Basic General Knowledge Quiz - 13 - Current Affairs MCQ

The chief constituent of gobar gas is methane.

Gobar gas, also known as biogas, is a renewable energy source produced through the decomposition of organic matter, such as animal dung, agricultural waste, and sewage.

Explanation:

• Methane: The main component of gobar gas is methane (CH4). It is a colorless and odorless gas that is flammable and the primary constituent responsible for its combustible properties.


• Production: Gobar gas is produced in a biogas plant where organic matter is broken down by bacteria in the absence of oxygen, a process called anaerobic digestion. The bacteria produce methane as a byproduct of breaking down the organic matter.


• Renewable Energy: Gobar gas is considered a renewable energy source as it utilizes organic waste that would otherwise release methane into the atmosphere, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. By capturing and utilizing methane as gobar gas, it can be used for cooking, heating, and electricity generation.


• Advantages: Gobar gas has several advantages, including being a clean and sustainable source of energy, reducing dependence on fossil fuels, improving waste management by utilizing organic waste, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.


• Other Constituents: While methane is the chief constituent of gobar gas, it may also contain other gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen (H2), nitrogen (N2), and traces of other gases.

Therefore, the correct answer is option B: methane.

The countries that had maintained research stations in Antarctica under Antarctic Trade are:
- Argentina: Argentina has maintained research stations in Antarctica under Antarctic Trade.
- Australia: Australia has maintained research stations in Antarctica under Antarctic Trade.
- Belgium: Belgium has maintained research stations in Antarctica under Antarctic Trade.
- South Africa: South Africa has maintained research stations in Antarctica under Antarctic Trade.
- Chile: Chile has maintained research stations in Antarctica under Antarctic Trade.
- France: France has maintained research stations in Antarctica under Antarctic Trade.
- Japan: Japan has maintained research stations in Antarctica under Antarctic Trade.
- New Zealand: New Zealand has maintained research stations in Antarctica under Antarctic Trade.
- Norway: Norway has maintained research stations in Antarctica under Antarctic Trade.
- Former USSR: The former USSR, which included countries like Russia, maintained research stations in Antarctica under Antarctic Trade.
- UK: The United Kingdom has maintained research stations in Antarctica under Antarctic Trade.
- USA: The United States of America has maintained research stations in Antarctica under Antarctic Trade.
Therefore, the correct answer is (D) All of the above. These countries have participated in scientific research and exploration in Antarctica through their research stations.

The Enron project is a gas-fired power project.
Explanation:
The Enron project refers to a specific power project that was developed by the Enron Corporation, an American energy company. The project was primarily focused on generating electricity using natural gas as the fuel source. Here is a detailed explanation of why the correct answer is D:
Gas-fired Power Project:
- The Enron project involved the construction and operation of power plants that utilized natural gas as a fuel to generate electricity.
- Natural gas is a fossil fuel that is abundant and relatively clean-burning, making it an increasingly popular choice for power generation.
- Gas-fired power projects typically involve the combustion of natural gas in a gas turbine, which drives a generator to produce electricity.
- The Enron project aimed to take advantage of the efficiency and environmental benefits of gas-fired power generation.
Incorrect Options:
A: Hydro-electric Project:
- Hydro-electric projects generate electricity using the potential energy of water stored in dams or flowing in rivers.
- The Enron project did not involve the use of water as a primary energy source.
B: Thermal Power Project:
- Thermal power projects typically refer to power plants that use coal, oil, or natural gas as the fuel source.
- While the Enron project did involve the use of gas as a fuel, it is more specifically categorized as a gas-fired power project.
C: Atomic Power Project:
- Atomic power projects, also known as nuclear power projects, generate electricity through nuclear reactions.
- The Enron project did not involve the use of nuclear energy.
In conclusion, the Enron project is a gas-fired power project, as it focused on generating electricity using natural gas as the primary fuel source.

The first development flight of SLV-3 took place on May 31, 1981.
Explanation:
The SLV-3 (Satellite Launch Vehicle-3) was a launch vehicle developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Its first development flight occurred on May 31, 1981.
Here is a detailed explanation of the answer:
Background:
- The SLV-3 was India's first experimental satellite launch vehicle.
- It was designed to place 40 kg class satellites into Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
Development and Testing:
- The development of SLV-3 began in the early 1970s.
- Multiple ground tests and subsystem tests were conducted to ensure its functionality and performance.
- The first flight of SLV-3 was planned as a developmental flight to validate the vehicle's design and performance.
The First Development Flight:
- On May 31, 1981, the first development flight of SLV-3 took place from the Sriharikota Range (SHAR) in Andhra Pradesh, India.
- The vehicle was successfully launched and reached its intended orbit.
- The primary objective of this flight was to test the performance of the vehicle's solid motor stages and the guidance system.
Subsequent Developments:
- After the successful first development flight, ISRO continued to refine and improve the SLV-3.
- Several more development flights and operational launches were conducted in the following years.
- The SLV-3 program eventually led to the development of more advanced launch vehicles like the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV).
In conclusion, the first development flight of SLV-3 took place on May 31, 1981, marking an important milestone in India's space exploration journey.

The Chief Purpose of Crop Rotation:
Introduction:
Crop rotation is a farming practice that involves the systematic planting of different crops on the same piece of land in a sequential manner. The primary goal of crop rotation is to maintain the health and fertility of the soil, ensuring sustainable agricultural practices. One key aspect of crop rotation is to prevent the loss of topsoil, which is essential for plant growth and productivity.
Reasons for implementing crop rotation:
The chief purpose of crop rotation is to check the loss of topsoil due to the following reasons:
1. Minimizing water erosion: Crop rotation helps to reduce water erosion by:
- Planting different crops with varying root structures and canopy covers.
- Utilizing plants with deep root systems that can hold the soil together.
- Enhancing water infiltration and reducing surface runoff.
2. Preventing wind erosion: Crop rotation can prevent wind erosion by:
- Planting windbreak crops that act as barriers and reduce wind speed.
- Cultivating crops with dense foliage that protects the soil from wind erosion.
- Maintaining crop residue on the field, acting as a natural mulch to prevent soil erosion.
3. Managing weathering: Crop rotation helps manage weathering by:
- Altering the nutrient demands of different crops, preventing excessive depletion of specific nutrients.
- Promoting the growth of nitrogen-fixing crops, which replenish soil nitrogen levels naturally.
- Breaking the cycle of pests and diseases that target specific crops, reducing the need for chemical interventions.
4. Preserving mineral content: Crop rotation aids in preserving the mineral content of the soil by:
- Balancing nutrient uptake and avoiding excessive depletion of specific minerals.
- Utilizing crops with different mineral requirements, preventing nutrient imbalances.
- Reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers by naturally replenishing soil nutrients.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the chief purpose of crop rotation is to prevent the loss of topsoil in various ways, including minimizing water and wind erosion, managing weathering, and preserving the mineral content of the soil. By implementing crop rotation, farmers can maintain the health and fertility of their land, ensuring sustainable agricultural practices for future generations.

World's busiest airports by passenger traffic
There are several factors that determine the busiest airports in the world, including passenger traffic. The airports listed below are some of the busiest in terms of passenger traffic:
Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, USA:
- Located in Atlanta, Georgia, this airport consistently ranks as the busiest airport in the world.
- It serves as a major hub for both domestic and international flights.
- With over 100 million passengers annually, it handles a significant amount of air traffic.
Lhasa Airport, Tibet:
- Lhasa Airport, also known as Gonggar Airport, is one of the busiest airports in Tibet.
- Although it may not handle as many passengers as some other major international airports, it is notable for its high altitude and challenging flying conditions.
King Abdul Aziz International Airport, Saudi Arabia:
- Located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, this airport is a major gateway to the country.
- It serves as a hub for Saudi Arabian Airlines and handles a significant amount of passenger traffic.
Chicago O'Hare International Airport, USA:
- Located in Chicago, Illinois, O'Hare International Airport is one of the busiest airports in the United States.
- It serves as a major hub for both domestic and international flights and handles a large volume of passenger traffic.
Overall, these airports are known for their high passenger traffic and play a crucial role in connecting people and facilitating travel across the globe.

The first meeting of the UN General Assembly was held in London.
The answer is incorrect. The correct answer is B: New York. Here is a detailed solution:
Background:
- The United Nations (UN) is an international organization founded in 1945.
- It was established after World War II to promote international cooperation and prevent conflicts.
Formation of the UN General Assembly:
- The UN General Assembly is one of the six main organs of the United Nations.
- It consists of all 193 member states of the UN and serves as a forum for member states to discuss and coordinate on international issues.
Location of the first meeting:
- The first meeting of the UN General Assembly was held on January 10, 1946.
- It took place at the Central Hall in Westminster, London, England.
- The choice of London as the location was due to its historical significance and the role played by the United Kingdom during World War II.
Relocation to New York:
- The UN General Assembly later moved its headquarters to New York City in 1952.
- The decision to relocate was made due to the need for a permanent and centralized location for the organization's activities.
Conclusion:
- While the first meeting of the UN General Assembly was indeed held in London, the headquarters and subsequent meetings are now conducted in New York City.

First Rice Straw Power Plant
Location: Jalkheri, Punjab
Explanation:
- The first rice straw power plant has been set up in Jalkheri, Punjab.
- The plant is specifically designed to generate electricity from rice straw, which is a byproduct of rice cultivation.
- Rice straw is usually burned in fields after harvesting, leading to air pollution and contributing to climate change.
- The power plant aims to address this issue by utilizing rice straw as a renewable energy source.
- It is an important step towards reducing the environmental impact of rice cultivation and promoting sustainable energy practices.
- The plant employs advanced technology to convert rice straw into biogas, which is then used to generate electricity.
- This process not only helps in reducing air pollution but also provides an alternative source of income for farmers.
- The establishment of the rice straw power plant in Jalkheri, Punjab, marks a significant milestone in the utilization of agricultural waste for clean energy production.
- It serves as an example for other regions and countries to explore similar initiatives to combat environmental challenges and promote renewable energy.

The founder members of EFTA are:
- Austria, Denmark, Norway: These three countries were among the original founding members of EFTA.
- Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland: These countries were also among the original founding members of EFTA.
- UK, Austria, Sweden: The United Kingdom, Austria, and Sweden were also part of the founding members of EFTA.
- All of the above: The correct answer is option D, as all of the mentioned countries are founder members of EFTA.
Explanation:
- The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) was established on January 4, 1960, as an alternative trade bloc to the European Economic Community (EEC), which later became the European Union (EU).
- EFTA was created by the Stockholm Convention signed by seven countries: Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.
- These countries aimed to promote free trade among themselves and with other countries outside the EEC.
- EFTA provided a platform for its member countries to cooperate on trade and economic issues, while maintaining their sovereignty and independence.
- Over the years, EFTA has expanded its membership and currently includes Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Switzerland, as well as the original founding members.
- EFTA member countries enjoy preferential trade agreements with each other and have the freedom to negotiate their own trade deals with non-EFTA countries.
- EFTA has played a significant role in promoting free trade and economic integration among its member countries and beyond.

Background:

The ancient Olympic Games were a series of athletic competitions held in Olympia, Greece. These games were an important part of ancient Greek culture and were held every four years. The first historical mention of the holding of the ancient Olympic Games is a significant milestone in understanding the origins and history of this prestigious event.

The correct answer to the question is D: 2775 years ago.

Here is a detailed explanation:

- The ancient Olympic Games were first held in the year 776 BC.
- The games were held in Olympia, Greece, and were dedicated to the gods of ancient Greek mythology.
- The ancient Olympic Games were part of a religious festival known as the Olympic Games, which were held in honor of Zeus, the king of the gods.
- The games consisted of various athletic competitions, including running, jumping, throwing, and combat sports.
- Initially, the ancient Olympic Games were a local event, but over time, they gained popularity and attracted participants from all over Greece.
- The games were held every four years, and the interval between two consecutive games was known as an "Olympiad."
- The ancient Olympic Games continued for over a thousand years until they were eventually abolished in 393 AD by the Roman emperor Theodosius I.
- The first historical mention of the ancient Olympic Games occurred about 2775 years ago when they were first held in 776 BC.

The first meeting of the SAARC was opened in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an intergovernmental organization comprising eight member countries in South Asia. The first meeting of SAARC was opened in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Here are some key details about the event:
1. Date and location:
- The first SAARC meeting took place on December 7-8, 1985.
- The meeting was held in Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh.
2. Objective:
- The main objective of SAARC is to promote regional cooperation among member countries in various fields such as agriculture, education, culture, health, and trade.
3. Member countries:
- SAARC consists of eight member countries: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
- These countries represent a significant portion of the South Asian region, both in terms of population and GDP.
4. Formation:
- The idea of forming SAARC was first proposed by Bangladesh's President Ziaur Rahman in 1980.
- The initiative gained momentum, and the SAARC Charter was adopted in Dhaka on December 8, 1985, during the first SAARC meeting.
5. Evolution and functioning:
- SAARC has evolved over the years, with regular summits and meetings held among member countries.
- The organization aims to enhance regional cooperation through various mechanisms, including the Council of Ministers, Standing Committee, and specialized bodies.
6. Achievements:
- SAARC has made progress in areas such as poverty alleviation, trade facilitation, cultural exchanges, and disaster management.
- The organization has also initiated projects and programs to promote economic integration and people-to-people contacts.
In conclusion, the first meeting of SAARC was held in Dhaka, Bangladesh, in 1985. SAARC continues to play a significant role in promoting regional cooperation and addressing common challenges among its member countries.

The first Afro-Asian Games were held between October 24, 2003 and November 1, 2003 in Hyderabad, India.

The General Assembly meets regularly

Answer: D. once a year

Explanation:

The question asks about the regularity of the General Assembly meetings. Here is a detailed explanation of the answer:
Regular Meetings of the General Assembly

• The General Assembly is the main deliberative body of the United Nations.


• It meets annually at the United Nations Headquarters in New York.


• Different sessions of the General Assembly are held each year.


• During the session, representatives from member states gather to discuss and make decisions on a wide range of global issues.

Frequency of General Assembly Meetings

• The General Assembly meets once a year.


• This meeting is known as the regular session of the General Assembly.


• The regular session typically begins in September and lasts for several weeks.


• During the session, member states address various agenda items, including peace and security, development, human rights, and international law.


• The General Assembly also elects the President of the General Assembly and other officials during the session.

Therefore, based on the information provided, the correct answer is D. once a year.

Fighter Force of Air Force:
The fighter force of the Air Force is comprised of various aircraft types. Here is a detailed breakdown of the different aircraft included in the fighter force:
MIG-21 variant:
- The MIG-21 is a supersonic jet fighter aircraft.
- It is a versatile aircraft and has been used by many countries.
- The MIG-21 variant is part of the Air Force fighter force.
MIG-23s, MIG-25s, MIG-27s, MIG-29s:
- The MIG-23, MIG-25, MIG-27, and MIG-29 are all fighter aircraft developed by the Soviet Union.
- These aircraft are known for their speed, maneuverability, and combat capabilities.
- All of these variants are included in the Air Force fighter force.
Jaguars:
- Jaguars are a type of fighter aircraft used by several air forces around the world.
- They are known for their ground-attack capabilities and versatility.
- Jaguars are also part of the Air Force fighter force.
All of the above:
- The correct answer to the question is option D, which states that the fighter force of the Air Force is comprised of all the mentioned aircraft types.
- This means that the Air Force utilizes MIG-21 variants, MIG-23s, MIG-25s, MIG-27s, MIG-29s, and Jaguars in its fighter force.
In summary, the fighter force of the Air Force includes a range of aircraft types such as MIG-21 variants, MIG-23s, MIG-25s, MIG-27s, MIG-29s, and Jaguars. These aircraft are used for various purposes including air superiority, ground attack, and versatility in combat operations.

Central Command of Army Location
The Central Command of the Indian Army is located in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. Here is a detailed explanation of the location:
1. Central Command
- The Central Command is one of the six operational commands of the Indian Army.
- It is responsible for the operational control of Army units deployed in the central and eastern regions of India.
2. Location: Lucknow
- Lucknow is the capital city of the state of Uttar Pradesh in India.
- It is strategically located in the central region of the country.
- The Central Command Headquarters is situated in the city, overseeing the operations and administration of the command.
3. Significance of the Location
- Lucknow's central location allows for effective coordination and deployment of Army units across the central and eastern regions of India.
- The city's infrastructure and connectivity make it a suitable headquarters for the Central Command.
- Proximity to various important cities and regions also facilitates quick response and rapid deployment during emergencies or conflicts.
4. Operational Jurisdiction
- The Central Command's operational jurisdiction includes the states of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Uttarakhand.
- It covers a vast geographical area and plays a crucial role in maintaining peace and security in these regions.
In conclusion, the Central Command of the Indian Army is located in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. Its strategic location, infrastructure, and connectivity make it an ideal choice for overseeing the operations and administration of the command in the central and eastern regions of India.

The credit of inventing the television goes to Baird.
Explanation:
The invention of the television is a significant milestone in the history of technology. It revolutionized the way people receive information and entertainment. Here is a detailed explanation of why the credit for inventing the television goes to Baird:
1. John Logie Baird:
- John Logie Baird is widely recognized as the inventor of the television.
- He was a Scottish engineer and inventor who demonstrated the first working television system in the 1920s.
2. Early Experiments:
- Baird conducted numerous experiments and made important contributions to the development of television.
- In 1925, he successfully transmitted a greyscale image using mechanical television technology.
3. First Public Demonstration:
- On January 26, 1926, Baird gave the first public demonstration of television, transmitting moving images of a ventriloquist's dummy named "Stooky Bill."
- This demonstration marked a significant breakthrough in the development of television.
4. Continuous Improvements:
- Baird continued to refine his television system, making improvements in image quality and transmission distance.
- In 1928, he achieved the first transatlantic television transmission between London and New York.
5. Legacy:
- Baird's contributions laid the foundation for the development of modern television technology.
- His inventions and pioneering work in television set the stage for the future advancements that followed.
In conclusion, the credit of inventing the television goes to John Logie Baird. His groundbreaking work and demonstrations during the 1920s played a crucial role in the development of television as we know it today.

The first man-made satellite, Sputnik I, was launched by the former USSR in 1957.
Explanation:
- Sputnik I was the first artificial satellite to be launched into space and it was a significant milestone in human space exploration.
- The Soviet Union, also known as the USSR, successfully launched Sputnik I on October 4, 1957.
- The satellite was a small, spherical object weighing about 184 pounds (83.6 kilograms) and measuring about 23 inches (58 centimeters) in diameter.
- Sputnik I orbited the Earth every 96 minutes, transmitting radio signals that could be detected by amateur radio operators around the world.
- The launch of Sputnik I marked the beginning of the Space Age and triggered the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union.
- It also had political implications, as it demonstrated the technological capabilities of the USSR and raised concerns about national security in the United States.
- The successful launch of Sputnik I paved the way for further advancements in space exploration, including manned space missions and the eventual moon landing.
- Overall, the launch of Sputnik I was a significant event in human history, marking the dawn of the space era and sparking a new era of scientific and technological advancements.

The correct answer is C: third Tuesday in September every year.
Explanation:
- The General Assembly meets every year in regular sessions.
- The session begins on a specific day each year.
- Let's examine each option to find the correct answer:
A: first Monday in March every year
- This option is incorrect because the General Assembly session does not begin in March.
B: fourth Monday in September every year
- This option is incorrect because the General Assembly session does not begin on the fourth Monday in September.
C: third Tuesday in September every year
- This option is correct because the General Assembly session begins on the third Tuesday in September every year.
D: Second Tuesday in March every year
- This option is incorrect because the General Assembly session does not begin in March.
Therefore, the correct answer is C: third Tuesday in September every year.

Assistance to the Chief of the Army Staff:
The Chief of the Army Staff, who is the highest-ranking officer in the Indian Army, is provided with assistance from various individuals and positions within the organization. These individuals play a crucial role in supporting and advising the Chief of the Army Staff in the execution of their duties and responsibilities.
The key positions that assist the Chief of the Army Staff are:
1. Vice-Chief of the Army Staff: The Vice-Chief of the Army Staff is the second-highest-ranking officer in the Indian Army. They act as the principal deputy to the Chief of the Army Staff and assist in the overall management and functioning of the organization.
2. Principal Staff Officers: The Chief of the Army Staff is also assisted by a group of Principal Staff Officers who hold key positions within the Army. These officers provide expert advice, coordinate activities, and assist in the planning and execution of various military operations. Some of the important Principal Staff Officers include:
- Deputy Chief of the Army Staff: This officer assists the Chief of the Army Staff in the overall management of the Army and acts as a direct representative in various matters.
- Adjutant General: The Adjutant General is responsible for personnel administration, recruitment, promotions, and welfare of the Army personnel.
- Military Secretary: The Military Secretary is responsible for the career management and postings of officers in the Army.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the Chief of the Army Staff is assisted by both the Vice-Chief of the Army Staff and Principal Staff Officers such as the Deputy Chief, Adjutant General, and Military Secretary. These individuals provide crucial support and expertise in the management and functioning of the Indian Army.

The dance performed by women to invoke rain in Bihar is Jata Jatin.
Explanation:
The dance performed by women in Bihar to invoke rain is known as Jata Jatin. Here is a detailed explanation of the dance:
1. Origin: Jata Jatin is a traditional dance form that originated in Bihar, a state in eastern India. It is an integral part of the cultural heritage of the region.
2. Purpose: The primary purpose of this dance is to invoke rain and seek blessings from the rain god. It is performed during the dry months when the region is facing a water shortage.
3. Costumes: The dancers wear colorful traditional attire, which includes a bright saree or lehenga-choli. They also adorn themselves with traditional jewelry and accessories.
4. Music and Instruments: The dance is accompanied by traditional music and rhythmic beats produced by instruments like the dholak, manjira, and bansuri (flute). The music adds to the festive and celebratory atmosphere of the performance.
5. Movements and Choreography: Jata Jatin involves graceful and synchronized movements by the female dancers. They perform intricate footwork, hand gestures, and body postures that depict the beauty of nature and the plea for rainfall.
6. Performance: The dance is usually performed in groups, with women coming together in open spaces like fields or courtyards. The dancers create a vibrant and energetic ambiance through their synchronized movements and expressions.
7. Beliefs and Rituals: Jata Jatin dance is rooted in religious beliefs and rituals. It is believed that the rhythmic dance movements and fervent prayers of the dancers can appease the rain god and bring much-needed rainfall to the region.
8. Impact: Jata Jatin is not only a cultural dance but also serves as a means to create awareness about water conservation and the importance of rain in agricultural activities.
In conclusion, Jata Jatin is a traditional dance form performed by women in Bihar to invoke rain. It is characterized by its vibrant costumes, rhythmic music, synchronized movements, and religious significance. The dance reflects the deep-rooted connection between culture, nature, and human aspirations.

The establishment of the department of Atomic Energy:
The department of Atomic Energy was established to harness the power of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. Here is a detailed explanation of when it was established:
1. Background:
- The concept of atomic energy and its potential applications gained significant attention after the discovery of nuclear fission by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in 1938.
- The devastating effects of atomic bombs during World War II also highlighted the need to control and regulate the use of nuclear energy.
2. Establishment:
- The department of Atomic Energy was established in India to oversee the development and utilization of atomic energy for peaceful purposes.
- It was established in the year 1954.
- The establishment of the department was a response to India's growing interest in harnessing nuclear energy for various sectors like electricity generation, agriculture, healthcare, and industry.
3. Role and Functions:
- The department of Atomic Energy is responsible for the formulation and implementation of policies related to atomic energy in India.
- It plays a crucial role in the research, development, and deployment of nuclear power projects in the country.
- The department also oversees the safety and security aspects of nuclear installations and radioactive materials.
4. Achievements:
- Since its establishment, the department of Atomic Energy has made significant contributions to India's nuclear program.
- It has successfully developed indigenous nuclear reactors, such as the Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) and the Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR).
- The department has also played a crucial role in the development of nuclear weapons capability, with the first successful nuclear test conducted in 1974.
In conclusion, the department of Atomic Energy was established in 1954 to harness the power of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. It has since played a pivotal role in India's nuclear program, contributing to the development of indigenous nuclear reactors and the country's nuclear weapons capability.

The Wright Brothers and the Invention of the Aeroplane
The Wright Brothers, Orville and Wilbur Wright, are widely regarded as the inventors of the aeroplane. They made significant contributions to the field of aviation and were pioneers in the development of powered flight. Here is a detailed explanation of their achievements:
Early Background:
- Orville and Wilbur Wright were born in the late 19th century in Ohio, United States.
- They had a keen interest in mechanics and engineering from a young age.
Initial Experiments:
- The Wright Brothers began their experiments with flight in the late 1890s.
- They started by building and flying gliders to understand the principles of aerodynamics and control.
- They conducted extensive research on lift, drag, and control surfaces.
Key Contributions:
- The Wright Brothers developed the concept of wing-warping, which allowed them to control the roll and yaw of their aircraft.
- They built their own lightweight engines to power their aircraft.
- They developed a three-axis control system, which included the use of a movable rudder, elevator, and wing-warping.
- They conducted numerous test flights and made improvements based on their observations.
First Powered Flight:
- On December 17, 1903, the Wright Brothers achieved their first powered flight in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
- The aircraft, called the Wright Flyer, was a biplane with a wingspan of 12.3 meters.
- The flight lasted for 12 seconds and covered a distance of 36.5 meters.
Further Developments:
- The Wright Brothers continued to refine their aircraft design and made several successful flights in the following years.
- They opened a flying school in 1910 to train pilots and promote aviation.
Legacy:
- The Wright Brothers' invention of the aeroplane revolutionized transportation and paved the way for modern aviation.
- Their contributions to the field of aviation were recognized worldwide, and they are often referred to as the "fathers of aviation."
In conclusion, the Wright Brothers, Orville and Wilbur Wright, are credited with inventing the aeroplane. Through their perseverance, experimentation, and innovative ideas, they were able to achieve powered flight and make significant contributions to the field of aviation. Their legacy continues to inspire generations of aviators and engineers.

Explanation:
The correct answer is C: a mixture of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and oxygen in which nitrogen has the highest percentage. Here is a detailed explanation:
- When we exhale, the air we breathe out is a mixture of gases that we have inhaled.
- The primary gas in exhaled air is carbon dioxide, which is a waste product produced by our cells during cellular respiration.
- However, exhaled air also contains other gases such as nitrogen and oxygen.
- Nitrogen makes up the largest percentage of exhaled air, followed by oxygen.
- The percentage of carbon dioxide in exhaled air is relatively small compared to nitrogen and oxygen.
- This is because our bodies use oxygen during respiration and convert it into carbon dioxide as a waste product.
- The exhaled air also contains traces of other gases, such as water vapor and small amounts of other gases present in the atmosphere.
- It is important to note that the percentage composition of exhaled air can vary depending on factors such as metabolism, altitude, and environmental conditions.
In summary, the exhaled air is a mixture of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and oxygen, with nitrogen having the highest percentage.

The full-fledged Commonwealth Games were first organized in 1930 at Hamilton in Canada.
Here is a detailed explanation of the solution:
Background:
The Commonwealth Games is an international multi-sport event that brings together athletes from various Commonwealth nations. It was first held in 1930 and has since become a prestigious event in the sporting world. The location and year of the first Commonwealth Games are important facts to know.
Explanation:
The correct answer is option A: 1930; Hamilton in Canada. Here's why:
1. Option A: 1930; Hamilton in Canada
- This option states that the first Commonwealth Games were organized in 1930.
- The host city mentioned is Hamilton, which is located in Canada.
- This aligns with the historical record, as the first Commonwealth Games were indeed held in Hamilton, Canada, in 1930.
2. Option B: 1934; London in England
- This option suggests that the first Commonwealth Games were organized in 1934.
- The host city mentioned is London, which is located in England.
- However, this information is incorrect. The first Commonwealth Games were not held in London in 1934.
3. Option C: 1932; Sydney in Australia
- This option states that the first Commonwealth Games were organized in 1932.
- The host city mentioned is Sydney, which is located in Australia.
- However, this information is incorrect. The first Commonwealth Games were not held in Sydney in 1932.
4. Option D: 1936; Cardiff in UK
- This option suggests that the first Commonwealth Games were organized in 1936.
- The host city mentioned is Cardiff, which is located in the UK.
- However, this information is incorrect. The first Commonwealth Games were not held in Cardiff in 1936.
Conclusion:
Based on the historical records and information provided, option A is the correct answer. The full-fledged Commonwealth Games were first organized in 1930 at Hamilton in Canada.

The credit of developing the polio vaccine goes to Dr. Jonas Salk.
Explanation:
The development of the polio vaccine was a significant medical breakthrough that helped to eliminate the devastating disease. Here is a detailed explanation:
1. Dr. Jonas Salk:
Dr. Jonas Salk was an American physician and medical researcher who played a key role in the development of the polio vaccine. He conducted extensive research on polio and its transmission and developed a vaccine using a killed or inactivated form of the poliovirus. This type of vaccine, known as the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), was first tested on himself and his family before being administered to thousands of children in a large-scale clinical trial.
2. Albert Sabin:
While Dr. Jonas Salk is credited with developing the first successful polio vaccine, it is important to mention Dr. Albert Sabin. Dr. Sabin, a Polish-American medical researcher, developed the oral polio vaccine (OPV) using a weakened form of the live virus. The oral vaccine became an alternative to the injectable Salk vaccine and was later widely used in global vaccination campaigns.
In conclusion, Dr. Jonas Salk is credited with developing the polio vaccine, specifically the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). His work has had a significant impact on public health, leading to the near eradication of polio worldwide.