Indian Culture Quiz, General Knowledge - Railways MCQ

The National Flag of India is a horizontal tricolour of deep saffron [kesaria] at the top, white in the middle & dark green at the bottom in equal proportion. The ratio of width of the flag to its length is 2 to 3. In the centre of the white band of the Indian National Flag, there is a navy blue wheel which represents the chakra. Its design is that of the wheel which appears on the abacus of the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka. Its diameter comes close to the width of the white band & it has twenty four spokes. The design of the National Flag of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 22 July 1947.

Correct option is A)

The first stanza out of five stanzas of the song Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata ( Jana Gana Mana in Hindi)  was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India as the National Anthem on 24 January 1950. it was originally written by Rabindra Nath Tagore in Bengali.

The Words 'Satyameva Jayate' in the Emblem of India:
The words 'Satyameva Jayate' are inscribed below the base plate of the emblem of India. These words hold significance and are taken from the Mundaka Upanishad, which is a sacred text of Hinduism. Here is a detailed explanation:
Mundaka Upanishad:
- The Mundaka Upanishad is one of the principal Upanishads in Hindu literature.
- It is a part of the Atharvaveda and consists of three chapters.
- The Upanishad explores various philosophical and spiritual concepts.
- It emphasizes the pursuit of knowledge and the realization of truth.
Meaning of 'Satyameva Jayate':
- 'Satyameva Jayate' is a Sanskrit phrase that translates to "Truth Alone Triumphs" in English.
- It signifies the importance of truth and righteousness in life.
- The phrase reflects the core values and principles that the country strives to uphold.
Inclusion in the Emblem of India:
- The emblem of India is an adaptation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka, which is a sculpture from the Mauryan period.
- It features four lions standing back to back, a symbol of power, courage, and pride.
- Below the base plate of the emblem, the words 'Satyameva Jayate' are inscribed in Devanagari script.
- The inclusion of these words in the emblem represents the nation's commitment to truth and justice.
Symbolic Significance:
- By incorporating 'Satyameva Jayate' in the emblem, India highlights the importance of truth and honesty in governance and society.
- It serves as a reminder that upholding the truth is essential for the progress and prosperity of the nation.
- The phrase also promotes ethical conduct, integrity, and transparency in all aspects of life.
In conclusion, the words 'Satyameva Jayate' inscribed below the base plate of the emblem of India are taken from the Mundaka Upanishad. They encapsulate the values of truth and righteousness that the nation upholds.

'Natya-Shastra' the main source of India's classical dances was written by

• A: Nara Muni


• B: Bharat Muni


• C: Abhinav Gupt


• D: Tandu Muni

The correct answer is B: Bharat Muni.

Detailed

The main source of India's classical dances is the 'Natya-Shastra' which was written by Bharat Muni.

Key Points:

• The 'Natya-Shastra' is an ancient Indian treatise on the performing arts, particularly drama and dance.


• It is believed to have been written by Bharat Muni, who is considered to be the father of Indian classical dance.


• The treatise covers various aspects of performing arts, including dance, music, theater, and aesthetics.


• It provides detailed instructions on the different elements of dance, such as postures, gestures, facial expressions, and movements.


• The 'Natya-Shastra' serves as a guidebook for dancers and has had a significant influence on the development and preservation of classical dance forms in India.


• Bharat Muni's work has been instrumental in shaping the theory and practice of Indian classical dances, including Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Odissi, Kuchipudi, and Manipuri.

Therefore, Bharat Muni is the correct answer as the author of 'Natya-Shastra'.

Dandia Dance:
- Dandia is a popular dance form that originated in the state of Gujarat, India.
- It is performed during the Navratri festival, which is a nine-night celebration dedicated to the Hindu goddess Durga.
- The dance is characterized by the use of colorful wooden sticks called dandias, which are held by the dancers.
- Dandia is often performed in groups, with participants forming circles or lines and moving in rhythmic patterns.
- The dancers strike their dandias together in sync with the music, creating a lively and energetic atmosphere.
- The dance involves complex footwork, graceful hand movements, and coordinated actions between the dancers.
- Dandia is not only popular in Gujarat but also widely performed and enjoyed in other parts of India and even internationally, especially during festive occasions.
- The dance reflects the rich cultural heritage of Gujarat and is an important part of the state's traditional folk dances.
- Dandia is known for its vibrant costumes, which typically include colorful outfits and traditional accessories such as turbans and ghagras (long skirts).
- The dance is accompanied by traditional folk music, including the beats of drums and other percussion instruments.
- Overall, Dandia is a joyful and celebratory dance form that brings people together to celebrate the spirit of the Navratri festival.

Mohiniattam Dance
Origin
Mohiniattam dance originated in the state of Kerala, India.
Characteristics
- Mohiniattam is a classical Indian dance form that combines elements of dance, music, and storytelling.
- It is known for its graceful movements, subtle expressions, and flowing costumes.
- The dance form is performed mainly by women and is characterized by gentle swaying movements and beautiful hand gestures.
History
- Mohiniattam has its roots in the devotional performances of the temple dancers, known as Devadasis, in ancient Kerala.
- It was further developed and popularized by the king of Travancore, Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma, in the 19th century.
- The dance form gained recognition as a classical dance style in the early 20th century.
Influences
- Mohiniattam is influenced by the culture and traditions of Kerala, particularly the temple art forms.
- It also incorporates elements from other classical Indian dance forms such as Bharatanatyam and Odissi.
Costume and Makeup
- Mohiniattam dancers traditionally wear white or off-white sarees with gold borders.
- The costume is usually made of cotton fabric and features pleats in the front.
- The dancers adorn themselves with traditional jewelry and flowers in their hair.
- The makeup is minimal and focuses on enhancing the facial expressions.
Music and Instruments
- Mohiniattam is accompanied by traditional Kerala music, which includes vocal music, percussion, and melodic instruments like the mridangam and violin.
Significance
- Mohiniattam is considered a symbol of beauty, grace, and feminine charm.
- It is often performed as a solo dance form, depicting stories from Hindu mythology and folklore.
- The dance form has gained international recognition and is performed and appreciated by people all over the world.
In conclusion, Mohiniattam dance originated in the state of Kerala and is known for its graceful movements, subtle expressions, and flowing costumes. It has a rich history and is influenced by the culture and traditions of Kerala. Mohiniattam is a significant classical dance form that showcases the beauty and charm of the feminine spirit.

Folk Dance Forms Associated with Gujarat:

• Garba: Garba is a popular folk dance form associated with Gujarat. It is performed during the festival of Navratri, where people gather in large groups and dance in circular formations. Garba involves rhythmic clapping, twirling, and graceful movements, accompanied by traditional music and singing.


• Nautanki: Nautanki is a folk theater form that originated in Uttar Pradesh and is not associated with Gujarat.


• Kathakali: Kathakali is a classical dance-drama form from the state of Kerala and is not associated with Gujarat.


• Bhangra: Bhangra is a lively and energetic folk dance form from the state of Punjab and is not associated with Gujarat.

Therefore, the correct answer is Garba.

A: National School of Drama
- The National School of Drama (NSD) is responsible for fostering the development of drama in India.
- It was established in 1959 and is located in New Delhi.
- NSD offers various courses and programs in theatre arts, including acting, direction, design, and playwriting.
- It organizes workshops, seminars, and festivals to promote the growth and understanding of theatre in India.
- NSD also provides scholarships and financial assistance to talented students.
B: Sangeet Akademi
- The Sangeet Akademi is responsible for fostering the development of music in India.
- It was established in 1953 and is located in New Delhi.
- Sangeet Akademi promotes Indian classical music, both vocal and instrumental, as well as folk music, dance, and other performing arts.
- It organizes concerts, music festivals, and competitions to encourage and recognize talented musicians.
- Sangeet Akademi also provides scholarships, fellowships, and awards to outstanding artists in the field of music.
C: Sahitya Akademi
- The Sahitya Akademi is responsible for fostering the development of literature in India.
- It was established in 1954 and is located in New Delhi.
- Sahitya Akademi promotes Indian literature in various languages, including Hindi, English, and regional languages.
- It organizes literary events, book fairs, and seminars to encourage the growth of literature in India.
- Sahitya Akademi also awards literary prizes and fellowships to exceptional writers.
D: Lalit Kala Akademi
- The Lalit Kala Akademi is responsible for fostering the development of visual arts in India.
- It was established in 1954 and is located in New Delhi.
- Lalit Kala Akademi promotes various forms of visual arts, including painting, sculpture, printmaking, and photography.
- It organizes exhibitions, art camps, and workshops to encourage and showcase the work of talented artists.
- Lalit Kala Akademi also awards scholarships, fellowships, and honors to outstanding artists in the field of visual arts.
Answer: The correct answer is Sangeet Akademi, which is responsible for fostering the development of dance, drama, and music in India.

The Rath Yatra at Puri
The Rath Yatra is a famous Hindu festival celebrated in the city of Puri, Odisha, in honor of Lord Jagannath, a form of Lord Vishnu. It is one of the most significant religious events in India and attracts millions of devotees every year.
Significance of the Rath Yatra
- The Rath Yatra is believed to commemorate the journey of Lord Jagannath, along with his siblings Lord Balabhadra and Goddess Subhadra, from their temple in Puri to the Gundicha Temple.
- It is considered a symbol of unity and equality as people from all walks of life participate in pulling the chariots of the deities.
- The festival signifies the devotion and love of the devotees towards Lord Jagannath and is believed to cleanse their souls and grant them blessings.
The Deity: Lord Jagannath
- Lord Jagannath is a form of Lord Vishnu and is worshipped as the Lord of the Universe.
- He is depicted as a dark, wooden deity with large round eyes and a smiling face.
- Lord Jagannath is believed to be the embodiment of love, compassion, and protection.
The Rituals of the Rath Yatra
- The Rath Yatra begins with the Pahandi procession, where the deities are taken out of the Jagannath Temple and placed on the beautifully decorated chariots.
- The three chariots, named Nandighosa, Taladhwaja, and Darpadalan, are pulled by devotees through the streets of Puri to the Gundicha Temple.
- The journey of the chariots is accompanied by the sound of drums, cymbals, and chants of devotees.
- After spending a few days at the Gundicha Temple, the deities are brought back to the Jagannath Temple in a similar procession called the Bahuda Yatra.
The Festivities and Celebrations
- The Rath Yatra is a time of great joy and celebration in Puri and attracts devotees from all over the world.
- The city is beautifully decorated with colorful banners, lights, and flowers.
- Various cultural performances, music, and dance events take place during the festival.
- Devotees offer prayers, sing devotional songs, and seek blessings from Lord Jagannath.
In conclusion, the Rath Yatra at Puri is celebrated in honor of Lord Jagannath, a form of Lord Vishnu. This grand festival holds immense religious and cultural significance and is a symbol of devotion, unity, and equality among people.

The Book of Parsis is the Zend Avesta
The correct answer to the question is C: Zend Avesta. Here is a detailed explanation:
1. The Book of Parsis:
- The question refers to a specific book associated with the Parsis.
- Parsis are followers of Zoroastrianism, an ancient religion that originated in Persia (modern-day Iran).
- Zoroastrianism is one of the oldest known religions in the world, with a rich history and a unique set of beliefs.
2. The Zend Avesta:
- The Zend Avesta is the holy scripture of Zoroastrianism and is considered the most important sacred text for Parsis.
- It is a compilation of religious texts and prayers attributed to the prophet Zoroaster (also known as Zarathustra) who founded Zoroastrianism around the 6th century BCE.
- The Zend Avesta is written in an ancient Iranian language called Avestan and is divided into several sections or books.
3. Content of the Zend Avesta:
- The Zend Avesta consists of various hymns, rituals, prayers, and philosophical discourses.
- It contains the Gathas, which are the oldest and most revered hymns composed by Zoroaster himself.
- Other sections of the Zend Avesta include the Yasna, Visperad, Vendidad, and Khorda Avesta, among others.
- These texts provide guidance on ethical and moral principles, rituals, cosmology, and the nature of good and evil.
4. Importance to Parsis:
- The Zend Avesta holds immense significance for Parsis as it serves as a guide for their religious beliefs and practices.
- It provides insights into the teachings of Zoroaster and forms the foundation of their religious and cultural identity.
- Parsis consider the Zend Avesta as a source of wisdom and guidance, and its teachings shape their worldview and way of life.
In conclusion, the correct answer to the question is C: Zend Avesta. It is the holy scripture of Zoroastrianism and holds great importance for Parsis as their religious text.

Introduction:
Kathakali is a traditional folk dance form that originated in the southern state of Kerala in India. It is a vibrant and elaborate dance-drama that combines elements of dance, music, and acting. The word "Kathakali" is derived from two Sanskrit words, "Katha" meaning story and "Kali" meaning performance. The dance form is known for its colorful costumes, intricate makeup, and expressive gestures.
Origin:
Kathakali has its roots in ancient Hindu mythology and draws inspiration from various Indian epics such as the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. It was developed as a way to depict stories from these epics in a visually captivating manner.
Characteristics:
Some key characteristics of Kathakali include:
1. Elaborate Makeup: The performers wear intricately designed facial makeup, known as "Chutti," which helps in portraying different characters and emotions.
2. Colorful Costumes: The dancers adorn themselves with vibrant and ornate costumes that are specific to each character. The costumes are made using traditional fabrics and are often adorned with jewelry and accessories.
3. Expressive Gestures: Kathakali is known for its highly stylized and expressive hand gestures, called "Mudras," which are used to convey various emotions and actions.
4. Music and Vocalization: The dance form is accompanied by traditional Carnatic music and vocalizations. The performers use a unique form of singing known as "Sopanam" to enhance the storytelling.
5. Physicality: Kathakali involves highly physical movements, including jumps, leaps, and intricate footwork. The dancers also employ eye movements and facial expressions to convey emotions and depict characters.
Prevalence:
Kathakali is primarily performed in the state of Kerala, where it is considered a major art form. It is an integral part of the cultural heritage of the state and is often performed during religious festivals and special occasions.
Conclusion:
Kathakali is a captivating and visually stunning folk dance form that originated in the state of Kerala, India. It is known for its elaborate makeup, colorful costumes, expressive gestures, and captivating storytelling. The dance form continues to thrive in Kerala and is celebrated as an important part of the state's cultural heritage.

Answer:
The solo dance among the given options is Ottan Thullal. Here is a detailed explanation:
Ottan Thullal:
- Ottan Thullal is a traditional dance form from Kerala, India.
- It is a solo dance performed by a single dancer, known as the "Thullal artist".
- The performer narrates stories from Hindu mythology through expressive gestures, facial expressions, and body movements.
- It is characterized by its humorous and satirical elements, making it entertaining for the audience.
Kuchipudi, Yakshagana, and Odissi:
- Kuchipudi is a classical dance form from Andhra Pradesh, India. It can be performed solo, but it is also often performed in groups.
- Yakshagana is a traditional dance drama form from Karnataka, India. It involves a combination of dance, music, dialogue, and elaborate costumes. It is performed by a group of artists.
- Odissi is a classical dance form from Odisha, India. It can be performed solo or as a group, with intricate footwork and graceful movements.
Therefore, the correct answer is option A: Ottan Thullal.

The national anthem of India is 'Jana-gana-mana', composed originally in Bengali, by Rabindranath Tagore. 'Jana-gana-mana' was first sung on 27th December 1911, long before Indian gained independence, at the Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress. The complete song consists of five stanzas. As for the playing time of the full version of the national anthem, it will take up approximately 52 seconds. A short version, consisting of first and last lines of the stanza (playing time approximately 20 seconds), is also played on certain occasions.

Thillana is a format of Bharatanatyam.
Here is a detailed explanation:
What is Thillana?
- Thillana is a vibrant and energetic dance composition in Bharatanatyam, a classical dance form originating from the state of Tamil Nadu in India.
- It is usually performed towards the end of a Bharatanatyam recital and is known for its fast-paced rhythmic patterns and intricate footwork.
Key Features of Thillana:
- Rhythmic Structure: Thillana is characterized by its complex rhythmic structure, often set to a particular tala (rhythm cycle) such as Adi Tala or Rupakam.
- Swara Patterns: Thillana incorporates swara patterns, which are musical notes or syllables that are woven into the dance movements. These patterns are repetitive and allow the dancer to showcase their skill and precision.
- Jathi Patterns: Jathis are rhythmic phrases that are an integral part of Thillana. They are composed of bols (syllables) and are performed in sync with the beats of the music.
- Lyrical Composition: Thillana is accompanied by a lyrical composition in a particular raga (melodic framework). The lyrics are often in praise of deities or express joy and celebration.
- Expressive Elements: While Thillana is primarily focused on rhythm and technique, it also includes expressive elements through facial expressions, hand gestures, and body movements, adding depth and emotion to the performance.
Thillana and Bharatanatyam:
- Thillana is a significant part of the repertoire in Bharatanatyam and showcases the dancer's mastery over rhythm and technique.
- Bharatanatyam is a highly structured dance form that encompasses various elements such as adavus (basic steps), abhinaya (expression), and nritta (pure dance). Thillana falls under the nritta aspect of Bharatanatyam.
- Thillana allows the dancer to exhibit their skill in executing intricate footwork, rhythmic patterns, and precise movements while maintaining the grace and elegance of Bharatanatyam.
In conclusion, Thillana is a dynamic and lively dance composition in Bharatanatyam that highlights the dancer's proficiency in rhythm, technique, and expression.

Madhubani painting or Mithila painting is a style of Indian painting, practiced in the Mithila region of Bihar state, India and the adjoining parts of Terai in Nepal. Painting is done with fingers, twigs, brushes, nib-pens, and matchsticks, using natural dyes and pigments, and is characterized by eye-catching geometrical patterns. There are paintings for each occasion and festival such as birth, marriage, holi, surya shasti, kali puja, Upanayanam (sacred thread ceremony), and durga puja.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhubani_art

Kathak is a classical dance of North India
Kathak is a classical dance form that originated in North India and has its roots in the ancient Hindu scriptures. It is characterized by intricate footwork, graceful movements, and expressive storytelling. Here is a detailed explanation of why Kathak is considered a classical dance of North India:
1. Origin:
- Kathak originated in the courts of North Indian kingdoms, particularly in the region of Uttar Pradesh.
- It was initially performed by Kathakars (storytellers) who used dance, music, and mime to narrate mythological tales.
2. Influence:
- Kathak has been greatly influenced by the rich cultural heritage of North India, including the Mughal era and the Bhakti movement.
- It incorporates elements of Persian and Central Asian dance traditions, as well as the devotional aspects of Indian classical music.
3. Gharanas:
- Kathak is traditionally passed down through gharanas (schools), each with its unique style and repertoire.
- The major gharanas of Kathak, such as Jaipur, Lucknow, and Benaras, are all based in North India.
4. Musical Accompaniment:
- Kathak is performed to classical music, known as Hindustani classical music, which has its roots in North India.
- The tabla (Indian drums) and the sitar (stringed instrument) are commonly used to accompany Kathak performances.
5. Costumes and Jewelry:
- Kathak dancers wear traditional attire, such as a flowing lehenga (skirt) or sari, which is commonly associated with North Indian culture.
- The dancers also adorn themselves with intricate jewelry, such as anklets (ghungroos), which produce rhythmic sounds during footwork.
6. Popular Performances:
- Kathak is widely performed in North India during various festivals and cultural events.
- It is also showcased in prestigious dance festivals like the Khajuraho Dance Festival and the Konark Dance Festival, both held in North India.
In conclusion, Kathak is a classical dance form that originated in North India and is deeply rooted in the cultural traditions of the region. Its distinctive style, musical accompaniment, and traditional costumes make it a representative art form of North Indian classical dance.

Headquarters of Sahitya Akademi:
The headquarters of Sahitya Akademi, the national academy of letters in India, is located in New Delhi.
Key Points:
- Sahitya Akademi is an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Culture, Government of India.
- It was established in 1954 to promote and develop Indian literature and languages.
- The Akademi works towards recognizing and rewarding outstanding works of literary excellence in various languages.
- It also organizes literary events, seminars, workshops, and conferences to encourage literary discussions and interactions.
- The headquarters serves as the central administrative office for the Akademi's operations.
- It houses various departments and sections responsible for different functions, such as publication, research, awards, and cultural exchange programs.
- The headquarters also includes a library and an auditorium for hosting literary events and programs.
- The address of the Sahitya Akademi headquarters in New Delhi is Rabindra Bhavan, 35 Ferozeshah Road, New Delhi - 110001.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the headquarters of Sahitya Akademi is located in New Delhi, India. It serves as the central administrative office for the organization's activities and is responsible for promoting and developing Indian literature and languages.

The dance encouraged and performance from the temple of Tanjore was Bharatanatyam.
Explanation:
- The dance form encouraged and performed at the temple of Tanjore is Bharatanatyam.
- Bharatanatyam is a classical dance form that originated in the temples of Tamil Nadu, particularly in the city of Tanjore.
- It is a highly structured and codified dance form that combines elements of music, rhythm, and storytelling.
- Bharatanatyam is known for its intricate footwork, expressive gestures, and graceful movements.
- The dance form is usually performed by female dancers and is characterized by its elegant costumes and elaborate jewelry.
- It is a devotional dance form that often depicts stories from Hindu mythology and is considered a form of worship.
- Bharatanatyam has gained international recognition and is now performed and appreciated all over the world.
- The dance form is taught and practiced in specialized dance schools called "kalakshetras" where students learn the various techniques, postures, and compositions of Bharatanatyam.
- The temple of Tanjore is considered a significant center for the preservation and promotion of Bharatanatyam, and it continues to be an important cultural and artistic hub in India.

The Last Mahakumbh of the 20th century was held at Haridwar.
Explanation:
- Mahakumbh is a major pilgrimage and festival in Hinduism which is held at four different locations in India: Haridwar, Allahabad, Nashik, and Ujjain.
- The Kumbh Mela rotates between these four locations every three years, with each location hosting the event once in 12 years.
- The 20th century witnessed four Mahakumbh festivals, and the last one of that century was held at Haridwar.
- Haridwar is a holy city located in the state of Uttarakhand, India.
- It is situated on the banks of the Ganges River, which is considered sacred in Hinduism.
- The Mahakumbh at Haridwar attracts millions of devotees who come to take a holy dip in the Ganges during the auspicious period of the festival.
- The event is marked by various religious rituals, spiritual gatherings, and cultural festivities.
- The next Mahakumbh at Haridwar is scheduled to be held in 2022, after a gap of 12 years.
In summary, the last Mahakumbh of the 20th century was held at Haridwar. This holy city on the banks of the Ganges River attracts millions of devotees during the Mahakumbh festival for taking a holy dip and participating in various religious and cultural activities.

Composers of the National Song of India

The National Song of India, also known as "Vande Mataram," was composed by Bankim Chandra Chatterji.

Bankim Chandra Chatterji:
- Bankim Chandra Chatterji was a Bengali poet, novelist, and journalist who lived during the 19th century.
- He is considered one of the pioneers of modern Indian literature and is best known for his novel "Anandamath," which features the song "Vande Mataram."
- Bankim Chandra Chatterji wrote the poem "Vande Mataram" in the novel as a hymn to the motherland, expressing love and devotion for India.
- The song gained immense popularity during India's freedom struggle and became a rallying cry for independence.
Vande Mataram:
- "Vande Mataram" translates to "I bow to thee, Mother" in English.
- The song is an ode to the country and symbolizes the spirit of patriotism and love for India.
- It played a significant role in inspiring and motivating freedom fighters during the Indian independence movement.
- In 1950, "Vande Mataram" was adopted as the National Song of India by the Constituent Assembly of India.
Rabindranath Tagore:
- Rabindranath Tagore, a renowned poet, playwright, and philosopher, composed the National Anthem of India, not the National Song.
- The National Anthem of India is "Jana Gana Mana," which was also adopted in 1950.
Iqbal and Jai Shankar Prasad:
- All options C and D, Iqbal and Jai Shankar Prasad, are incorrect as they did not compose the National Song of India.
Therefore, the correct answer is B: Bankim Chandra Chatterji.

Composer of the song 'Sare Jahan Se Achha'
The famous song 'Sare Jahan Se Achha' was composed by Mohammad Iqbal, who was a prominent philosopher, poet, and politician in British India. Here is a detailed explanation of the composer and the song:
Mohammad Iqbal:
- Mohammad Iqbal, also known as Allama Iqbal, was born on November 9, 1877, in Sialkot, Punjab, British India (now part of Pakistan).
- He is considered one of the most influential figures in Urdu and Persian literature, known for his philosophical and nationalist poetry.
- Iqbal's poetry often focused on themes of self-realization, spirituality, and the revival of Islamic thought and culture.
'Sare Jahan Se Achha':
- 'Sare Jahan Se Achha' is a patriotic song in the Urdu language, which translates to 'Better than the entire world.'
- The song was written by Mohammad Iqbal in 1904 as a tribute to the spirit of the Indian subcontinent and its people.
- It became immensely popular during the Indian independence movement and is still cherished as an iconic patriotic song in India.
- The lyrics of the song express a sense of unity, pride, and love for the country, emphasizing the greatness of India compared to the rest of the world.
Influence and Legacy:
- 'Sare Jahan Se Achha' has been sung and performed by numerous artists over the years, becoming an anthem of national unity and pride.
- It continues to inspire and resonate with people, reminding them of the rich cultural heritage and diversity of India.
- The song has been featured in various films, documentaries, and cultural events, further cementing its place in Indian popular culture.
Conclusion:
- Mohammad Iqbal composed the famous song 'Sare Jahan Se Achha' as a celebration of the spirit and greatness of India.
- The song remains a cherished patriotic anthem that symbolizes unity, pride, and love for the country.

Boat Races in Festivals
Boat races are a special feature in the festival of Onam.
Explanation:
Boat races are an integral part of many festivals in India, and one such festival is Onam. Onam is a harvest festival celebrated in the state of Kerala. Boat races, known as Vallam Kali, are an important tradition during this festival. The races usually take place on the Pamba River and involve beautifully decorated boats called "chundan vallams."
Here is a detailed explanation of the festivals mentioned and why boat races are not a special feature in them:
A: Onam:
- Boat races, known as Vallam Kali, are a special feature of Onam.
- Vallam Kali involves races between traditional longboats known as "chundan vallams."
- These races are held on the Pamba River and attract large crowds of spectators.
B: Rongali Bihu:
- Rongali Bihu is a harvest festival celebrated in the Indian state of Assam.
- It is associated with the Assamese New Year and the onset of the agricultural season.
- While traditional cultural activities like dance and music are part of the festivities, boat races are not a special feature of Rongali Bihu.
C: Navratri:
- Navratri is a Hindu festival celebrated for nine nights in honor of the goddess Durga.
- It involves fasting, prayer, and dance performances known as Garba and Dandiya Raas.
- Boat races are not traditionally associated with Navratri.
D: Pongal:
- Pongal is a Tamil harvest festival celebrated in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
- It is a four-day festival that involves cooking a special dish called Pongal, decorating houses, and performing rituals.
- While Pongal does not include boat races as a special feature, it does involve other cultural activities such as bull races and traditional games.
Therefore, boat races are a special feature in the festival of Onam (option A) and not in Rongali Bihu (option B), Navratri (option C), or Pongal (option D).

Kalchakra ceremony is associated with Buddhism.
Explanation:
The Kalchakra ceremony is a significant ritual in Buddhism. Here is a detailed explanation:
What is the Kalchakra ceremony?
- The Kalchakra ceremony is a complex Buddhist ritual that involves the construction of a sand mandala and the recitation of sacred texts.
- It is based on the Kalchakra Tantra, a Buddhist scripture that focuses on the concept of time and cycles.
- The ceremony is believed to promote peace, harmony, and spiritual well-being.
Key points about the association with Buddhism:
- The Kalchakra ceremony is exclusively associated with Buddhism and is not practiced in other religions.
- It is particularly important in Tibetan Buddhism, where it is performed by high-ranking lamas and attended by thousands of devotees.
- The ceremony symbolizes the purification of the body, speech, and mind, and the attainment of enlightenment.
- It is also believed to have healing and protective qualities.
In conclusion, the Kalchakra ceremony is a significant ritual in Buddhism, specifically in Tibetan Buddhism, and is associated with promoting peace, harmony, and spiritual well-being.

Lucknow, in Uttar Pradesh (India), is the centre of chikankari , a skill of more than 200 years old. It literally means 'embroidery'. It was originally done with a white thread on a white cloth, hence the name 'white embroidery'. Now, it is done on a variety of fabrics and in a spectrum of colours.