RSMSSB JE Civil Mock Test - 7 Free Online Test 2026

The correct answer is option 3.

Key Points

• Aiming to increase wildlife conservation and tourism, Rajasthan Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot has given approval of Rs 3 crores for the redevelopment of Neelkanth Biodivers Forest and Khan Bhankri Eco Park in the Dausa district. The correct answer is option 3.
• The release informed that with CM Gehlot’s approval, the Dausa district would be established on the tourism map, creating new employment opportunities.
• Under this, various works including walking tracks, eco huts, water facility, chairs, watch tower, entry gate, signage, talai in wildlife conservation, anicut, and plantation will be done in tourist facilities.
• This forest block of Dausa has a rich biodiversity of flora and fauna. The flora consists of Salar, Khirni, Gular, Bill Patra, Gundi, Cirrus, Palas, Dhaunk, and many trees.
• Wildlife includes leopard, hyena, jackal, nilgai, wild boar, patago, mongoose, snake, peacock, and others.
• Khan Bhankri Eco Park is situated just 300 meters away from Dausa District Collectorate.
• It is notable that under the budget 2022-23, it was announced by CM Gehlot to carry out works related to public convenience by marking 2-2 tourist places in each district for tourism in the state development.

Additional Information

• Nahargarh Biological Park, a part of the Nahargarh sanctuary is located about 12 km from Jaipur on the Jaipur-Delhi highway. It encompasses a large area of 720 hectares and is situated under the Aravalli range. The Park is famous for its vast flora and fauna, and its main aim is to conserve it.
• Sajjangarh Biological Park is a zoological garden located in Udaipur, Rajasthan. This biological park is situated just beneath the Monsoon Palace (also known as Sajjangarh Palace), around 4 km from the city centre of Udaipur.
• Machiya Biological Park in Jodhpur, Rajasthan is near to Kaylana Lake.

The correct answer is There are different types of beads.

Key Points

• Lappa, Lappi, Kiran and Bankdi are different types of beads.
  • Beads are 'Gota' in hindi language. The Gota is primarily embroided on the borders of dupatta, saree, and suits.
• ​Traditionally Gota is handwoven as strips of gold or silver ribbon with pure gold or silver wires on the warp and cotton or silk on the weft.
  • Thin ribbons are called lappi.
  • Broad ribbons are known as lappa.
  • It can be woven in a variety of weaves like plain, twill, or satin weave.
  • A plain woven ribbon (gota) is taken, and the designs are imprinted on it when the tape is passed between two metallic rollers, a plain and embossed one, and the pressure indents the design on the gota surface.
• Khandela town of Sikar district in Rajasthan is famous for Gota industry.
• Other type of Gota/Beads- Gokhru, Bankli, Bijia, Mukesh, Nakshi.

The correct answer is A.

Key Points

• Jamwa Ramgarh sanctuary is located in the Jaipur district of Rajasthan.
• It was declared a Wildlife Sanctuary in 1982.
• It has 300 sq. km. of area.
• It has a wide range of animals like Cheetahs, Jackals, Mongoose, Leopard, etc.
• The Bairath hills are situated near this Sanctuary.

Additional Information

The correct answer is Jayanak.

• Prithviraj Vijaya is a euphoric Sanskrit epic poem on the life of the Indian Chahamana king Prithviraj III (known as Prithviraj Chauhan in local folk tales).
  • It is believed to have been composed by Jayanaka, a Kashmiri poet-historian in the court of Prithviraj around 1191-1192 CE.

Key Points

• Prominent literature and litterateurs of Rajasthan
  • Vansh Bhaskar - Suryamal Mishran
  • Veer Satsai - Suryamal Mishran
  • Prithviraj Raso - Chandbardai
  • Hammir Hatha Chandrashekhar
  • Hammir Raso - Sarangdhar
  • Hammir Mardmardan - Jai Singh Suri
  • Vijaypal Raso - Nalla Singh

Additional Information

• Sanskrit & Prakrit Literature of Rajasthan
  • Hari Bhadra Suri of Cheetore wrote Samaraichcha Katha.
  • Vigrahraj Chauhan IV of Ajmer wrote a drama named Harkaili.
  • Jayanak, Court poet of Prithviraj Chauhan III wrote Prithviraj Vijay.
  • Maharana Kumbha wrote a treatise of Jai Deva’s Geet Govinda and a book on musicology – Sangeet Raj.
  • Hammira Mahakavya is a 15th-century Indian Sanskrit epic poem written by the Jain scholar Nayachandra Suri.

The correct answer is A-(ii), B-(iii), C-(iv), D-(i).

Key Points

• Bhapang
  • It is a rare single stringed percussion instrument.
  • It originates from the Mewati community in the Alwar district.
  • It is made of the hollow shell of the dry pumpkin called the Tumbi.
  • Zahoor Khan was known to play this instrument very well.
• Nad
  • It is a vertical flute with a single long hollow tube.
  • The player whistles into it and at the same time gurgle a song in his throat or actually sings intermittently.
  • Karna Bheel was famous for playing this instrument.
  • He was also renowned for his 6 ½ feet long moustache, a Guinness World Record.
• Algoza
  • It is a paired woodwind instrument.
  • It consists of two joined beak flutes, one for melody, the second for the drone.
  • Ramnath Choudhary has a mastery of playing algoza with mouth and nose.
• Khartal
  • It is an ancient instrument mainly used in devotional / folk songs.
  • This wooden clapper is a Ghana Vadya which has discs or plates that produce a clinking sound when clapped together.
  • Sadiq Khan was famous to play this instrument.

The correct answer is Lohagarh Fort.

Key Points

• The Lohagarh Fort is located in Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India.
• It was constructed in the 18th century by the Jat king Maharaja Suraj Mal.
• The Lohagarh Fort, also known as the Iron Fort, was so called because British emperors were never successful in capturing it.
• The inaccessible Lohagarh fort could withstand repeated attacks of British forces led by Lord Lake during the siege of Bharatpur in 1805.
• Two gates, Ashtdhaatu (eight-metalled) to the north and Chowburja (four-pillared) to the south, allow access to the fort.
• The Kishori Mahal, Mahal Khas, Kothi Khas, Moti Mahal, and towers like the Jawahar Burj, Fateh Burj, Mahal Khas, Kamra Mahal, and Purana Mahal are a few of the fort's notable structures.

The correct answer is 1-C, 2-B, 3-A.

Key Points

The table below is correctly matched:

Additional Information

• Gair Folk Dance:
  • Location: Performed in the Mewar region.
  • Performed By: Only men dance of Bhil tribe.
  • Performance Occasions: Holi.
• Kachi Ghodi Folk Dance:
  • Location: Shekhawati region.
  • Performed By: Men.
  • Performance Occasions: Generally performed for the entertainment of the bridegroom’s party, Holi.
• Chakri Folk Dance:
  • Chakri dance is believed as same as the Raai dance of ‘Beriyas’ tribe of Madhya Pradesh. Devi Lal Sagar made this dance popular.
  • Location: Hadoti region of Bundi, Kota & Baran District.
  • Performed By: Women of Kanjar tribe.
  • Performance Occasions: Marriages & Festivals of Hadoti Region.

The correct answer is the village, the block, and the district level.

• The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee was a Panchayati Raj committee appointed to examine the working of the community development programme and the national extension service.
• The committee was appointed in 1957.
• Balwant Rai Mehta was appointed as the chairman of this committee.
• The establishment of a three-tier Panchayati Raj system was suggested by the Balwant Rai Mehta committee.
• The Balwant Rai Mehta committee suggested that the structure of the Panchayati Raj should consist of the village, the block, and the district level.
  • Gram Panchayat at the village level.
  • Panchayat Samiti at the block level.
  • Zila Parishad at the district level.
• The recommendations of the committee were accepted by the national development council in 1958.

The correct answer is Western Arid Region.

• Tharparkar:
  • Its original place of origin is the Sindh region and Malani village Barmer.
  • Its breeding center is in Chandan village, Jaisalmer.
  • This cow breed is found mainly in the border region of Pakistan and Jaisalmer.
  • Tharparkar breed is found in the Western Arid region of Rajasthan.

Key Points

• Madhya Pradesh ranks first in the country in terms of cow population, while Rajasthan ranks fifth.
• The highest number of cows in Rajasthan is found in Udaipur while the minimum is in Dholpur.
• Foreign breeds found in Rajasthan such as Irsar, Holston, Swiss Brown, Banarsi or Jersey, Redden, etc.

Additional Information

• Central Animal Breeding Center is in Suratgarh, Sri Ganganagar.
• Other cow breeds
  • Rathi
  • Haryanvi
  • Nagauri
  • Mewati
  • Kankarej
  • Ajmera
  • Sanchori
  • Malvi

Flow is turbulent flow and Darcy’s law is not incorporated in this analysis.

This assumption is wrong because the flow is laminar and Darcy’s law is applicable.

Additional Information Assumption of DUPUIT-THIEM THEORY for analysis of groundwater flow towards a well:

• The velocity of flow is proportional to the tangent of the hydraulic gradient.
• The file is horizontal and uniform everywhere in the vertical section.
• The aquifer is homogenous, isotropic, and of infinite aerial extent.
• The well penetrates and receives water from the entire thickness of the aquifer.
• The coefficient of transmissibility is constant at all places and at all times.
• The natural groundwater regime affecting an aquifer remains constant with time.

Concept:

As per IS 800:2007

Clause 10.5.3.2: For the purpose of stress calculation in fillet welds joining faces inclined to each other, the effective throat thickness shall be taken as K times the fillet size, where K is a constant, depending upon the angle between fusion faces, as given in Table 22.

Clause 10.5.1.2: Lap jointIn the case of lap joints, the minimum lap should not be less than four times the thickness of the thinner part joined or 40 mm, whichever is more. Single-end-fillet should be used only when lapped parts are restrained from openings. When the end of an element is connected only by parallel longitudinal fillet welds, the length of the weld along either edge should not be less than the transverse spacing between longitudinal welds.

Clause 7.1.2.2: The classification of different sections under different buckling classes a, b, c, or d, is given in Table 10. The stress reduction factor , and the design compressive stress f_cd, for different buckling class, yield stress, and effective slenderness ratio is given in Table 8 for convenience. The curves corresponding to different buckling classes are presented in non-dimensional form.

Thus statement A and D are correct and statement B and C are incorrect. Hence option (3) combination of statements is correct.

Concept:

Chain surveying:

• Chain surveying is the simplest method of surveying.
• Measurements for this survey are taken on the field and other supplementary works like plotting and calculations are carried out in the office.
• The measurements in chain surveying are linear.
• Chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and, cross-staff, Offset rods, Plumb bob are the tools required for chain surveying.

Types of chain:

1. Metric chain:

• Metric chains are the most commonly used chain in India. These types of chains come in many lengths such as 5, 10, 20, and 30 meters [As per IS 1492 (1970): Metric surveying chains].
• The most commonly used is a 20m chain. Tallies are provided at every 2m of the chain for quick reading. Every link of this type of chain is 0.2m. The total length of the chain is marked on the brass handle at the ends.
• Metric chain - 30 m (150 links) or 20 m (100 links)

2. Gunter's chain:

• It is also known as the surveyor’s chain.
• It comes in standard 66 ft. this chain consists of 100 links, each link being 0.66 ft or 7.92 inches.
• The length 66 ft is selected because it is convenient in land measurements.

3. Engineer's chain:

• This chain comes in 100 ft length.
• Its consists of 100 links each link being 1ft long.
• At every 10 links, a brass ring or tags are provided for indication of 10 links. Readings are taken in feet and decimal.

4. Revenue chain:

• The revenue chain is 33 ft long.
• It is used by the Revenue Department of India.
• The number of links is 16, each link being 2 ft.

As per IS 456:2000, Clause 35.3.2:

1. The surface width of the cracks should not, in general, exceed 0.3 mm in members where cracking is not harmful and does not have any serious adverse effects upon the preservation of reinforcing steel nor upon the durability of the structures.
2. In members where cracking in the tensile zone is harmful either because they are exposed to the effects of the weather or continuously exposed to moisture or in contact with soil or groundwater, an upper limit of 0.2 mm is suggested for the maximum width of cracks.
3. For a particularly aggressive environment, such as the 'severe' category, the assessed surface width of cracks should not in general, exceed 0.1 mm.

Concepts:

The heating of a material to redness without in contact with air, is known as burning.

The heating of a material to redness in contact with air, is known as Calcination. This is done generally for the purpose of removing impurities or volatile substances.

The word Calcination refers to its most prominent use, which is to remove carbon from limestone through combustion to yield calcium oxide (quicklime).

This Calcination reaction is

CaCO₃ (s) → CaO(s) + CO₂ (g).

Pitot Tube is a device used for calculating the velocity of flow at any point in a pipe or a channel.

The pitot tube is used to measure velocity at a point.

It is based on the principle that if the velocity of flow at a point becomes zero, the pressure there is increased due to the conversion of the kinetic energy into pressure energy.

Working:

• The liquid flows up the tube and when equilibrium is attained, the liquid reaches a height above the free surface of the water stream
• Since the static pressure, under this situation, is equal to the hydrostatic pressure due to its depth below the free surface, the difference in level between the liquid in the glass tube and the free surface becomes the measure of dynamic pressure where p0, p and V are the stagnation pressure, static pressure and velocity respectively at point A
• Such a tube is known as a Pitot tube and provides one of the most accurate means of measuring the fluid velocity
• For an open stream of liquid with a free surface, this single tube is sufficient to determine the velocity, but for a fluid flowing through a closed duct, the Pitot tube measures only the stagnation pressure and so the static pressure must be measured separately.

Concepts:

The different types of floor:

1. Ground Floor: The floor of a building immediately above the ground is known as the ground floor.
2. Sub-floor: The floor of a building below the ground is known as sub-floor.
3. A floating floor is a floor that is not fixed to the layer beneath it.
4. Sprung floors are used for activities such as dance, indoor sports, and multi-purpose halls where specific properties of shock absorption.
5. The separating floor is a floor designed to restrict the passage of sound between the spaces above and below.

Suspended floor is a ground floor with a void underneath the structure.

A suspended floor means you have a crawl space underneath your ground floor (So the correct answer is Suspended floor)

The floor can be formed in various ways, using timber joists, precast concrete panels, block and beam system or cast in-situ with reinforced concrete.

However, the floor structure is supported by external and internal walls.

Supports underneath the floor are permanent and include sleeper walls or timber props placed at regular intervals.

Unlike standard ground floor construction, suspended floors are not sitting directly on the ground. This allows air flow and ventilation to prevent the mould and dry rot that would otherwise occur over damp ground.

Pointing is the finishing of the joints in brick masonry using either cement mortar (1 (cement): 3 (sand)) or lime mortar (1 (fat lime): 2 (sand)).

Facing is an outer layer or coating applied to a surface like brick wall for protection or decorative purpose.

Guinting is the process of repairing the already damaged concrete surface. In this method, cement is mixed with sand in 1: 3 or any other specified proportion and this mixture is applied over damaged concrete surface with a cement gun under some pressure. By doing so, a highly impervious surface is achieved.

Plastering is the process of covering rough walls and uneven surfaces in with a material, called plaster, which is a mixture of lime or cement and sand along with the required quantity of water.

Important Points

A point data is: 0D - Dimensionless

Point data is used to represent non-adjacent features and to represent discrete data points. Points have zero dimensions, and it gives the latitude & longitude of the respective location.

The point feature will not provide the length and area of the features. Examples would be schools, and points of interest such as hospitals, schools, colleges, worship centers, and other locations

Important Points in geographic information system (GIS

There are two different types of GIS data, vector data, and raster data.

Vector data

Vector data is the spatial data most people are familiar with, as it is the format presented in mapping portals such as Open Street Maps and Google Maps. It is also used extensively in computer graphics and computer-aided design (CAD). It consists of points, lines, and polygons.

Point Data –

• Point Data typically represents nonadjacent features or distinct data points. Points are zero dimension,
• so you cannot measure their length or area. Examples of point data would be cities, points of interest, and schools.

Line Data

• – Line data is also known as arc data. It represents linear features such as rivers, streets, and trails.
• Line data has a starting and an ending point, and, since it only has one dimension, can only be used to measure length.

Polygon Data –

• Polygons typically represent areas such as cities, lakes, or forests. Unlike point and line data, polygons are two-dimensional and can measure the perimeter or area of a geographic feature.
• Color schemes, patterns, or gradation color schemes could be used to identify polygon features.

Vector images are high-quality representations of an image or a shape. They can be enlarged or reduced with no loss of quality. To create or manipulate a vector image, you must use a program like Adobe Illustrator. A camera cannot capture a vector image.

Additional Information

Raster data,

also known as grid data, is made up of pixels, and each pixel has a value. You will typically find raster data on topographic maps, satellite images, and aerial surveys. Raster data is vital for meteorology, disaster management, and industries where analyzing risk is essential.

There are two types of raster data, continuous and discrete

• Continuous Data – Continuous rasters are cells on the grid that gradually change. Some examples would be an aerial photo, elevation, and temperature. Continuous raster surfaces come from a fixed registration point. For instance, in digital elevation models, the sea level is used as a registration point. Each cell represents a value that is above or below sea level.
• Discrete Data – Discrete rasters have a specific theme or class, and each pixel is assigned to a specific class. Unlike continuous data, discrete data can only take specific values, not values within a range. For example, in a discrete raster land cover/use map, you can see each thematic class, and where it begins and ends is defined.

Additional Information

AUTOCAD is a commercial Computer Aided Design software application.

Uses of AUTOCAD:
1. Easy to design in 3D & 2D.
2. Easy to understand as available in many languages.
3. AUTOCAD support a number of Application Programming Interference for customization and automation.

Coefficient of Velocity (C_v):
(i) It is defined as the ratio between the actual velocity of jet at vena-contracta and the theoretical velocity of jet.
(ii) If V is the actual velocity of jet at vena-contracta then,

(iii) The difference between the theoretical and the actual velocities of the jet at vena-contracta is mainly due to friction at the orifice. For sharp-edged orifice, friction is considerably less.
(iv) The value of Cv varies form 0.95 to 0.99

Coefficient of Contraction (C_c):
(i) It is defined as the ratio between the area of the jet at vena-contracta and the area of the orifice.
(ii) The theoretical value of C_c for sharp-edged orifice is equal to 0.611, but in practice, it varies from 0.61 to 0.69.
(iii) For general purposes, for small sharp-edged orifices, an average value of 0.64 to 0.65 may be assumed.
(iv) For a bell mouthed orifice, C_c = 1

Coefficient of Discharge (C_d):
(i) It is defined as the ratio between the actual discharge issued from an orifice and its theoretical discharge.
(ii) It is also defined as, C_d = C_c × C_v ---(i)
(iii) C_d varies from 0.61 to 0.65

From equation (i) It is clear that, if you put any range of C_c and C_v, you get the value of C_d, and the getting value of C_d always less than C_c
For Example: Let C_c = 0.61 and C_v = 0.95
Then C_d = C_c × C_v = 0.61 × 0.95 = 0.5795 < C_c

Calculation:

Concept

A propped cantilever is a structural configuration commonly used in engineering and construction.A propped cantilever is a type of structural element or beam that is supported at one end (the cantilevered end) and restrained or propped at the other end.

• Support: The cantilevered end is free to deflect vertically but cannot rotate. The propped end is typically supported by a vertical column or a wall.
• Use: Propped cantilevers are used in various structural applications, such as building construction, bridges, and industrial structures.
• Load Distribution: Loads applied to the cantilevered end create bending moments and shear forces along the length of the beam. The prop or support at the other end counteracts these forces.
• Stiffness: The stiffness and stability of the propped end are essential for preventing excessive deflection and ensuring structural integrity.
• Common Examples: Balconies, awnings, and some types of canopy structures often use the propped cantilever configuration to provide overhead shelter and support.

Deflection of end B = 0

(Downward deflection due to uniformly distributed load) - (upward deflection due to R B ) = 0

R A + R B = qL

The maximum shear force at the fixed end is

1. Diameter Symbol (∅) - %%C
2. Degree Symbol (°) - %%D
3. Plus/Minus Symbol (±) - %%P
4. Underline (single character) - %%u followed by the character that needs to be underlined (e.g., %%uA)
5. Overline (single character) - %%o followed by the character that needs to have an overline (e.g., %%oA
6. Fraction Slash - %%/ (Use in combination with numbers and the stack command to create fractions, e.g., 1/2 with stack command becomes a fractional representation.)
7. Center Line Symbol - %%C
8. Unicode Characters - Use \U+ followed by the Unicode value (e.g., \U+2205 for the empty set symbol ∅, though not all AutoCAD versions may support this directly for every symbol.)
9. Section Symbol (§) - This doesn’t have a direct shortcut in AutoCAD text, but can be inserted via other means such as using Windows Character Map or typing the Unicode character code in certain contexts.
10. Phi/Greek Letters - While there isn't a direct "%%" code for all Greek letters such as Phi, you can use the MTEXT editor and choose symbols to insert various Greek letters,

The level of service is a qualitative measure used to relate the quality of traffic service.

LOS is used to analyze highways by categorizing traffic flow and assigning quality levels of traffic based on performance measures like speed, density, delay, etc.

1. Factors affecting capacity and level of service-

• Laneway width
• Lateral clearance
• Shoulders
• Surface condition
• Alignment
• Grades

2. Traffic factors
3. Speed and travel time
4. Freedom to travel with desired speed
5. Driving comfort and convenience
6. Operating cost

Rebound Hammer Test (Schmidt hammer test):
(i) Rebound hammer test is a non-destructive testing method of concrete that provides a convenient and rapid indication of the compressive strength of the concrete.
(ii) Rebound hammer test gives approximate compressive strength value as it represents the hardness of the surface and provides no ideal of the concrete inside.
(iii) The principle of the test is that the rebound of an elastic mass depends on the hardness of the surface against which it strikes.

Concepts:

Canal Lining is an impermeable layer provided for the bed and sides of canal to improve he life and discharge capacity of canal. Canal Linings are provided in canals to resist the flow of water through its bed and sides.

These can be constructed using different materials such as compacted earth, cement, concrete, plastics, boulders, bricks etc.

Note: Wood is not used in canal lining as we know that wood is not known for its water resistant nature and due to this property we do not use wood in places where it is constantly underwater like in canal or under water construction,

Additional Information

Advantages of Canal lining:

1. Seepage Reduction: The main advantage of canal lining is to protect the water from seepage loss. Around 60 to 80% of water lost through seepage in an unlined canal can be saved by construction canal lining.

2. Prevention of Water Logging: Water logging is caused due to phenomenal rise in water table due to uncontrolled seepage in an unlined canal. So, the problem of water logging can be surely prevented by providing proper lining to the canal sides.

3. Increase in Commanded Area: Commanded area is the area which is suitable for irrigation purpose. The water carrying capacity of lined canal is much higher than the unlined canal and hence more area can be irrigated using lined canals.

4. Increase in Channel Capacity: The lined canal surface is generally smooth and hence, offers less resistance against flow of water and consequently, it allows water to flow with high velocity compared to unlined channel. Higher the velocity of flow greater is the capacity of channel.

5. Less Maintenance: Generally there is a problem of silting in unlined canal which removal requires huge expenditure but in case of lined canals, because of high velocity of flow, the silt is easily carried away by the water

6. Less Vegetation Growth: In case of unlined canals, there is a chance of growth of vegetation on the canal surface but not in case of lined canals. The vegetation affects the velocity of flow and water carrying capacity of channel.

7. Safety against Floods: : A line canal always withstand against floods while unlined canal may not resists and also there is chance of occurring of breach which damages the whole canal as well as surrounding areas or fields.

Time factor,

Where,

c_v = coefficient of consolidation, d = length of drainage, and t = time taken for consolidation

(I_s u ≤ 60%) where u is degree of consolidation

Now:

For a given c_v, and d ⇒ u ∝ √t

⇒ t₂ = 800 days

∴ Time taken for 50% consolidation is 800 days.

Concept:

Impact test:

Impact test is used to determining the toughness of stone, it is performed in an Impact Test Machine as followed:

1. A cylinder of diameter 25mm and height 25mm is taken out from the sample of stones.
2. It is then placed on the cast iron anvil of the machine.
3. A steel hammer of weight 20N is allowed to fall axially in a vertical direction over the specimen.
4. The height of the first blow is 1 cm, that of the second blow is 2 cm, that of the third blow is 3 cm, and so on.
5. Blow at which specimen breaks is noted. If it is an nth blow, ‘n’ represents the toughness index of stone.

Limits of Errors in Chaining:
1. For measuring over rough or hilly ground, the permissible error in chaining is 1 in 250.
2. In an Ordinary Chain Survey, the maximum permissible error is 1 in 1000.
3. If a steel tape or a steel band chain is used to obtain greater accuracy in measurements, the limiting error may be 1 in 2000.
4. When the standardized steel or invar tape is used and corrections for pull, temperature, sag, slope and alignment etc. are applied, the maximum error should not exceed 1 in 5000.

Navier – Stokes equation:

• This equation considers pressure force, gravity force, and viscous force and hence it completely analyses the viscous fluid motion.
• However, it does not holds well for turbulent flow. Thus, Reynold’s equation is used to analyze the turbulent flow.

• Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations represent mass conservation or continuity equation.

The conservation of mass is also expressed as Continuity Equation.

N-S equation also represents the momentum conservation equation.
​

Concept:

Calculation:

​Given:

Porosity (η) = 0.373, and Discharge velocity = 1.435 × 10-2 cm/s

Seepage velocity,(V_s) is:

⇒ ∴ Seepage Velocity is 3.85 × 10-2 cm/sec