Class 12 Exam > Class 12 Videos > Discovery of electron - Dual Nature of Radiation & Matter
Discovery of electron - Dual Nature of Radiation & Matter Video Lecture - Class 12
FAQs on Discovery of electron - Dual Nature of Radiation & Matter Video Lecture - Class 12
| 1. What is the dual nature of radiation and matter? |  |
Ans. The dual nature of radiation and matter refers to the concept that both radiation (such as light or electromagnetic waves) and matter (such as electrons) exhibit properties of both particles and waves. This means that they can behave as discrete particles with definite positions and energies, as well as exhibit wave-like characteristics such as diffraction and interference.
| 2. How was the discovery of the electron related to the dual nature of radiation and matter? | |
Ans. The discovery of the electron by J.J. Thomson in 1897 played a crucial role in understanding the dual nature of radiation and matter. Thomson's experiments with cathode rays, which were later identified as streams of electrons, showed that these particles could exhibit wave-like properties, such as bending and diffraction. This experimental evidence supported the idea that particles like electrons could possess both particle and wave characteristics.
| 3. What is the significance of the discovery of the electron in relation to modern physics? | |
Ans. The discovery of the electron had a profound impact on modern physics. It laid the foundation for the development of quantum mechanics, which is the branch of physics that deals with the behavior of particles on a microscopic scale. Understanding the dual nature of radiation and matter, as exemplified by the electron, led to the wave-particle duality principle, which is a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics.
| 4. How does the dual nature of radiation and matter explain phenomena like diffraction and interference? | |
Ans. The dual nature of radiation and matter explains phenomena like diffraction and interference through the wave-like properties of particles. When particles such as electrons or photons (particles of light) encounter obstacles or narrow slits, they can diffract or spread out, much like waves passing through an opening. This diffraction pattern can then interfere with other diffracted particles, resulting in interference patterns. These wave-like behaviors are consistent with the dual nature of radiation and matter.
| 5. Can you provide an example of an experiment that demonstrates the dual nature of radiation and matter? | |
Ans. One of the famous experiments that demonstrates the dual nature of radiation and matter is the double-slit experiment. In this experiment, a beam of particles, such as electrons or photons, is directed towards two closely spaced slits. When the particles pass through the slits, they create an interference pattern on a screen placed behind. This interference pattern can only be explained by considering the wave-like behavior of the particles, thus highlighting their dual nature.
Text Transcript from Video
hello friends this video on dual nature
of radiation and matter part two is
brought to you by exam for your form no
more fear from exam now wasting any more
time let's start with a topic discovery
of electron you might be surprised when
suddenly I mean when we want to discuss
about dual nature of radiation and on
why suddenly am i discussing about the
discovery of electron what has electron
to do with it okay so therefore we
actually study the concepts here we have
to see how this discovery came up how
did people arrive at this conclusion
that light has particle nature as well
now when the Maxwell was giving his
electromagnetic theory and Young was
performances Young's double-slit
experiment the diffraction phenomenon
when all these things was taken please
mean lying
there was some organ discoveries which
were going on on the other side right
because in in in an era there are
hundreds and thousands of scientists
performing so many experiments right so
sometimes some experiments click
somewhere and you get to discover new
things
you get to see surprising results right
so when all these research or all these
experiments were going on which we are
supporting the wave nature of life or
somewhere around the same time there is
another group of scientists who were
also working hard and they were also
doing some research and they were also
able to discover certain things let us
talk about these discoveries and we will
see where they take us to these
discoveries will take us somewhere where
we want to reach in this lesson so let
us start with the discovery of electron
so do you really know how electron was
discovered okay will sit here somewhere
around 1870s there was a scientist named
William Cruz what did he do he
discovered something we know as cathode
rays
what are cathode rays again okay some
around this time there were a lot of
experimentation going on regarding
how discharges take place through gases
so all if you understand what is a dis
check what do I mean by discharge
through a gas that means let us suppose
imagine an apparatus something like this
let us suppose you have a chamber maybe
you have this evacuated chamber nothing
is there only bathroom and you have two
electrodes one is your crackpot and the
other one is anode so this is your
cathode and this is your anode so some
experiments were going on that how
discharge takes place it was found that
there were there were certain radiations
which were coming out of cathode and
moving towards a mode so it was found
that at very low pressure if the
pressure was reduced to a very low value
there was a discharge taking place
between these two electrodes when an
electric field was applied to the gas
which was present inside this chamber so
inside this chamber it was filled with a
gas and there were two electrons so when
electric field was applied to the gas
it was found so you apply an electric
field to this gas and it was found that
some discharge took place what do I mean
by discharge that means some radiation
where I meet it and they were passing
through the gas so that was known as gas
discharge so some experiments were being
conducted on some of the lines that how
discharge takes place through gases so
how do scientists know that discharge
was taking place to the gas that
something was flowing from that
Woodward's anode that's because when
they applied an electric field to the
gas they found some fluorescent glow on
the anode there was some kind of view on
the anode so this fluorescent glow
indicated that some radiations were
coming to the anode so if the radiations
are coming towards the anode that means
the radiation is coming from the cathode
right so William Crookes observe this
and experimented with this and he too
that these days are nothing but cat poo
trees he named these radiations as cat
cora's because they were emitted by the
cat hole so he told the cat cora's are
nothing but they are the Rays which are
emitted by the cat hood when an electric
field is applied to the gas and pressure
is maintained at a very low value so
that's how cathode rays came into
picture again after some time there was
not the scientists on JJ Thompson what
did he do he used the same discharge
tube which was used by William Crookes
the same kind of arrangement was used by
him but now what he did he applied a
perpendicular electric field and
magnetic field to the cathode rays that
means whatever cat cora's they were
nothing but a radiation coming out from
cathode so to this radiation he applied
a perpendicular electric field and
magnetic field now by applying this
electric field this perpendicular
electric and magnetic field he was able
to calculate the charge by mass ratio of
the cat countries so he could calculate
this value charge by mass ratio there
now nobody knew what are these cathode
rays cathode will son cyst of what but
since the cathode rays we're getting
attracted towards the anode and a mode
being the positive electrode it was
assumed that that would raise must be
consisting of negatively charged
particles that is why they are getting
attracted towards the positive electrode
which is anode right so what did thumbs
into this was kind of Thompson's
arrangement where what he did he applied
a magnetic field this cross represents a
magnetic field and he also applied an
electric field between these two things
now from this electron gun there the
stream of cat food raised with ejected
like so it was found that those rays
instead of going straight and the screen
was placed in front of them it was in
that it got deflected what happens under
the influence of the electric and
magnetic field this
but the this ray is actually instead of
going straight they got deflected and
they started following a kind of
circular path so Thompson did some
calculations on it so he said that what
is the magnetic force due to the
magnetic field which I applied he said
it is nothing but Q into V cross B right
so that was nothing but e vb well we are
assuming that the charge on each
particle of this cat would read nobody
knew what those particles where but we
assume that these negatively charged
particle let us assume that it's charge
of the negatively charged particle is B
velocity is B and the magnetic field
which he applied he knew that magnitude
right so that is V now since it is
moving in a circular path so this object
under the influence of this magnetic
field since it is moving in a circular
path so there is a centripetal force
which is acting which is MV square by R
so now these two forces will balance
each other then the force due to the
magnetic field and the centripetal force
so we can say that this is equal to this
so this V and this V will cancel so we
get charged by mass ratio is nothing but
V divided by RB so now in order to
calculate this charge by mass ratio he
needs these three values out of which
magnetic field he knows because he is
the one who applied the magnetic field
so what did he do to calculate this
velocity and the radius okay
to calculate velocity what he did he did
he used another arrangement and if you
have a difficulty in understanding what
are these formula which I am using I
have already explained all these things
when I was teaching you the lessons on
current electricity electrostatics
magnet of statics right in all those
lessons I have already talked about
magnetic force electric force like why
an object or why a charged particle
moves in a circular path when it moves
through a and applied magnetic field so
all these things I have explained in
detail so in case you are having any
difficulty and understand
you then get back to those videos and
view them first okay so in order to
calculate the velocity with which these
charged particles were moving what he
did he had justed the electric field and
the magnetic field in such a way that
the force due to electric field of the
charged particle is equal to the force
due to magnetic field now what was the
force due to magnetic field it is
nothing but charge of the particle into
applied electric field so this was equal
to this so from this we got that the
velocity with which the particle is
moving is nothing but e by the tsunami
UE healing V so now he is able to
calculate velocity so the only thing
which is left is R that is the radius of
the circular path now in order to
calculate the radius of them circular
path he used mathematics he used the
chord property of mathematics he this
distance was something which she was
able to calculate because he has placed
that screen and he could actually see
where the electron and where the charged
particles are getting deflected so he
said let us suppose that this distance
is some distance a B he measured it say
it is whatever distance X centimeters so
let us say this is B and he also knew
this distance the distance from which
the electron is getting deflected so he
called this distance as e so he assumed
that since the electron will be moving
in a circular path so he drew a circle
and he told that let me assume that this
line this B is nothing but a chord
because we cannot say that it is the
diameter because we don't know we have
this entities right because it is moving
like this it will be moving with in this
kind of a circular path so this distance
is V and as I mentioned this distance is
a so this distance is a and this entire
diameter is I told the radiuses are
right so the entire diameter is 2 R that
means this remaining part is 2 1 minus a
now by property of chords now in order
to know what is this property of course
you should get back to your math
Mattox videos right so according to the
property of cords this into this is
always equal to this part into this part
that is B into B is equal to 2r minus 8
into a so from this he was able to find
that R is equal to a square plus B
Square divided by 2x that is how we
calculated I now using these values of
Vieira our he was able to calculate the
charge by mass ratio right so he found
us so this charge by mass ratio was
often known as the specific charge many
scientists use this specific charge
terminology instead of charge of a mass
ratio so after he kike oh he got a
specific value for this charge by mass
ratio so that this was the next step so
the first step towards the discovery of
electron was that hombres that time it
was only observed that some kind of
radiation is emitted the next step was
that that radiation consists of some
negatively charged particle but we don't
know what anything else about that
particle but forms and was able to
calculate the charge by mass ratio of
those particles of cathode rays right
again after some time it was firms and
himself who again observed that when
ultraviolet radiation fall on certain
metals then some negative particles were
ejected so again the same scientist
Thompson I mean he was actually he was
not happy with whatever he did just by
finding out the charge by mass ratio he
was continuously experimenting on this
and he found that when ultraviolet
radiation falls on certain metals not
all metals with some metals him some
negatively charged particles were
emitted and again we observed that when
certain metals were heated again some
negatively charged particles read
emitted so Thompson was like kind of
confused that what is this happening
from where is where are so many
negatively charged particles coming up I
mean there are so many different
phenomenon where we
getting the results that negatively
charged particles are getting emitted so
there must be a correlation between all
these particles so what she did she
tried to find out the charge by mass
ratio of these particles as well that
means the particles which were ejected
when ultraviolet radiations fell on the
metals also for the particles which were
ejected when the metals were heated and
to his surprise he found that the charge
by mass ratio of these particles were at
the scene as that he found in the
previous case in the previous scenario
that is for the cathode ray is
discharged arrangement whatever charge
by mass ratio he found the value of
charge by mass ratio in this case was
also the same so Thomson calls these cat
houdry particles so he told that these
Kotori particles are nothing but they
are a specific set of particles which is
present everywhere that is why I mean
see if ultraviolet radiation falls on
certain metal and if the particle is
getting ejected that means that part
that metal has those particles right if
the metal doesn't have those particles
then from there will it get rejected it
is something like let us suppose a
person is walking on the road somebody
comes and says somebody comes with a
revolver and says that give me the cash
which you have your pocket now if that
person doesn't have cash in his pocket
he cannot give it to him right only if
he has cash he can give it to the
stranger right similarly in this case if
the metal is ejecting some negatively
charged particle that means those
negatively charged particles are present
somewhere inside the metal correct so
Thompson said that these negatively
charged particles as something which is
common everywhere which is present in
metals also which is present in that
cathode electrode also so he called this
cathode ray particles as electrons so
pumps and discovered electrons so this
is when the electron was discovered the
named electron came up however before
this itself everybody knew that cathode
rays are made up of some negatively
charged particle but this was the time
when it was universally declared as
electron so katfoe
grain particles renamed as electron
again after few years somewhere around
1913 there was another scientist known
as militant who performed the very
famous experiment which is known as
oil-drop experiment so in this
experiment what he tried to do he tried
to calculate the charge on an oil drop
and he was able to calculate the charge
on an oil drop and he found that the
charge on an oil drop was an integral
multiple of a charge so there was a
small charge of which it was an integral
multiple so Millican told that this
fundamental charge is nothing but the
charge on an electron why didn't say so
because before that it was told that
electron is something which is present
everywhere which is present in all
objects so Thomson kind of told that
electron is a basic constituent of
everything which we see around us
therefore Milliken told that when the
charge of an oil drop is an integral
multiple of some small charge that snow
a charge must be the charge of an
electron so many can told that what did
he say charge on an oil drop was
integral multiple of the charge on an
electron now so what happened as a
result of all these experiments what
happened as a result of the effort of
William groups JJ Thomson Milliken what
was the final result the final result or
the final conclusion was that electron
is a negatively charged fundamental
constituent of matter like it was
negatively charged which was proved from
the cathode ray experiment
it is a fundamental constituent of
matter it was also proved by Thompson
when he when he saw that these
negatively charged particles were
emitted by metals also when when they
were heated when they were subjected to
traveler trays and also from the Pat
Hodgins so they told that it is
negatively-charged fundamental
constituent of matter
they said that electron is the
elementary charge this was proved by
Millikan's experiment he told that
charge on any object which we see in
this world they are integral multiple of
this charge so they call they said that
this charge that is 1.6 into 10 to the
power minus 19 coulomb this fundamental
charge is nothing but the charge on an
electron and the we generally denoted by
a small e electric charge is quantized
what do I mean by the term quantized it
means that whatever I said just know any
charge of any object in this world is an
integral multiple of this charge so that
means this charges quantized the
specific charge that is charged by mass
ratio is equal to 1 point 7 6 into 10 to
the power 11 Coulomb per kg so this was
the value which was calculated by JJ
Thompson in his experiments with the
experiment which I explained you in last
class strike okay so these are some of
the information which were discovered or
which were known to everybody after
these scientists were able to discover
electron so electron was discovered and
we knew all these things about electrons
now the point is when jay-z Thomson had
performed those experiments of
subjecting a metal surface to
ultraviolet right and electron was
emitted what was that what was those
kind of experiments in those kind of
experiments you saw that there are many
different ways or there are many
different phenomenon where electrons get
emitted so electron emission became
another topic of discussion that okay
everything consists of electrons that is
acceptable that is fine now why electron
emission takes place from so many
objects in so many different ways so
what is this electron emission how does
this electro
we should actually take place so that
become and a curious area where again
scientists started working thank you
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of radiation and matter part two is
brought to you by exam for your form no
more fear from exam now wasting any more
time let's start with a topic discovery
of electron you might be surprised when
suddenly I mean when we want to discuss
about dual nature of radiation and on
why suddenly am i discussing about the
discovery of electron what has electron
to do with it okay so therefore we
actually study the concepts here we have
to see how this discovery came up how
did people arrive at this conclusion
that light has particle nature as well
now when the Maxwell was giving his
electromagnetic theory and Young was
performances Young's double-slit
experiment the diffraction phenomenon
when all these things was taken please
mean lying
there was some organ discoveries which
were going on on the other side right
because in in in an era there are
hundreds and thousands of scientists
performing so many experiments right so
sometimes some experiments click
somewhere and you get to discover new
things
you get to see surprising results right
so when all these research or all these
experiments were going on which we are
supporting the wave nature of life or
somewhere around the same time there is
another group of scientists who were
also working hard and they were also
doing some research and they were also
able to discover certain things let us
talk about these discoveries and we will
see where they take us to these
discoveries will take us somewhere where
we want to reach in this lesson so let
us start with the discovery of electron
so do you really know how electron was
discovered okay will sit here somewhere
around 1870s there was a scientist named
William Cruz what did he do he
discovered something we know as cathode
rays
what are cathode rays again okay some
around this time there were a lot of
experimentation going on regarding
how discharges take place through gases
so all if you understand what is a dis
check what do I mean by discharge
through a gas that means let us suppose
imagine an apparatus something like this
let us suppose you have a chamber maybe
you have this evacuated chamber nothing
is there only bathroom and you have two
electrodes one is your crackpot and the
other one is anode so this is your
cathode and this is your anode so some
experiments were going on that how
discharge takes place it was found that
there were there were certain radiations
which were coming out of cathode and
moving towards a mode so it was found
that at very low pressure if the
pressure was reduced to a very low value
there was a discharge taking place
between these two electrodes when an
electric field was applied to the gas
which was present inside this chamber so
inside this chamber it was filled with a
gas and there were two electrons so when
electric field was applied to the gas
it was found so you apply an electric
field to this gas and it was found that
some discharge took place what do I mean
by discharge that means some radiation
where I meet it and they were passing
through the gas so that was known as gas
discharge so some experiments were being
conducted on some of the lines that how
discharge takes place through gases so
how do scientists know that discharge
was taking place to the gas that
something was flowing from that
Woodward's anode that's because when
they applied an electric field to the
gas they found some fluorescent glow on
the anode there was some kind of view on
the anode so this fluorescent glow
indicated that some radiations were
coming to the anode so if the radiations
are coming towards the anode that means
the radiation is coming from the cathode
right so William Crookes observe this
and experimented with this and he too
that these days are nothing but cat poo
trees he named these radiations as cat
cora's because they were emitted by the
cat hole so he told the cat cora's are
nothing but they are the Rays which are
emitted by the cat hood when an electric
field is applied to the gas and pressure
is maintained at a very low value so
that's how cathode rays came into
picture again after some time there was
not the scientists on JJ Thompson what
did he do he used the same discharge
tube which was used by William Crookes
the same kind of arrangement was used by
him but now what he did he applied a
perpendicular electric field and
magnetic field to the cathode rays that
means whatever cat cora's they were
nothing but a radiation coming out from
cathode so to this radiation he applied
a perpendicular electric field and
magnetic field now by applying this
electric field this perpendicular
electric and magnetic field he was able
to calculate the charge by mass ratio of
the cat countries so he could calculate
this value charge by mass ratio there
now nobody knew what are these cathode
rays cathode will son cyst of what but
since the cathode rays we're getting
attracted towards the anode and a mode
being the positive electrode it was
assumed that that would raise must be
consisting of negatively charged
particles that is why they are getting
attracted towards the positive electrode
which is anode right so what did thumbs
into this was kind of Thompson's
arrangement where what he did he applied
a magnetic field this cross represents a
magnetic field and he also applied an
electric field between these two things
now from this electron gun there the
stream of cat food raised with ejected
like so it was found that those rays
instead of going straight and the screen
was placed in front of them it was in
that it got deflected what happens under
the influence of the electric and
magnetic field this
but the this ray is actually instead of
going straight they got deflected and
they started following a kind of
circular path so Thompson did some
calculations on it so he said that what
is the magnetic force due to the
magnetic field which I applied he said
it is nothing but Q into V cross B right
so that was nothing but e vb well we are
assuming that the charge on each
particle of this cat would read nobody
knew what those particles where but we
assume that these negatively charged
particle let us assume that it's charge
of the negatively charged particle is B
velocity is B and the magnetic field
which he applied he knew that magnitude
right so that is V now since it is
moving in a circular path so this object
under the influence of this magnetic
field since it is moving in a circular
path so there is a centripetal force
which is acting which is MV square by R
so now these two forces will balance
each other then the force due to the
magnetic field and the centripetal force
so we can say that this is equal to this
so this V and this V will cancel so we
get charged by mass ratio is nothing but
V divided by RB so now in order to
calculate this charge by mass ratio he
needs these three values out of which
magnetic field he knows because he is
the one who applied the magnetic field
so what did he do to calculate this
velocity and the radius okay
to calculate velocity what he did he did
he used another arrangement and if you
have a difficulty in understanding what
are these formula which I am using I
have already explained all these things
when I was teaching you the lessons on
current electricity electrostatics
magnet of statics right in all those
lessons I have already talked about
magnetic force electric force like why
an object or why a charged particle
moves in a circular path when it moves
through a and applied magnetic field so
all these things I have explained in
detail so in case you are having any
difficulty and understand
you then get back to those videos and
view them first okay so in order to
calculate the velocity with which these
charged particles were moving what he
did he had justed the electric field and
the magnetic field in such a way that
the force due to electric field of the
charged particle is equal to the force
due to magnetic field now what was the
force due to magnetic field it is
nothing but charge of the particle into
applied electric field so this was equal
to this so from this we got that the
velocity with which the particle is
moving is nothing but e by the tsunami
UE healing V so now he is able to
calculate velocity so the only thing
which is left is R that is the radius of
the circular path now in order to
calculate the radius of them circular
path he used mathematics he used the
chord property of mathematics he this
distance was something which she was
able to calculate because he has placed
that screen and he could actually see
where the electron and where the charged
particles are getting deflected so he
said let us suppose that this distance
is some distance a B he measured it say
it is whatever distance X centimeters so
let us say this is B and he also knew
this distance the distance from which
the electron is getting deflected so he
called this distance as e so he assumed
that since the electron will be moving
in a circular path so he drew a circle
and he told that let me assume that this
line this B is nothing but a chord
because we cannot say that it is the
diameter because we don't know we have
this entities right because it is moving
like this it will be moving with in this
kind of a circular path so this distance
is V and as I mentioned this distance is
a so this distance is a and this entire
diameter is I told the radiuses are
right so the entire diameter is 2 R that
means this remaining part is 2 1 minus a
now by property of chords now in order
to know what is this property of course
you should get back to your math
Mattox videos right so according to the
property of cords this into this is
always equal to this part into this part
that is B into B is equal to 2r minus 8
into a so from this he was able to find
that R is equal to a square plus B
Square divided by 2x that is how we
calculated I now using these values of
Vieira our he was able to calculate the
charge by mass ratio right so he found
us so this charge by mass ratio was
often known as the specific charge many
scientists use this specific charge
terminology instead of charge of a mass
ratio so after he kike oh he got a
specific value for this charge by mass
ratio so that this was the next step so
the first step towards the discovery of
electron was that hombres that time it
was only observed that some kind of
radiation is emitted the next step was
that that radiation consists of some
negatively charged particle but we don't
know what anything else about that
particle but forms and was able to
calculate the charge by mass ratio of
those particles of cathode rays right
again after some time it was firms and
himself who again observed that when
ultraviolet radiation fall on certain
metals then some negative particles were
ejected so again the same scientist
Thompson I mean he was actually he was
not happy with whatever he did just by
finding out the charge by mass ratio he
was continuously experimenting on this
and he found that when ultraviolet
radiation falls on certain metals not
all metals with some metals him some
negatively charged particles were
emitted and again we observed that when
certain metals were heated again some
negatively charged particles read
emitted so Thompson was like kind of
confused that what is this happening
from where is where are so many
negatively charged particles coming up I
mean there are so many different
phenomenon where we
getting the results that negatively
charged particles are getting emitted so
there must be a correlation between all
these particles so what she did she
tried to find out the charge by mass
ratio of these particles as well that
means the particles which were ejected
when ultraviolet radiations fell on the
metals also for the particles which were
ejected when the metals were heated and
to his surprise he found that the charge
by mass ratio of these particles were at
the scene as that he found in the
previous case in the previous scenario
that is for the cathode ray is
discharged arrangement whatever charge
by mass ratio he found the value of
charge by mass ratio in this case was
also the same so Thomson calls these cat
houdry particles so he told that these
Kotori particles are nothing but they
are a specific set of particles which is
present everywhere that is why I mean
see if ultraviolet radiation falls on
certain metal and if the particle is
getting ejected that means that part
that metal has those particles right if
the metal doesn't have those particles
then from there will it get rejected it
is something like let us suppose a
person is walking on the road somebody
comes and says somebody comes with a
revolver and says that give me the cash
which you have your pocket now if that
person doesn't have cash in his pocket
he cannot give it to him right only if
he has cash he can give it to the
stranger right similarly in this case if
the metal is ejecting some negatively
charged particle that means those
negatively charged particles are present
somewhere inside the metal correct so
Thompson said that these negatively
charged particles as something which is
common everywhere which is present in
metals also which is present in that
cathode electrode also so he called this
cathode ray particles as electrons so
pumps and discovered electrons so this
is when the electron was discovered the
named electron came up however before
this itself everybody knew that cathode
rays are made up of some negatively
charged particle but this was the time
when it was universally declared as
electron so katfoe
grain particles renamed as electron
again after few years somewhere around
1913 there was another scientist known
as militant who performed the very
famous experiment which is known as
oil-drop experiment so in this
experiment what he tried to do he tried
to calculate the charge on an oil drop
and he was able to calculate the charge
on an oil drop and he found that the
charge on an oil drop was an integral
multiple of a charge so there was a
small charge of which it was an integral
multiple so Millican told that this
fundamental charge is nothing but the
charge on an electron why didn't say so
because before that it was told that
electron is something which is present
everywhere which is present in all
objects so Thomson kind of told that
electron is a basic constituent of
everything which we see around us
therefore Milliken told that when the
charge of an oil drop is an integral
multiple of some small charge that snow
a charge must be the charge of an
electron so many can told that what did
he say charge on an oil drop was
integral multiple of the charge on an
electron now so what happened as a
result of all these experiments what
happened as a result of the effort of
William groups JJ Thomson Milliken what
was the final result the final result or
the final conclusion was that electron
is a negatively charged fundamental
constituent of matter like it was
negatively charged which was proved from
the cathode ray experiment
it is a fundamental constituent of
matter it was also proved by Thompson
when he when he saw that these
negatively charged particles were
emitted by metals also when when they
were heated when they were subjected to
traveler trays and also from the Pat
Hodgins so they told that it is
negatively-charged fundamental
constituent of matter
they said that electron is the
elementary charge this was proved by
Millikan's experiment he told that
charge on any object which we see in
this world they are integral multiple of
this charge so they call they said that
this charge that is 1.6 into 10 to the
power minus 19 coulomb this fundamental
charge is nothing but the charge on an
electron and the we generally denoted by
a small e electric charge is quantized
what do I mean by the term quantized it
means that whatever I said just know any
charge of any object in this world is an
integral multiple of this charge so that
means this charges quantized the
specific charge that is charged by mass
ratio is equal to 1 point 7 6 into 10 to
the power 11 Coulomb per kg so this was
the value which was calculated by JJ
Thompson in his experiments with the
experiment which I explained you in last
class strike okay so these are some of
the information which were discovered or
which were known to everybody after
these scientists were able to discover
electron so electron was discovered and
we knew all these things about electrons
now the point is when jay-z Thomson had
performed those experiments of
subjecting a metal surface to
ultraviolet right and electron was
emitted what was that what was those
kind of experiments in those kind of
experiments you saw that there are many
different ways or there are many
different phenomenon where electrons get
emitted so electron emission became
another topic of discussion that okay
everything consists of electrons that is
acceptable that is fine now why electron
emission takes place from so many
objects in so many different ways so
what is this electron emission how does
this electro
we should actually take place so that
become and a curious area where again
scientists started working thank you
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