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Explanation of 5' and 3', C terminus, and N terminus -Fundamentals of Biology Video Lecture - Biotechnology Engineering (BT)
FAQs on Explanation of 5' and 3', C terminus, and N terminus -Fundamentals of Biology Video Lecture - Biotechnology Engineering (BT)
| 1. What is the significance of the 5' and 3' ends in DNA and RNA? |  |
Ans. The 5' and 3' ends in DNA and RNA refer to the carbon atoms in the sugar molecule of the nucleotide. The 5' end has a phosphate group attached to the 5th carbon, while the 3' end has a hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to the 3rd carbon. These ends are important for DNA and RNA replication, transcription, and translation processes.
| 2. What is the difference between the C terminus and N terminus of a protein? | |
Ans. The C terminus and N terminus refer to the two ends of a protein chain. The N terminus is the starting end of the protein, where the first amino acid residue has a free amino group (-NH2). The C terminus is the ending end of the protein, where the last amino acid residue has a free carboxyl group (-COOH). These termini play a crucial role in protein folding, stability, and interactions with other molecules.
| 3. How are the 5' and 3' ends of DNA and RNA labeled or detected in experiments? | |
Ans. In experiments involving DNA and RNA, the 5' end is commonly labeled or detected using a fluorescent dye or a radioactive marker attached to a phosphate group. This labeling allows researchers to track and study the movement, replication, and transcription of DNA and RNA molecules. Various techniques such as DNA sequencing, PCR, and Northern blotting utilize these labeling methods.
| 4. Can the 5' and 3' ends of DNA and RNA be modified or altered? | |
Ans. Yes, the 5' and 3' ends of DNA and RNA can be modified or altered through enzymatic reactions. For example, enzymes such as DNA ligase can join DNA fragments by creating a phosphodiester bond between the 5' phosphate group of one fragment and the 3' hydroxyl group of another. Similarly, RNA polymerases can add nucleotides to the 3' end during transcription, extending the RNA molecule.
| 5. How do the 5' and 3' ends influence the stability of DNA and RNA molecules? | |
Ans. The 5' and 3' ends play a role in the stability of DNA and RNA molecules. The presence of the phosphate group at the 5' end and the hydroxyl group at the 3' end helps protect the DNA and RNA strands from degradation by exonucleases, enzymes that cleave nucleotides from the ends. Additionally, these ends are involved in the formation of secondary structures, such as hairpins, which can affect stability and function.
Text Transcript from Video
PROFESSOR: Hi.
In this clip, we're going to
discuss the numbering and
labeling conventions of
RNA and of protein.
Here we have a nucleoside
triphosphate or NTP.
This NTP is numbered
on each carbon.
And we're going to start here
to the right of this oxygen
and label one prime and proceed
two prime, three
prime, four prime, and this
last, five prime carbon.
This means that when we
polymerize two or more of
these NTP's to get an RNA chain,
it becomes apparent why
one end is labeled five prime
and the other end is labeled
three prime.
On this end, the extending atom
is the five prime carbon.
And on this side, the other end,
the extending atom is the
three prime carbon attached
to this oxygen.
This three prime carbon is where
you would attach another
NTP if you would wish to
extend this chain.
And so we label the ends of RNA
five prime to three prime.
And RNA is always polymerized in
the five prime to the three
prime direction.
Now with our amino acid, we
label this end, which is our
amino terminus, as N and this
end which is our carboxy
terminus as C. As before, when
we polymerize three amino
acids into this short protein
chain, I'm going to label this
end which has a protruding amino
terminus as N and this
end which has a protruding
carboxy terminus as C.
So that's how the conventions
are in science to label and
number amino acids
and proteins.
Thanks for watching.
In this clip, we're going to
discuss the numbering and
labeling conventions of
RNA and of protein.
Here we have a nucleoside
triphosphate or NTP.
This NTP is numbered
on each carbon.
And we're going to start here
to the right of this oxygen
and label one prime and proceed
two prime, three
prime, four prime, and this
last, five prime carbon.
This means that when we
polymerize two or more of
these NTP's to get an RNA chain,
it becomes apparent why
one end is labeled five prime
and the other end is labeled
three prime.
On this end, the extending atom
is the five prime carbon.
And on this side, the other end,
the extending atom is the
three prime carbon attached
to this oxygen.
This three prime carbon is where
you would attach another
NTP if you would wish to
extend this chain.
And so we label the ends of RNA
five prime to three prime.
And RNA is always polymerized in
the five prime to the three
prime direction.
Now with our amino acid, we
label this end, which is our
amino terminus, as N and this
end which is our carboxy
terminus as C. As before, when
we polymerize three amino
acids into this short protein
chain, I'm going to label this
end which has a protruding amino
terminus as N and this
end which has a protruding
carboxy terminus as C.
So that's how the conventions
are in science to label and
number amino acids
and proteins.
Thanks for watching.
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Nov 15, 2024 Last updated |
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