Double Integral (Part - 1) Video Lecture - Engineering Mathematics

So far, we've used integrals
to figure out the
area under a curve.
And let's just review a little
bit of the intuition, although
this should hopefully be second
nature to you at this point.
If it's not, you might want
to review the definite
integration videos.
But if I have some function--
this is the xy plane, that's
the x-axis, that's the y-axis--
and I have some function.
Let's call that, you know,
this is y is equal to
some function of x.
Give me an x and
I'll give you a y.
If I wanted to figure out the
area under this curve, between,
let's say, x is equal to
a and x is equal to b.
So this is the area I
want to figure out.
What I do is, I split it up
into a bunch of columns
or a bunch of rectangles.
Where-- let me draw one of
those rectangles-- where you
could view-- and there's
different ways to do this,
but this is just a review.
Where you could review-- that's
maybe 1 of the rectangles.
Well, the area of the
rectangle is just base
times height, right?
Well, we're going to make these
rectangles really skinny and
just sum up an infinite
number of them.
So we want to make them
infinitely small.
But let's just call the
base of this rectangle dx.
And then the height of this
rectangle is going to be
f of x, at that point.
It's going to be f of-- if this
is x0, or whatever, you can
just call it f of x, right?
That's the height
of that rectangle.
And if we wanted to take
the sum of all of these
rectangles-- right?
There's just going to
be a bunch of them.
One there, one there.
Then we'll get the area, and if
we have infinite number of
these rectangles, and they're
infinitely skinny, we
have exactly the area
under that curve.
That's the intuition behind
the definite integral.
And the way we write that--
it's the definite integral.
We're going to take the sums of
these rectangles, from x is
equal to a, to x is equal to b.
And the sum, or the areas that
we're summing up, are going to
be-- the height is f of x,
and the width is d of x.
It's going to be f
of x times d of x.
This is equal to the
area under the curve.
f of x, y is equal to f
of x, from x is equal to
a to x is equal to b.
And that's just a
little bit of review.
But hopefully, you'll now
see the parallel of how we
extend this to taking the
volume under a surface.
So first of all,
what is a surface?
Well, if we're thinking
in three dimensions, a
surface is going to be
a function of x and y.
So we can write a surface as,
instead of y is a function
of f and x-- I'm sorry.
Instead of saying that y is a
function of x, we can write a
surface as z is equal to
a function of x and y.
So you can kind of view
it as the domain.
Right?
The domain is all of the set
of valid things that you
can input into a function.
So now, before, our domain was
just-- at least, you know, for
most of what we dealt with--
was just the x-axis, or kind of
the real number line
in the x direction.
Now our domain is the xy plane.
We can give any x and any y--
and we'll just deal with the
reals right now, I don't
want to get too technical.
And then it'll pop out another
number, and if we wanted to
graph it, it'll be our height.
And so that could be the
height of a surface.
So let me just show you what
a surface looks like, in
case you don't remember.
And we'll actually figure out
the volume under this surface.
So this is a surface.
I'll tell you its function
in a second, but it's
pretty neat to look at.
But as you can see,
it's a server.
It's like a piece of
paper that's bent.
Let's see, let me rotate it
to its traditional form.
So this is the x direction,
this is the y direction.
And the height is a function of
where we are in the xy plane.
So how do we figure out
the volume under a
surface like this?
How do we figure
out the volume?
It seems like a bit of a
stretch, given what we've
learned from this.
But what if-- and I'm just
going to draw an abstract
surface here-- let
me draw some axis.
Let's see, that's my x-axis.
That's my y-axis.
That's my z-axis.
I don't practice these videos
ahead of time, so I'm often
wondering what I'm
about to draw.
OK.
So that's x, that's
y, and that's z.
And let's say I
have some surface.
I'll just draw something.
I don't know what it is.
Some surface.
This is our surface.
z is a function of x and y.
So, for example, you give me a
coordinate in the xy plane.
Say, here, I'll put it into
the function and it'll
give us a z value now.
And I'll plot it there
and it'll be a point
on the surface.
So what we want to figure
out is the volume
under the surface.
And we have to specify
bounds, right?
From here, we said x is equal
to a, to x is equal to b.
So let's make a square
bound first, because this
keeps it a lot simpler.
So let's say that the domain or
the region-- not the domain--
the region of-- the x and y
region of this part of the
surface under which we want
to calculate the volume.
Let's say, the shadow-- if
the sun was right above
the surface, the shadow
would be right there.
Let me try my best to
draw this neatly.
So this is what we're
going to try to figure
out the volume of.
And let's say-- so, if we
wanted to draw it in the xy
plane, like you can kind of
view the projection of the
surface of the xy plane,
or the shadow of the
surface of the xy plane.
What are the bounds?
You can almost view-- what are
the bounds of the domain?
Well, let's say that this
point-- let's say that this
right here, that's 0,
0 in the xy plane.
Let's say that this is y is
equal to-- I don't know,
that's y is equal to a.
That's this line right here.
Y is equal to a.
And let's say that this line
right here is x is equal to b.
Hope you get that, right?
This is the xy plane.
If we have a constant x, it
would be a line like that.
A constant y, a line like that.
And then we have the
area in between it.
So how do we figure out
the volume under this?
Well, if I just wanted to
figure out the area of--
let's just say, this sliver.
Let's say we had a--
well, actually let
me go the other way.
Let's say we had a constant y.
So let's say I had some sliver.
I don't want to confuse you.
Let's say that I had
some constant y.
I just want to give
you the intuition.
You know, let's say.
I don't know what that is.
It's an arbitrary y.
But for some constant y, what
if I could just figure out the
area under the curve there?
How would I figure out just
the area under that curve?
It'll be a function of
which y I pick, right?
Because if I pick a y here,
it'll be a different area.
If I pick a y there, it'll
be a different area.
But I could view this now
as a very similar problem
to this one up here.
I could have my dx's-- let
me pick a vibrant color
so you can see it.
Let's say that's dx, right?
That's a change in x.
And then the height is going
to be a function of the x
I have and the y I picked.
Although I'm assuming,
to some degree, that
that's a constant y.
So what would be the area
of this sheet of paper?
It's kind of a constant y.
It's part of-- it's a sheet
of paper within this volume,
you can kind of view it.
Well, it would be-- we said
the height of each of these
rectangles is f of xy, right?
That's the height.
It depends which x and
y we pick down here.
And then its width is
going to be d of x.
Not d of x, dx.
And then if we integrated it,
from x is equal to 0, which was
back here, all the way to x
is equal to b, what
would it look like?
It would look like that.
x is going from 0 to b.
Fair enough.
And this would actually
give us a function of y.
This would give us an
expression so that I would know
the area of this kind of sliver
of the volume, for any
given value of y.
If you give me a y, I can tell
you the area of the sliver
that corresponds to that y.
Now what could I do?
If I know the area of any given
sliver, what if I multiply the
area of that sliver times dy?
This is a dy.
Let me do it in a
vibrant color.
So dy, a very small
change in y.
If I multiplied this area
times a small dy, then
all of a sudden I have
a sliver of volume.
Hopefully that
makes some sense.
I'm making that-- that little
cut that I took the area of--
by making it three dimensional.
So what would be the
volume of that sliver?
The volume of that sliver will
be this function of y times dy,
or this whole thing times dy.
So it would be the integral
from 0 to b of f of xy dx.
That gives us the area
of this blue sheet.
Now if I multiply this
whole thing times dy,
I get this volume.
It gets some depth.
This little area that I'm
shading right here gets
depth of that sheet.
Now if I added all of those
sheets that now have depth, if
I took the infinite sum-- so if
I took the integral of this
from my lower y bound-- from 0
to my upper y bound, a, then--
at least based on our intuition
here-- maybe I will have
figured out the volume
under this surface.
But anyway, I didn't
want to confuse you.
But that's the intuition of
what we're going to do.
And I think you're going to
find out that actually
calculating the volumes are
pretty straightforward,
especially when you have
fixed x and y bounds.
And that's what we're going
to do in the next video.
See you soon.