Important Questions with Answers for UPSC Indian Polity - Topic-Wise Practice Tests
Practising important questions with answers is one of the most effective ways to gauge your preparation level for UPSC Prelims and Mains. This course includes topic-wise tests that cover everything from constitutional amendments and fundamental duties to the powers of the President and the structure of Parliament. Each test is aligned with the actual difficulty level and question style seen in past UPSC examinations. Regular practice helps you identify weak areas early and correct them before they cost you marks on the actual exam day.
Constitutional Framework
| Laxmikanth Test: Historical Development of the Constitution of India- 1 15 Ques | 18 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Historical Development of the Constitution of India- 2 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Making of the Constitution- 1 10 Ques | 36 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Making of the Constitution- 2 25 Ques | 20 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Salient Features of The Constitution 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Preamble - 1 15 Ques | 18 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Preamble - 2 15 Ques | 18 Mins |  |
| Test: Citizenship 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test : Fundamental Rights-1 20 Ques | 24 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test : Fundamental Rights- 2 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Test: Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles And Fundamental Duties 30 Ques | 25 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Amendment of the Constitution 15 Ques | 18 Mins |  |
System of Government: Parliamentary & Federal System
| Laxmikanth Test: Parliamentary System - 1 20 Ques | 25 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Parliamentary System - 2 30 Ques | 36 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Federal System 20 Ques | 24 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Centre - State Relations 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Inter-State Relations 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test : Emergency Provisions 15 Ques | 18 Mins |  |
Central Government, Parliament & Judiciary
| Laxmikanth Test: The President-1 30 Ques | 36 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Vice-President 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: The Prime Minister-1 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Central Council of Ministers - 1 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Test: Parliamentary Committees 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Judicial Review & Judicial Activism-1 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Supreme Court 15 Ques | 18 Mins |  |
UPSC Prelims Previous Year Questions - Indian Polity Test Series
Solving previous year questions is widely regarded as one of the most reliable methods for cracking the UPSC Prelims, and this course integrates them directly into its test series. The tests draw from actual UPSC Prelims papers spanning multiple years, giving you a realistic sense of how questions on topics like citizenship, emergency provisions, and federal system have been framed historically. Consistent exposure to these questions builds the kind of pattern recognition that separates successful candidates from the rest. Detailed answer explanations further ensure that every attempt - right or wrong - becomes a learning opportunity.
State Government : Executive & Legislatures
| Laxmikanth Test: Governor 20 Ques | 25 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Chief Minister 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: State Legislature 15 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Tribunals 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: High Court 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Subordinate Courts 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Special Provisions For Some States 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Test: Supreme Court And High Courts 30 Ques | 25 Mins |  |
| Test: The State, Local Government and Union Territories 10 Ques | 20 Mins |  |
Local Government: Panchayati Raj & Municipality
| Laxmikanth Test: Panchayati Raj 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Municipality 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
Union Territories and Special Areas
| Laxmikanth Test: Union Territories 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Scheduled And Tribal Areas 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
GS Paper 2 Mains Practice Tests for Polity and Governance
The UPSC Mains demands more than factual recall - it tests your ability to analyse and articulate constitutional and governance issues with depth and clarity. The Mains-focused practice questions in this course cover critical GS Paper 2 themes, including:
- Parliamentary debates, motions, and the role of Rajya Sabha
- Centre-State relations and the principle of federal supremacy
- Judicial activism, PIL, and representation in the judiciary
- Constitutional morality and the philosophy of the Indian Constitution
- Electoral reforms, EVMs, and the functioning of the Election Commission
Attempting these tests regularly under timed conditions builds the analytical writing skills that UPSC Mains evaluators look for.
Political Theory
| Test: Political Theory : An Introduction 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Freedom 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Equality 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Social Justice 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Rights 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Citizenship 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Nationalism - 1 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Secularism - 1 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
Indian Constitution at Work
| Test: Constitution: Why And How?- 1 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Constitution: Why And How?- 2 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Rights in The Indian Constitution- 1 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Rights in The Indian Constitution- 2 15 Ques | 15 Mins |  |
| Test: Election and Representation- 1 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Election and Representation- 2 15 Ques | 15 Mins |  |
| Test: Executive- 1 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Executive- 2 15 Ques | 15 Mins |  |
| Test: Legislature- 2 15 Ques | 15 Mins |  |
| Test: Judiciary 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Federalism - 1 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Local Governments 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Constitution As A Living Document - 1 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: The Philosophy Of Constitution 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
Constitution of India: History, Development & Salient Features
| Laxmikanth Test: Historical Development of the Constitution of India- 1 15 Ques | 18 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Making of the Constitution- 1 10 Ques | 36 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Making of the Constitution- 2 25 Ques | 20 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Historical Development of the Constitution of India- 2 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Salient Features of The Constitution 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Test: Historical Development of the Constitution of India 15 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
Full-Length UPSC Polity Mock Tests to Benchmark Your Preparation
Once you've worked through topic-wise tests, full-length mock tests help you simulate the actual exam experience and assess overall readiness. These tests integrate questions from across the Indian Polity syllabus - spanning constitutional bodies, local governance, special provisions for states, and landmark judgements - to give you a comprehensive picture of where you stand. The performance analytics available after each test help you track progress over the 15-week course duration. Aspirants who attempt multiple full-length tests consistently report improved time management and higher accuracy in their final examination.
Class 6 NCERT
| Test: Understanding Diversity 10 Ques | 15 Mins |  |
| MCQ: Rural Administration 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Local Government And Administration 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
Preamble of the Constitution
| Laxmikanth Test: Preamble - 1 15 Ques | 18 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Preamble - 2 15 Ques | 18 Mins |  |
Class 10
| Test: Power-sharing - 1 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Power-sharing - 2 20 Ques | 20 Mins |  |
| Test: Federalism - 1 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Federalism - 2 5 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Democracy & Diversity - 1 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Democracy & Diversity - 2 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Gender, Religion & Caste - 1 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Gender, Religion & Caste - 2 10 Ques | 20 Mins |  |
| Test: Popular Struggles & Movements - 1 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Popular Struggles & Movements - 2 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Political Parties - 1 20 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Political Parties - 2 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Outcomes of Democracy - 1 20 Ques | 20 Mins |  |
| Test: Outcomes of Democracy - 2 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Challenges to Democracy - 1 20 Ques | 20 Mins |  |
| Test: Challenges to Democracy - 2 20 Ques | 20 Mins |  |
Politics in India Since Independence
| Test: Challenges Of Nation Building 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Era Of One Party Dominance 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Politics Of Planned Development 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: India’s External Relations 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Challenges To and Restoration of Congress System - 1 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: The Crisis Of Democratic Order 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Recent Developments In Indian Politics 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
Contemporary World Politics
| Test: The End of Bipolarity- 1 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 15 Ques | 20 Mins |  |
| Test: Contemporary Centres of Power- 1 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Contemporary Centres of Power- 2 20 Ques | 20 Mins |  |
| Test: Contemporary South Asia- 1 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Contemporary South Asia- 2 15 Ques | 20 Mins |  |
| Test: International Organisations 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Security In The Contemporary World 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: The Cold War Era- 1 (Old Syllabus) 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: The Cold War Era- 2 (Old Syllabus) 20 Ques | 20 Mins |  |
| Test: US Hegemony In World Politics- 1 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: US Hegemony In World Politics- 2 20 Ques | 20 Mins |  |
Class-wise NCERT Tests
| Test: Class 6 Polity NCERT Based-1 (UPSC Level) 15 Ques | 18 Mins |  |
| OneTime: Test: Class 6 Polity NCERT Based-2 (UPSC Level) 15 Ques | 18 Mins |  |
| Test: Class 7 Polity NCERT Based-1 (UPSC Level) 12 Ques | 15 Mins |  |
| Test: Class 7 Polity NCERT Based-2 (UPSC Level) 12 Ques | 15 Mins |  |
| Test: Class 8 Polity NCERT Based-1 (UPSC Level) 15 Ques | 18 Mins |  |
| Test: Class 8 Polity NCERT Based-2 (UPSC Level) 15 Ques | 18 Mins |  |
| Test: Class 9 Polity NCERT Based-1 (UPSC Level) 20 Ques | 25 Mins |  |
| Test: Class 9 Polity NCERT Based-2 30 Ques | 36 Mins |  |
| Test: Class 10 Polity NCERT Based-1 15 Ques | 18 Mins |  |
| Test: Class 10 Polity NCERT Based-2 20 Ques | 24 Mins |  |
| Test: Class 11 Polity NCERT Based-1 20 Ques | 25 Mins |  |
| Test: Class 11 Polity NCERT Based-2 20 Ques | 24 Mins |  |
| Test: Class 12 Contemporary World Politics NCERT Based-1 20 Ques | 24 Mins |  |
| Test: Class 12 Contemporary World Politics NCERT Based-2 30 Ques | 36 Mins |  |
| Test: Class 12 Politics In India Since Independence NCERT Based-1 20 Ques | 24 Mins |  |
| Test: Class 12 Politics In India Since Independence NCERT Based-2 25 Ques | 30 Mins |  |
Union and its Territory
| Laxmikanth Test : Union and its Territory 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Test: Union & its Territory 15 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
Citizenship
| Laxmikanth Test : Citizenship 15 Ques | 18 Mins |  |
Fundamental Rights & Duties
| Laxmikanth Test : Fundamental Rights-1 20 Ques | 24 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test : Fundamental Rights- 2 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Test: Fundamental Rights & Duties 15 Ques | 18 Mins |  |
Directive Principles of State Policy
| Test: Directive Principles of State Policy - 1 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Test: Directive Principles of State Policy - 2 15 Ques | 18 Mins |  |
Amendment of the Constitution
| Laxmikanth Test: Amendment of the Constitution 15 Ques | 18 Mins |  |
| Test: Amendment of the Constitution 15 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
| Test: Procedure for Amendment of Constitution 15 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
Basic Structure of the Constitution
| Test: Basic Structure of the Constitution - 1 15 Ques | 18 Mins |  |
| Test: Basic Structure of the Constitution - 2 15 Ques | 18 Mins |  |
Federal System
| Laxmikanth Test: Federal System 20 Ques | 24 Mins |  |
| Test: Federal System 15 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
Parliamentary System
| Laxmikanth Test: Parliamentary System - 1 20 Ques | 25 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Parliamentary System - 2 30 Ques | 36 Mins |  |
| Test: Parliamentary System 15 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
| Test: Parliamentary System 15 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
Centre–State & Inter State Relations
| Laxmikanth Test: Centre - State Relations 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Inter-State Relations 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Test: Inter-State Relations 15 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
| Test: Centre- State & Inter State Relations 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
Emergency Provisions
| Laxmikanth Test : Emergency Provisions 15 Ques | 18 Mins |  |
| Test: Emergency Provisions 15 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
Basic Structure of the Constitution
| Laxmikanth Test: The President-1 30 Ques | 36 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: The President- 2 30 Ques | 36 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Vice-President 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Test: Union Executive 15 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
| Test: Union Executive (The President & Vice-President) 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
Prime Minister
| Laxmikanth Test: The Prime Minister-1 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: The Prime Minister- 2 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
Central Council of Ministers
| Laxmikanth Test: Central Council of Ministers - 1 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Central Council Of Ministers - 2 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
Cabinet Committees
| Test: Cabinet Committees 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
Parliament
| Test: Parliament 15 Ques | 18 Mins |  |
| Test: Uproar in Parliament 15 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
| Test: Parliament 15 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
| Test: Parliament 15 Ques | 20 Mins |  |
Parliamentary Committees & Forums
| Test: Parliamentary Committees 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Test: Parliamentary Forums 20 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
Supreme Court
| Laxmikanth Test: Supreme Court 15 Ques | 18 Mins |  |
Judicial Review, Activism & PIL
| Laxmikanth Test: Judicial Review & Judicial Activism-1 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Judicial Review & Judicial Activism- 2 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Test: Differences Between Judicial Review and Judicial Activism 15 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
Governor
| Laxmikanth Test: Governor 20 Ques | 25 Mins |  |
Chief Minister & Council of Ministers
| Laxmikanth Test: Chief Minister 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Test: State Council of Ministers 15 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
| Test: State Council of Ministers 15 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
State Legislature
| Laxmikanth Test: State Legislature 15 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Test: State Legislature- 1 15 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
| Test: State Legislature 15 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
High Court
| Laxmikanth Test: High Court 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
Tribunals
| Test: Tribunals 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Test: Tribunals- Need and Provisions 15 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
Subordinate Courts
| Laxmikanth Test: Subordinate Courts 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
Special Provisions for Some States
| Laxmikanth Test: Special Provisions For Some States 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
Local Government: Panchayati Raj & Municipality
| Laxmikanth Test: Panchayati Raj 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Municipality 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Test: Panchayati Raj 15 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
| Test: Local Government: Panchayati Raj & Municipality 15 Ques | 20 Mins |  |
Union Territories and Special Areas
| Laxmikanth Test: Union Territories 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Scheduled And Tribal Areas 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Test: Union Territories 15 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
| Test: Union Territories 15 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
Election Commission
| Test: Election Commission 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Test: Election Commission of India 15 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
| Test: Election Commission 15 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
| Test: Election Commission of India 15 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
Union Public Service Commission & State PSC
| Test: Union Public Service Commission & State PSC 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Test: State Public Service Commission 15 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
| Test: Union Public Service Commission 15 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
Finance Commission
| Test: Finance Commission 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
Goods and Services Tax Council
| Test: Goods and Services Tax Council 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
National Commission for SCs, STs & BCs
| Laxmikanth Test: National Commission For SCs & STs 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Constitutional Bodies & Special Provisions for SC, ST & OBC 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities
| Test: Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
Comptroller and Auditor General of India
| Test: Comptroller and Auditor General of India 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
Non-Constitutional Bodies
| Laxmikanth Test: National Human Rights Commission 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: State Human Rights Commission 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Central Information Commission 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: State Information Commission 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Central Vigilance Commission 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Central Bureau of Investigation 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Lokpal and Lokayuktas 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Non-Constitutional Bodies-1 15 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Non-Constitutional Bodies- 2 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
Attorney General of India
| Test: Attorney General of India 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
Advocate General of the State
| Test: Advocate General of the State 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
Political Parties
| Test: Political Parties 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
Role of Regional Parties
| Test: Role of Regional Parties 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
Elections, Electoral Laws & Reforms
| Test: Elections 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Test: Electoral Reforms 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Elections 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Test: Elections & Political Parties 15 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
| Test: Elections, Electoral Laws & Reforms 15 Ques | 20 Mins |  |
Voting Behaviour
| Test: Voting Behavior 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
Coalition Government
| Test: Coalition Government 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
Anti-Defection Law
| Laxmikanth Test: Anti-Defection Law 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
Pressure Groups
| Laxmikanth Test: Pressure Group 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Test: Pressure Groups 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
National Integration
| Laxmikanth Test: National Integration 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Test: National Integration 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
Other Constitutional Dimensions
| Laxmikanth Test: Co-operative Societies 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Official Language 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Test: Co-Operative Societies 15 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
Foreign Policy
| Laxmikanth Test: Foreign Policy 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Test: Foreign Policy 15 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
Comparison of the Constitutions
| Test: World Constitutions- 1 15 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
| Test: Comparison of the Constitutions 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
Other Important Topics
| Test: Important Articles from Indian Constitution 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Representation of People's Act 1950, 1951 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Test: Important Articles from Indian Constitution- 1 15 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
Administrative Reforms & Commission Reports
| Test: Right to Information 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Test: Unlocking Human Capital 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
| Test: Ethics in Governance 10 Ques | 10 Mins |  |
Government Schemes
| Test: Ministry of Rural Development 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Test: Ministry of Textiles 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Test: Ministry of Panchayati Raj and Information Technology 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Test: Government Schemes 20 Ques | 25 Mins |  |
Working of the Constitution
| Laxmikanth Test: Working of the Constitution- 1 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Laxmikanth Test: Working of the Constitution- 2 10 Ques | 12 Mins |  |
| Test: National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution- 1 15 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
Governance
| Test: Governance 10 Ques | 15 Mins |  |
Topic-wise and Full- length Prelims Previous Year Questions
| Previous Year Questions: Making of the Constitution 15 Ques | 15 Mins |  |
| UPSC Previous Year Questions: Historical Development of the Constitution of India 15 Ques | 18 Mins |  |
| UPSC Previous Year Questions: Preamble of the Constitution 20 Ques | 24 Mins |  |
| Test: Constitution of India- History, Development & Salient Features 15 Ques | 40 Mins |  |
Full syllabus Tests
| Test: Polity- 1 50 Ques | 60 Mins |  |
| Test: Polity- 2 50 Ques | 60 Mins |  |
| Test: Polity- 3 50 Ques | 60 Mins |  |