Transport System in Plants & Animals - Life Processes Video Lecture - Life

nice view man talk about the importance
of transfer systems both for plants
animals blood is transported in
circulatory system for animals so in in
the animals we've got heart which pumps
blood from the arteries through the
capillaries and then back to the heart
from the veins so these three actual
structures need to know these pop
missiles first one in the arteries
they have very thick muscular walls
reason why is because it closes their
heart that's been pumped and that means
we have to withstand high pressures they
have thick muscle walls at the rupture
reservations they just care about the
back to heart and they have very thin
muscle walls are thinner muscular walls
because they have to withstand less
pressure also the arteries have more of
an elastic layer they're more bouncy
because when the part beats it needs to
be big that illuminates a change in size
whereas if it's relaxed knees become
smaller to make sure to push the same at
all times that means we need to have
more of a elastic layer in arteries
whereas the veins again they're far
further away from the actual heart so
they have less and less clear because
they just can keep the same shape same
shape the whole set on change it none of
the capillaries these are ones in the
middle the capillaries they have very
small lumen so they're very tiny and
that's because all you need to do is
need to slow down the actual movement of
blood and need to make sure that you can
actually have nutrients diffused from
the blood into cells that means they
have to be very small and in shape and
have a very small thin membrane to make
sure that can happen all right so you
need to know a bit about arteries veins
and capillaries but it also know about
what blood actually is so in blood we
can find different types of components
for example red blood cells which are
often given to patients of anemia
because red blood cells carry oxygen
people have anemia don't have enough mm
red blood cells which means they get
tired easily say this as well these
platelets ourselves which are needed for
and basically stop bleeding for clotting
so people who have layer deficiencies
would be given platelets and we've got
plasma as well this is where we have the
watery component which is important for
people who have correlation deficiency
problems and also we have white blood
cells this is given to patients who have
to chemotherapy to treat their cancer
because those people have weakened
immune systems so we give them extra
white blood cells to make sure their
action main system comes stronger I see
there's different concepts components on
blood but the one I want to focus on a
bit more is plasma plasma
again most of waters have water as a
watermark
but and that's plasma here so about 60%
of all blood is plasma
the rest is part of red blood cells what
less doesn't platelets but over the
plasma most of that is water but also
some salts near to all the salts are
dissolved as ions for example NaCl will
be na plus or CL - those are the ions
got oxygen can travel in two forms ox
tema globin and car and dissolved oxygen
carbon dioxide also known plasma on
there they can travel in three forms IRS
carved me NEMA globin as carbonate ions
or is dissolved in plasma hydrogen's
waste and travel in plasma urea lipids
can travel in the plaza in the movement
thought as chylomicrons which are
protein and glucose amino acids travel
dissolved in plasma right so we have
plasma having all these different types
nutrients you need to get from in two
cells and they can share and they will
change in terms of as blood moves past
the bodies for example what I mean by
change is oxygen goes into the actual
blood at the lungs where carbon dioxide
leaves the actual blood at the lungs
whereas at the cells so any cell we have
carbon dioxide which enters blood and we
have oxygen leaving in blood and we'll
talk about why in a second then once we
have for example blood moving past the
digestive tract
we've got lipids and glucose and amino
acids from our food coming into the
blood at the digestive tract I deliver
we have those nutrients glucose amino
acids going into the liver but we had a
deliverer we have urea being produced
urea was in the Tosh's waste that's
pumped into the actual blood and deliver
and then the urea will be removed at the
kidneys I said what you need to know see
there's basically things check happening
as a blood move past the body things go
in and things go out the reason why I'm
gonna make sure we have oxygen coming
into our blood our alums and then at our
blood we want to make sure we have
oxygen going into our cells the reason
being is called cellular respiration so
respiration happens inside cells and
that's just the idea of energy
productions we actually need to have
glucose and then we need to have oxygen
to be able to produce energy and it is
important for for example and sell your
growth repair and maintenance so about
energy our cells will not be able to
survive which means we will not be able
to survive
so we have oxygen required for just
normal function of ourselves and the
good thing is we have one more mechanism
that allows us to carry even more oxygen
in our blood
that's all called hemoglobin because
hemoglobin allows oxygen to attach in
red blood cells hemoglobin allows us to
carry about 98% more oxygen and if we
didn't have hemoglobin that's really
important for for example mammals and
birds because they need lots of energy
says such a big big big M creature so by
having him globin it allows him carry
more oxygen which means they can make
even more energy and thereby increase
the chance of survival so that's for
birds and mammals human Robin and that's
why we need oxygen for cell respiration
but the reason why we need to get carbon
dioxide from our actual cells inside
blood is because when we do cell
respiration one by-product on waste
product it's kinda excited to see what
Kefka carbon dioxide being produced here
the problem of carbon dioxide is we have
contacts that they can react with water
inside cells let's produce so we've got
cytoplasm full of water and then
contacts are being produced at the
actual organelles that means that water
inside thousand the contacts that can
react together form carbonic acid and
that can then dissociate to lower the pH
so it contacts does as low as the pH
then these enzymes in our actual cells
stop working properly so that's why we
need to get our actual carbon dioxide
from ourselves into the blood and then
when it gets alongs we want to make sure
we exhale carbon dioxide so we could
move it from the blood back into the
lungs and then exhale it out you can
test that happening because if you do
the lime water test you can basically
get a test tube add lime water and then
blow use a straw to blow into it and the
actual lime wash should change to a
milky color that's because carbon
dioxide is present when you exhale you
exhale come back set out and when you
didn't check the pH of that water you'll
find that the pH is lower than seven
because at the actual contacts I have
decreased the pH and that's why we want
to remove contacts at because it will
basically stop our enzyme from working
routine ageless enzymes I just briefly
talked about the importance of
hemoglobin and oxygen in your blood and
the reason why we worked on artificial
blood now because some people don't have
enough of these hemoglobin or different
types of components of the blood so
we're working on things that we can make
for example we've got the pair
fluorocarbon emulsions but these do is
that increase the amount of oxygen
dissolved inside blood but the problem
is they're not perfect they don't last
very long and they're not as effective
as normal hemoglobin we're also we also
have these hemoglobin based oxygen
carriers but they basically are they're
a modified hemoglobin from animal in
Robyn and it's quite effective but the
problem is not being protected by a red
blood cell usually we've got hemoglobin
inside red blood cells as these HBO CS
are not inside red blood cells so
they're not as protected which means
they don't last as long as normal human
does which means at the moment we're
trying to work on to make it even better
is artificially new globin that's used
that's done using stem cell research and
what happens here is we have our own red
blood cells being grown in the lab which
means we have email or Bill inside the
red blood cells and we have that
protection from the red blood cells so
once we can work on that once we can
make our own globin you'll have much
more and better in a global and much
more better red blood cells in future
and then we've got this saline solution
which we have basically replacing plasma
you can see the lab or not a lab in a
hospital might have these seen on
solutions so there again they do similar
things functions to plasma and people
who might be missing plasma will be
given CNN solutions so these are some of
the things we have or we're working
towards but the reason why we need to
have artificial blood is because first
of all it will increase the amount of
blood we have we have a shortage of
blood at the moment so by making our own
we won't have a shortage anymore
also it'll last longer actual blood
basically decomposes quite quickly
whereas artificial blood can basically
last for a couple of years sometimes or
at least a couple months it's also much
more sterile because we don't have get
it from humans they don't have many
diseases in the blood which means we
don't have any risk of infection
infecting other people by accident also
we have no problem when it comes to
cross matching and we have different
blood groups and if we give the wrong
blood group to a person that can cause
massive problems even death so by making
artificial blood we won't have that
problem Isis were some of the reasons
why we were working on artificial blood
in the previous few sites I talked about
how the transfer system works in animals
now I'll talk about plants plants don't
have blood vessels but they do have
desire and phloem xylem is where water
and ions are transported so mr. koukos
is transported around the body
xylem and it's called the
works called the transpiration pull
mechanism of how water enters at the
roots water enters at the roots and it
does so for us motions as a first step
once water enters it will go towards the
stem and understand we've got cohesion
and adhesion working cohesion means we
have the water molecules basically
hooked onto each other so they're
connected to each other and adhesion
means we have the water molecule hooked
on to the side of the wall and both
these just make sure that water doesn't
drop against gravity so what is sticking
on the actual set walls of that xylem
tube and as leaf what's also happening
and leaf we have a stomata which is a
small opening leaf where actually water
will evaporate it'll be transfer it and
that means we have water loss but
because of that cohesion that we talked
about earlier these water molecules are
all attached to each other so in one
water molecule escapes basically it
pulls on all the other ones which are
below it and then spit causes a
transpiration will pull a stream of
water molecules from the bottom to the
top and that's how we can make we have a
constant supply of water throughout the
actual tree and all of this is passive
it doesn't require any energy whereas
when a floor flow may have got active
transport and the phloem theory of how a
move is called translocation which
basically that one thing starts I was
thinking and saw it's where it's
produced which is the leaf and then
it'll move towards it where it's needed
for example the roots or the stem and it
does so but first being produced at the
leaf we've got glucose which will be
pumped from the leaf into the phloem
tube and does so the pumping happens for
active transport but then because
there's more solely because we blue
cross is solely because we have now more
solid in the actual flowing we will have
water moving from the nearby asylum tube
into the actual phloem tube it's now
we've got lots of glucose and lots of
water all in one space which means
there's a pressure buildup in the phloem
tube much pressure at the location of
the source because of all the movement
of water and glucose which means now
that that action glucose will move from
the source high pressure area to a low
pressure area which is the actual
basically the sink which would be the
roots or the stem because things has
always moved from high pressure low
pressure and that's how we have it
moving from the source to sink and once
it actually gets to sink what's going to
happen is that glucose will be pumped
into
think through active transport and
because we have less solute in that tube
now let's solid in a phloem - we will
have water moving back first Moses into
xylem so water moves in top and it moves
back down again into the Sodom tube and
we have glucose entering the phloem tube
at the source and leaving this foam tube
at the sink and we've got maybe a
glucose moving from source to sink
that's how glucose moves sources sink
water moves for the idea of
transpiration of people inside and if
you look at the actual xylem and phloem
they actually cost each other so we have
the actuals item in the inside of
something called a vascular bundle and
the phloem in the outside and this
basically allows us to have this
happening we have and water moving from
those ions and flown because they're so
close together as you can see here that
this is possible all right
these were just some of the action
mechanisms of how different substances
move in plants food sign the floor but
all of this which is a quick overview of
the concepts that you covered the next
couple of videos so if you don't fully
understand that it's completely fine
this was just meant to give you a brief
introduction to these different concepts
hope that was useful