Social & Cultural Awakening, Lower Caste, Trade Union Peasants Movements

1 only

Statement 1 is correct. The Trade Disputes Act, 1929 imposed restrictions on strikes in public utility services (such as railways, posts and telegraphs, water, electricity) by making such strikes unlawful unless workers gave one month's notice; it also provided for Courts of Inquiry and compulsory conciliation and limited sympathetic strikes and purely political or coercive union actions.

Statement 2 is incorrect. The registration of trade unions was provided for by the Trade Unions Act, 1926; the 1929 Act dealt with regulation of industrial disputes and restriction of certain strikes, not with mandatory registration.

Bardoli Satyagraha

The agitation was led by Vallabhbhai Patel in 1928 against a steep hike in land revenue (about 30%), and it drew overwhelming support from the peasantry rather than being confined to urban elites.

Under Patel's disciplined leadership the peasants adopted organized non-payment of revenue and mass resistance; the government responded with seizures of land but faced sustained local organization, publicity and national sympathy. An official inquiry later found the hike unjustified, and by August 1928 the authorities agreed to reduce the increase and restore confiscated lands.

As a result of his leadership in this successful peasants' struggle Patel was widely honored with the title Sardar, and the Bardoli campaign became an important model of rural satyagraha and peasant mobilization in the years that followed.

A: 1 and 3 only

Statement 1 is correct. The revolt was led by Sido and Kanhu and took place in 1855-56 in the Bhagalpur-Rajmahal area; they mobilized large numbers of Santhals against exploitation.

Statement 2 is incorrect. The zamindars and moneylenders (referred to as dikus) were the principal local exploiters and targets of the uprising, not allies who joined the tribals. The rebels did attack symbols of colonial/local authority such as police stations and administrative centres (and disrupted communications), but the claim that zamindars sided with the Santhals to do so is false.

Statement 3 is correct. A number of non-tribals-including poor peasants and other marginalized groups-sympathized with or joined the Santhals, so the participation/support was not exclusively tribal.

Thus, only statements 1 and 3 are correct.

1, 2 and 3

Statement 1 is correct. The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) was formed in 1920, and Lala Lajpat Rai was elected its first President at the founding conference.

Statement 2 is correct. Prominent national leaders such as C. R. Das and Jawaharlal Nehru were associated with AITUC; C. R. Das presided over early sessions and other Congress leaders took part in or supported the organization.

Statement 3 is correct. At the Gaya session (1922) of the Indian National Congress the AITUC was welcomed and the Congress decided to form a committee of Congressmen to assist and cooperate with the trade union movement.

Hence, all three statements are historically accurate.

D: Neither 1 nor 2

Statement 1 is incorrect. The movement demanded that sharecroppers keep two-thirds of the harvest (hence the name Tebhaga, literally "two shares out of three"), reducing the landlord's share to one-third; earlier customary practice often required sharecroppers to give as much as a half of the produce to landlords.

Statement 2 is incorrect. There was no British "Fraser Commission" instituted to settle the Tebhaga agitation of 1946-47; the movement was met with repression and later influenced post-1947 agrarian reforms such as various Bargadari measures. The reference to a Fraser Commission in this context is not correct.

Thus both statements are wrong.

1 and 3 only. Self-Respect Movement led by E. V. Ramasamy (Periyar) is correctly paired: it was formally launched in 1925 in Tamil Nadu and campaigned for the annihilation of caste hierarchies, social equality, rationalism and women's rights.

Moplah Rebellion is not correctly paired with Vasudev Balwant Phadke. V. B. Phadke led an early armed revolutionary campaign in Maharashtra in the late 1870s-1880s; the Moplah (Mappila) uprisings were agrarian and communal revolts in the Malabar region of Kerala (notably the 1921 Malabar Rebellion and earlier 19th-century outbreaks) involving Mappila peasants, and were not led by Phadke.

Eka Movement correctly pairs with Madari Pasi. The movement in Awadh during 1921-22 mobilized peasants against zamindars and landlords, and local leaders such as Madari Pasi played prominent roles in organizing the peasant agitation.

1, 2 and 3

Statement 1 is correct. Narayan Meghaji Lokhande is widely regarded as the Father of the Trade Union Movement in India; he organized textile workers and founded the Bombay Mill Hands Association (in 1884) to press for better wages, shorter hours and improved working conditions.

Statement 2 is correct. His sustained agitation and representation of mill workers led to official inquiry and the constitution of a factory commission; the commission's recommendations helped shape regulatory measures embodied in the Factory Act of 1891, improving protections for women and children and regulating working conditions.

Statement 3 is correct. In recognition of his public service and work on labour and social issues, he was conferred the title Rao Bahadur by the colonial government.

Kanpur Conspiracy Case: In 1924 the colonial government prosecuted a group of early Indian communists on charges of conspiring to overthrow British authority and to spread revolutionary communist ideas.

The accused included prominent organisers and theoreticians such as M. N. Roy, Muzaffar Ahmad, S. A. Dange, Shaukat Usmani, Nalini Gupta, Singaravelu Chettiar and Ghulam Hussain. The trial, held at Kanpur, alleged a plot to "deprive the King-Emperor of sovereignty" and to build a clandestine communist network.

Although intended to suppress the nascent communist movement, the prosecution publicised communist ideas, helped unify left-wing activists, and increased the profile of those prosecuted. For their roles in organising and propagating communist activity, Muzaffar Ahmad, Nalini Gupta, and Singaravelu Chettiar are therefore associated with the Kanpur Conspiracy Case.

peasant movement in Awadh.

Eka Movement (-1921-22) was essentially a rural peasant uprising in Awadh, driven by small cultivators and tenant farmers.

Its main causes were high rents, oppressive practices of taluqdars and moneylenders, and the burden of wartime and postwar arrears, which led peasants to demand rent remission and cancellation of dues.

Villages organized under the idea of Eka (unity), formed local solidarities, refused to pay rents, and challenged landlord authority; the movement was largely local, non-revolutionary, and distinct from tribal uprisings or industrial strikes.

The agitation overlapped in time with the Non-Cooperation Movement but remained a predominantly agrarian, locally led protest and was eventually suppressed by police action and landlord countermeasures.

Outsiders like moneylenders, traders, and zamindars exploiting tribal communities

The term Dikus was used by tribal communities (especially in the Chota Nagpur region) to denote non-tribal outsiders perceived as intruders and exploiters, such as moneylenders, traders, zamindars, missionaries and British officials.

Colonial changes in land and revenue systems - including the introduction of individual land rights, the spread of a money economy and commercialization - enabled these outsiders to appropriate communal lands, impose rents and force tribals into debt, creating the social and economic grievances behind many uprisings.

Notable revolts that targeted such dikus include the Santhal Rebellion (1855-56) and the Munda Ulgulan (1899-1900) led by Birsa Munda, where tribal communities rose against exploitative moneylenders, landlords and colonial agents.