Daily Passage Test for CLAT - Aug 16 MCQs & solutions Free

Articles 214–231 specifically provide for the establishment, jurisdiction, and powers of High Courts in Indian states. These provisions ensure that states have their own judicial system while remaining under the overall supervision of the Supreme Court.

Judicial review empowers courts to ensure that laws or executive actions conform to constitutional provisions. It acts as a check on legislative and executive power, preserving the supremacy of the Constitution and protecting fundamental rights.

The Basic Structure Doctrine restricts Parliament from amending features essential to the Constitution’s identity, including democracy, separation of powers, judicial review, and fundamental rights. This ensures that constitutional amendments do not undermine the core principles of governance.

Judicial independence is maintained through safeguards like security of tenure, fixed and non-reducing salaries, and protection from arbitrary transfers. These measures allow judges to decide cases impartially without fear of interference or pressure from the executive or legislature.

Judicial review allows courts to examine whether state legislation infringes fundamental rights, even during emergencies. The judiciary ensures that emergency powers are not misused to suppress basic freedoms, preserving the Constitution’s balance between state authority and individual rights. This requires analytical evaluation rather than mere recall.