bacteria are called scavengers of ecosystems.
• Scavengers keep the ecosystem free of the bodies of dead animals, or carrion.
• They break down the dead organic material and recycle it into the ecosystem as nutrients.

Go beyond

• The cattle medication, diclofenac, was banned in India because it poisoned and killed as many as 90% of that country's vultures( giant scavenger).
• Diclofenac is toxic to vultures even in small doses, causing kidney failure. That results in uric acid accumulating in the birds' blood and crystallizing around their internal organs—a condition called visceral gout.
• The scientific name of Vulture-  Cathartes aura.

• Venereal diseases are diseases that are transmitted by sexual intercourse.
• It is also known as sexually transmitted infections (STI) or reproductive tract infections (RTI).
• AIDS is a venereal disease.
• AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) is caused by a virus.
• Its causative agent is HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus).
• It belongs to retroviruses.
• It suppresses the immune system of the person.
• It is transmitted by sexual contact with the infected person.
• It is also transmitted by sharing injections by drug abusers and blood transfusions.
• HIV is not curable.
• It is detected by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay).
• Chlamydiosis, genital warts, and trichomoniasis are examples of sexually transmitted diseases.

• This law was stated by Proust as “In a chemical substance the elements are always present in definite proportions by mass”.
• And the law of definite proportion does not depend on its source and preparation method.
  • For example, in a compound such as water, the ratio of the mass of hydrogen to the mass of oxygen is always 1:8, whatever the source of water.
• Thus, if 9 g of water is decomposed, 1 g of hydrogen and 8 g of oxygen are always obtained. 
• Similarly, nitrogen and hydrogen are always present in the 14:3 mass ratio in ammonia,  whatever the preparation method or the source from which it is produced.
• This led to the law of constant proportions, often known as the law of definite proportions.

• Deuterium and tritium are Isotopes of Hydrogen.
• Isotopes are different forms of the same element that contain an equal number of
• protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties.
• Hydrogen has three isotopes: Hydrogen (1 proton and 0 neutrons), Deuterium (1 proton and 1 neutron) and Tritium (1 proton and 2 neutrons).
• Out of the three, tritium is a very rare isotope and is also radioactive.

• Swadeshi movement was the result of the partition of Bengal.  
• After the partition of the Bengal Swadeshi and Boycott Movement was adopted as a means of integration. 
• It was aimed at self Reliance, self-determination, and self-help.
• Tilak called it Bahiskar Yoga.
•  Bande Mataram became the theme song of this movement.
• Swadeshi movement. along with the Boycott Movement aimed at boycotting foreign-made goods and adopting Indian goods as an alternative.
• Boycott and public burning of foreign clothes, picketing of shops selling foreign goods were adopted.
• The Shivaji and Ganpati festivals were organized by Tilak to deliver the Swadeshi message to the masses. 
• The National College of Bengal was founded with Aurobindo Ghosh as its principal. 
• The national education council was established in August 1906.
• It also changed the character of the Indian National Congress.  
• The Congress split into moderates and extremists at the Surat session which weakened the Swadeshi Movement.

Western Disturbance -

• It is an extratropical storm originating in the Mediterranean region.
• It brings sudden winter rain to the north-western parts of the Indian sub-continent and others.
• It is a non-monsoonal precipitation pattern due to the westerlies.
• Extratropical storms are a global phenomenon with moisture usually carried in the upper atmosphere.
• In the Indian subcontinent, moisture is sometimes shed as rain when the storm system encounters the Himalayas.

Important Points

• The winter rains caused by Western Disturbance in North-Western Plain of India gradually decreases from West to East as they gradually lost their effectiveness.
• Western Disturbance originates in the Mediterranean Sea as extra-tropical cyclones. A high-pressure area over Ukraine and neighborhood consolidates, causing the intrusion of cold air from Polar Regions towards an area of relatively warmer air with high moisture region.
• This generates favorable conditions for cyclogenesis in the upper atmosphere, which promotes the formation of an east direction moving extratropical depression.
• They gradually travel across the middle-east from Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan to enter India.

• "The Office must not be a substantive one" is not the necessary condition for the issue of a Writ of Quo Warranto. Orders, warrants, directions, etc. issued under authority is an example of Writ.
• There are five major types of Writ viz. Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo Warranto and Certiorari.

Key Points

• Article 32 of the Indian Constitution empowers the Supreme Court of India to issue writs- Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo Warranto, and Certiorari, for the enforcement of fundamental rights.
• By Article 226, the High Courts have also been empowered to issue writs, for the implementation of Fundamental Rights.
• The writ of Quo Warranto, which literally translates to 'by what authority is issued against a person holding a public office. This writ is issued to restrain a person from holding a public office to which he is not entitled.
• The writ of Quo Warranto is filed if there has been a contravention of the Constitution or a statute or statutory instrument, in appointing such person to that office.
• The office must be a substantive one and not merely the function or employment of a servant at the will and during the pleasure of another. 

Important Points

• Types of Writs-
  • Both the High Courts and the Supreme Court can be approached for violation or enactment of fundamental rights through five kinds of writs:
  • Habeas corpus - related to personal liberty in cases of illegal detentions and wrongful arrests
  • Mandamus - directing public officials, governments, courts to perform a statutory duty
  • Quo Warranto - to show by what a warrant is a person holding public office
  • Prohibition - directing judicial or quasi-judicial authorities to stop proceedings which it has no jurisdiction
  • Certiorari - a re-examination of an order given by judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative authorities.
• In civil or criminal matters, the first remedy available to an aggrieved person is that of trial courts, followed by an appeal in the High Court and then the Supreme Court.
• When it comes to the violation of fundamental rights, an individual can approach the High Court under Article 226 of the Supreme Court directly under Article 32.

Article 3 of the Indian Constitution:

• It empowered the Parliament to make laws relating to the formation of new states and alteration of existing states.
• Parliament may by law:
  • Form a new State by separation of territory from a State or by uniting two or more States or parts of States
  • Increase the area of any State
  • Diminish the area of any State
  • Alter the boundaries of any State
  • Alter the name of any State

• Cochin Port is natural port and known as great port of East. It is located in Vembanad Lake.
• The Port of Kandla is located on the Gulf of Kutch on the northwestern coast of India, some 256 nautical miles southeast of the Port of Karachi in Pakistan and over 430 nautical miles northwest of the Port of Mumbai. It is the largest port of India by volume of cargo handled.It is a tidal port.
• Visakhapatnam Port is one of 13 major ports in India and the only major port of Andhra Pradesh. It is India's third largest state-owned port by volume of cargo handled and largest on the Eastern Coast. It is located midway between the Chennai and Kolkata Ports on the Bay of Bengal.

It is an international treaty on pollution control. To solve the problem of pollution in the world, the conference of the world community has been held in Stockholm (Sweden) in 1972, RIO Earth Summit 1992, Kyoto Summit in 1997 and Montreal Summit in 2005. Kyoto Protocol has held to gases responsible for Green House Effect. They are carbondyoxide, mythane, nitrus oxide, hydrochloride etc.

• It was constituted in 2003 under the WLPA. 
• It is a statutory body constitutedunder Section 5A of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
• It replaced the Indian Board for Wildlife, which was formed in 1952 as an advisory board.

Important facts:

• It is primarily responsible for the promotion of wildlife conservation and the development of wildlife and forests.
• The NBWL comprises 47 members counting the chairperson. The Prime Minister of the country is the ex officio chairperson of the NBWL. 
• The Minister of Environment, Forests and Climate Change is the Vice-Chairperson of the Board. 
• As per the WLPA, every time a new government is formed, a new NBWL has to be constituted with the Prime Minister as the chairperson.

Geographical aspects:

• The Indian Parliament enacted the Wildlife (Protection) Act in 1972, which provides for the safeguard and protection of the wildlife (flora and fauna) in the country.
• The Act was last amended in the year 2006. An Amendment bill was introduced in the Rajya Sabha in 2013 and referred to a Standing Committee, but it was withdrawn in 2015.

Political aspects:

• The 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, Forests and Protection of Wild Animals and Birds was transferred from State to Concurrent List.
• Article 51 A (g) of the Constitution states that it shall be the fundamental duty of every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment including forests and Wildlife.
• Article 48 Ain the Directive Principles of State policy, mandates that the State shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.

The Uttarakhand government has introduced an ordinance providing co-ownership rights to women in husbands' ancestral property. 
Important facts:

• It was passed with the aim of providing financial independence to women who are left behind at home and get dependent on agriculture to sustain themselves.
• Uttarakhand has become the first state that provides co-ownership rights to women in ancestral property of their women.

Static aspects:
Property Rights of Women in India 
Hindu Succession Act, 1956:

• The Mitakshara school of Hindu law codified as the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 governed succession and inheritance of property but only recognized males as legal heirs.
• It applied to everyone who is not a Muslim, Christian, Parsi or Jew by religion. Buddhists, Sikhs, Jains and followers of Arya Samaj, Brahmo Samaj, are also considered Hindus for this law.
• In a Hindu Undivided Family, several legal heirs through generations can exist jointly.
• Traditionally, only male descendants of a common ancestor along with their mothers, wives and unmarried daughters are considered a joint Hindu family. The legal heirs hold the family property jointly.

Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005:-

• The 1956 Act was amended in September 2005 and women were recognised as coparceners for property partitions arising from 2005.
• Section 6 of the Act was amended to make a daughter of a coparcener also a coparcener by birth “in her own right in the same manner as the son”.
• It also gave the daughter the same rights and liabilities “in the coparcenary property as she would have had if she had been a son”.
• The law applies to ancestral property and to intestate succession in personal property, where succession happens as per law and not through a will.

• Intensive Mission Indradhanush 1.0 aims to focus more on vaccination in urban areas.
• Mission Indradhanush Abhiyan was launched on 25 December 2014 by the Union Ministry of Health, Government of India.

Important facts:

• Mission Indradhanush aims to vaccinate children who are not vaccinated or partially vaccinated by 2020 with seven vaccines to prevent diphtheria, mucus, tetanus, polio, tuberculosis, measles, and Hepatitis-B.
• Operation Samudra Setu was launched in May 2020 as part of the national effort to repatriate Indian citizens from overseas during the Covid-19 pandemic.
• It was launched along with Vande Bharat Mission (VBM).
• To meet the oxygen requirements INS Kolkata and INS Talwar were commissioned to transport 40 MT of liquid oxygen to Manama, Port of Bahrain, and Mumbai by Operation Samudra Setu-2
• And before that under the Vande Bharat Mission, Operation Samudra Setu was started. 
• In which about four thousand Indians trapped in countries like Sri Lanka, Maldives and Iran were brought back.

Static aspects:
Vande Bharat Mission:

• The Vande Bharat Mission (VBM), which started repatriating Indians stranded abroad due to Covid-19 and the resultant lockdowns since May 2020.
• It was the biggest civilian evacuation exercise to bring back Indian citizens stranded abroad amidst the coronavirus-induced travel restrictions.

Operation Raahat:

• It was launched by the Indian Armed Forces, to evacuate 4,640 Indian citizens and 960 foreign nationals of 41 countries from Yemen during the 2015 Yemen Crisis.
• The evacuation took place both by sea and the air.

Mohammed Sadiq was a traveler from Iran.
Important facts:

• Itsing was a Chinese Buddhist traveler who came to India in 671 or 672 AD.
• He took with him about 400 copies of the Sutta Vinaya.
• Abhidhamma Pitaka texts. Between 700-712 AD, he produced translations of about 56 texts into the Chinese language.
• He came to India during the time of Harshavardhana.
• Peter Mundi came to India during the time of Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. 
• He has mentioned the severe famine in 1630-32 AD. 
• Peter Mundi has given an account of the economic and social system of Mughal India.

Historical aspects:

• Babur was the founder of the Mughal empire which was established in 1526 after Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the first battle of Panipat.
• Babur ascended the throne at Farghana (Uzbekistan), in 1494 at the age of twelve after the death of his father.
• Babur died in the year 1530AD.
• He wrote his autobiography, Tuzuk-i-Baburi in Turki language.
• After the death of Babur in 1530, his son Humayun succeeded him.
• in 1539 Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun in Battle of Chausa. 
• In the next year SherShah Suri confronted Humayun in Kannauj and defeated him completely. (Battle of Kannauj 1540).
• His biography Humayunnama was written by Gulbadan Begum in Persian language.
• He died in 1556 due to his fall from the staircase of his library.
• He was buried in Delhi.
• Akbar was only thirteen years old at the time of Humayun’s death. When his father died, Akbar was at Kalanaur in Punjab and therefore his coronation took place in Kalanaur itself in 1556.
• Akbar was succeeded by his son Salim with the title Nur-ud-din Jahangir.Jahangir’s reign witnessed the visit of two Englishmen – William Hawkins and Sir Tomas Roe.
  • Jahangir died near Lahore (on the way from Kashmir to Lahore). He was buried in Lahore.
  • After Jahangir’s death in 1627, Shah Jahan reached Agra with the support of the nobles and the army and ascended the throne.
  • In his reign the famous Peacock Throne was made for the King.
  • Aurangzeb imprisoned Shah Jahan and crowned himself as the Mughal emperor. 
  • Shah Jahan died broken hearted as a royal prisoner in January 1666 and was buried in the Taj Mahal.

Information about 2500 years old ancient structures has been found in the Chandan river valley in Amarpur block of Banka district of Bihar.

Important facts:-

• In 2020 this site was visited by Honorable Chief Minister Mr. Nitish Kumar. 
• Excavations here can give a lot of information about ancient history. Chandan river has been in news as an archeological site even in 2021. 
• Mahatma Buddha attained enlightenment in Gaya. 
• The tomb of Shershah Suri remains at Sasaram in Rohtas district.

Historical aspects:-

• Buddhism was founded by Gautama Buddha.
• Buddha was born as Prince Siddhartha at Lumbini near Kapilavastu (in present Nepal) in 566 BC.
• He was the son of Suddhodhana and Mahamaya. Suddhodhana was the chief of the Sakya clan. 
• Due to this, Buddha was also known as ‘Sakyamuni’.
• His mother died either giving birth to him or after seven days. Siddhartha was brought up by his maternal aunt, Prajapati Gautami. This gave him the name ‘Gautama’.
• He was married to Yashodhara and had a son, Rahula.
• He left his home at the age of 29 to become an ascetic. This event is called Mahabhishkramana.
• Buddha gave his first sermon in the village of Sarnath, near the city of Benares in UP. This event is known as Dharma-Chakra-Pravartana (turning of the wheel of law).
• He died at the age of 80 in 483 BCE at a place called Kushinagara a town in UP. The event is known as Mahaparinibban.

Four noble truths:-

• Suffering (dukkha) is the essence of the world.
• Every suffering has a cause – Samudya.
• Suffering could be extinguished – Nirodha.
• It can be achieved by following the Atthanga Magga (Eight Fold Path).

Eight Fold Paths:- the path consists of various interconnected activities related to knowledge, conduct, and meditative practices.

• Right view
• Right intention
• Right speech
• Right action
• Right livelihood
• Right mindfulness
• Right effort
• Right concentration

First Council:-

• It was held soon after the Mahaparinirvan of the Buddha, around 483 BC under the patronage of King Ajatshatru and was presided by Mahakasyapa, a monk.
• The council was held in the Sattapani cave at Rajgriha.

Second Council:-

• It was held in Vaishali, a village in Bihar under the patronage of the king Kalasoka in 383 BC. 
• It was presided by Sabakami.

Third Council:-

• It was held in 250 BC in Patliputra under the patronage of Ashoka and was presided by Moggaliputta Tissa.

Forth Council:-

• It was held in 72 AD at Kundalvana, Kashmir. 
• It was presided by Vasumitra, while Asvaghosa was his deputy under the patronage of King Kanishka of Kushan Empire.
• Buddhism was divided into two sects namely Mahayan and Hinayan.

All the above definitions 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct.
IMPORTANT FACTS

• In economics, factors of production are the resources people use to produce goods and services; they are the building blocks of the economy. 
• Economists divide the factors of production into four categories: land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship.

OPTIONS EXPLANATION
Meltdown is the going down the rate of a country's economic activity.

• An economic downturn is a non-specifically defined term that refers to a growing financial crisis with wide-ranging effects. 
• There are no specific factors that constitute an economic recession, but there are several possible causes.  
• A severe national crisis, such as a war, can halt normal industries and destroy the economic ability to produce goods and services. Similarly, a tremendous natural disaster can destroy the infrastructure of a small country,  Thereby causing a very real panic for both basic needs and economic considerations.

Slowdown - A period of slow economic growth, especially one that is followed by a period of strong growth. 

• Unlike a recession, economic growth during a recession is not necessarily negative.  
• For example, a country whose GDP has experienced growth of 3%, 3.3% and 3.5% for three consecutive quarters, but then has seen growth of 3.51% and 3.52%, is not in recession but in a slowdown.

Contraction, in economics, refers to a phase of the business cycle in which the economy as a whole is in decline.

• A contraction generally occurs after the business cycle peaks, but before it becomes a trough. According to most economists, when a country's real gross domestic product (GDP)—the most-watched indicator of economic activity—has declined for two or more consecutive quarters, then a recession has occurred.
• As the economy plunges into a contraction, unemployment increases. Although no economic contraction lasts forever, it is difficult to assess just how long a downtrend will continue before it reverses.
• For eg: The longest and most painful period of contraction in modern American history was the Great Depression, from 1929 to 1933.

A recession is a business cycle contraction, in which there is a general slowdown in economic activity over a period of time. 

• A recession is when the economy contracts for at least two quarters.
• During a recession, Macroeconomic indicators differ similarly.  Production, employment, investment spending, capacity utilization, household income, business profits and inflation all fall during recessions, as measured by gross domestic product (GDP);  While bankruptcies and unemployment rates have increased.

The Asian Development Bank (ADB)  and the Government of India have signed agreements to expand and improve the water supply in the Bhagalpur and Gaya rivers.
IMPORTANT FACTS

• ADB was also approved in 2012 to provide urban infrastructure and services in four towns of Bihar, Bhagalpur, Gaya, Darbhanga and Muzaffarpur.

Confusing Points
International Financial Institutions (IFIs)

• African Development Bank.
• Caribbean Development Bank.
• European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
• Inter-American Development Bank.
• World Bank.
• Other IFIs and Institutes.

Fixed Aspect

• ADB was established in 1966, on the recommendation of the "Economic Commission for the Asia Far East", headquartered  in Manila, the capital of the Philippines.
• It aims to accelerate economic-social development in Asia and the Pacific.
• Currently,  Masatsugu Asakawa of Japan is the President  of ADB.
• The post of President of ADB is given only to a Japanese.

Some of the salient features of the Constitution of India are as follows:

• Longest Constitution of the World:  The Constitution of India, its preamble and 470 articles are divided into 25 parts, which is the longest constitution in the whole world. With 12 schedules and five appendices, the constitution has been amended 105 times.
• Parliamentary Form of Government:  The Constitution of India establishes the parliamentary form of government both at the Center and in the states. In this form of governance, the prime minister and his council of ministers are accountable for all their actions, particularly to the Lok Sabha, which exercises control over the executive through democratic means.
• Fundamental Rights:  The fundamental rights of the citizens of the country are guaranteed by the constitution to all its citizens. These include the right to equality, the right to freedom, the right to freedom of religion, the right against exploitation, the right to educational and cultural rights, and the right to constitutional remedies.
• Quasi-federal nature:  The Indian state is federal in nature, in the sense that the powers are distributed between the union and the state. But during emergency the government assumes a unitary form.
• Adult Suffrage:  All adult citizens over the age of 18 have the right to vote. In India, there is a concept of 'universal adult suffrage' which does not tolerate communal division among voters.
• Independence of the Judiciary:  The Constitution of India has made the judicial wing independent of the legislature and the executive wing. Judges are free from interference from other organs of the government.
• Sovereignty:  The Constitution of India recognizes the country as free and independent, observing that no outside power can influence its decisions 
• Secular:  The Constitution of India provides for a secular state, ensures equal protection to all religions, does not maintain any particular religion as the state religion, guarantees the freedom to practice any accepted religion, and Gives equal respect to all.
• Single Citizenship:  The Constitution of India provides for single Indian citizenship to enforce the shared spirit of unity, there is no separate citizenship for particular  states .

Option Explanation

• There is no provision of dual citizenship in our constitution, it is not a feature of our constitution. 
• Single citizenship is derived from the Constitution of Britain.
• The Indian Constitution is very vast and very detailed as well as complex, hence critics criticize it.
• Many parts of the Indian Constitution have been taken from the constitutions of different countries, hence the critics call the lending constitution.