Functional Groups - Carbon & its Compounds Video Lecture - Class 10

when dealing with organic chemistry and
hydrocarbons and naming you're actually
going to deal with the functional groups
and functional groups are groups that
actually differentiate between within
hydrocarbons and actually give
hydrocarbons unique properties they are
things besides hydrogen and carbon that
are that you actually might add within a
chain of hydrocarbons that makes the
branch of organic chemistry a lot larger
so there's several of them and these are
the ones you probably see most often the
first one being a halo carbon halo
reminding us of what halogen so we're
dealing with halogens in this and
whenever I write R that means I'm
dealing with a backbone of carbon and
some stuff in some sense so if we have
like our parent group of our bonded to a
halogen that is the typical a general
formula for it here's an example of it
notice we have the halogens up here and
then we're going to name this one bromo
3 chloro to Flora butane butane being 4
carbons in its backbone and notice these
are in alphabetical order
BC and F even though the numbers are not
the right way make sure you alpha order
is always first and another a practical
use might be tit for how halocarbons is
teflon tough ones the halocarbon stuff
that you use to make your the nonstick
pans or something along these lines that
teflon is actually quite you use quite
often alcohol is another functional
group that you'll see and alcohol is a
parent group lined into an OHA it could
be anywhere to be in the end of the
chain it could be anywhere within that
chain here's an example of what an
alcohol would look like this is ethanol
any way you name alcohols is that you
put an O L as a suffix so you're going
to call it ethanol
no showing that there is an alcohol
there and different types of ethanol is
actually used for drinking drinking out
drinking alcohol is actually we drink
ethanol and in alcoholic beverages
methanol is the alcohol we use to swab
our wounds so methanol having one carbon
ch2oh is used for as like a clink
cleanser for cuts and things
ethers ethers have an oxygen in the
center so no hydrogen around it just
oxygen there's one there's a parent
group on one side parent group on the
other and
oxygen kind of in the middle here is one
example of an ester a sorry an ether and
so this you know notice as the parent
does a carbon chain on one side
carpenter you know the other on oxygen
in the center and the way we say that
it's an ether is you name you name the
the parent chains on either side ending
with ether so this will be propyl ethyl
ether saying that on one side is a
purple group on the other side an ethyl
group and then it's an ether meeting
oxygens in the center of those two and
this is actually used as an anesthetic
and back in the day actually not so much
anymore but back in the day was used a
lot for an anesthesia to actually help
numb the pains for surgeries amines are
another functional group you'll see and
that's an h2 attached to a carbon group
I just this is a cyclical hexane a
cyclohexane attached to its amine group
and so an easy way to name this is it's
a cyclohexyl group and their AMA needs
our functional group in this get our
parent group in this case so we're going
to make sure we have that in there
cyclohexyl a mean this shows it that
this is a functional group and this is
the actual parent thing the a mean and
this is actually used as a pesticide the
ammonia is actually not as a poisonous
material for most animals and bugs so
this will be used as a typical pesticide
another one we have are aldehydes you
might be familiar with aldehydes
aldehydes of a parent group and the co c
carbon double bonded to an oxygen at the
very end of the chain so this will
always occur at the very end of the
chain we only have one side that has the
fuckhead parent group here's an example
right here of an aldehyde this is an SNL
this is called FNL because there's two
carbons meaning that's F and Al the AL
is indicating it's an aldehyde so that's
our suffix for dealing with aldehydes a
elseis FNL formaldehyde is actually a
methanol one has just one carbon
attached to it so that's another thing
this is actually used in glues glues use
ethanol's another one we might come
across is ketones ketones is when you
have actually it's not it's a thing is
an aldehyde but because aldehydes are
three end that makes it that makes it
unique ketones are
C double bond o in this in like a middle
of a chain so you have one channel a
chain on one side a chain on the other
and carbon double-bonded oxygen
somewhere along in the middle here's an
example of a ketone notice we have a two
functional to parent chains on the
outside with the carbon in the middle
bonded to an oxygen and we're showing to
show that where that bond double bonded
oxygen is located and our number so it's
gonna be two propanone so two is telling
us that at the double bonded oxygen is
in the Senate the second carbon and
there are three carbons making it probe
and own is a suffix we're going to use
when dealing with ketones this is
actually used in nail polish remover
when the last one is carboxylic acid
carboxylic acid is one of our only
acidic groups meaning that we have an H
I readily fall off and it will act as an
acid so it's a functional group with C
oo h bonded at the very end it'll always
be found at the very end of the
functional group of the sorry with a
parent carbon chain and the in the front
and here's an example of a carboxylic
acid notice this this is what makes it a
carboxylic acid this is the hydrogen
that will fall off and make it an acid
this is ethanoic acid s meaning two
carbons uh Noack acid is that as a
suffix for carboxylic acids a Noack acid
and this is actually used in vinegar
another another common name for it is a
static acid you might know of it as
static acid when you're dealing with
acid based units and the last one we're
gonna talk about today are esters esters
is when you have a carboxylic group but
in middle so it's carboxylic acids on
the very end but an ester group is
actually in the middle so we have our
parent change the carbon on either side
and then carbon bond double bond to an
oxygen end up and single bonded to
another oxygen in the middle or does
have to be in the middle but not on the
end of the chain here's an example of
this the way to name this is called
ethyl butan butane await the Oh 8
indicates that it is an ester and then
the way you name it is you have the
whatever's after the oxygen comes first
this is the ethyl group and you
can await is because there's four
carbons before that being the prefix for
so this would be ethyl boot no.8 and
this actually esters are really scented
they are used in you know making
artificial flavorings and so this is
actually the scent of pineapple at the
boot and weight is actually a pineapple
scent so these are the main functional
groups you'll probably see and have it
be forced to name actually when you're
doing chemistry organic chemistry
unfortunately you're going to have to
there is really a hard way to there's no
really good way to actually give you
trick to remembering them it's a lot of
memorization which is unfortunate but
hopefully this will help you and help
you understand and help you dissect
functional groups