Learn Principles of the Scientific Management Overview Video Lecture -

scientific management principles of
management we are aware that business
enterprises follow various principles as
broad guidelines for stating the vision
of their businesses as well as the ways
to achieve the same a number of
management thinkers and writers have
studied principles of management from
time to time Frederick Winslow Taylor
and Henri file among other management
thinkers have contributed immensely
towards the study of management as a
discipline Taylor gave the concept of
scientific management
whereas phial emphasized administrative
principles let us learn about these
concepts in detail
scientific management the scientific
management approach was suggested by
Frederick Winslow Taylor in the
twentieth century
Taylor started his career as an operator
and rose to the position of chief
engineer he conducted various
experiments during this process which
forms the basis of scientific management
scientific management implies
application of scientific principles for
studying and identifying management
problems according to Taylor if a work
is analyzed scientifically it will be
possible to find one best way to do it
principles of scientific management
Taylor proposed four principles of
scientific management let us have a
quick look on the same science not rule
of thumb
in the earlier days of the Industrial
Revolution managers used to apply
personal judgment to solve the problems
they confronted during their work this
is referred to as rule of thumb however
this method was suffered from the
limitation of a trial and error approach
hence Taylor suggested the development
and use of scientific methods to
determine time required to perform a job
determine a fair day's work for workmen
determine the best way of doing work set
work standards like selecting standard
tools and equipments maintaining
standard working conditions to name a
few
how many not discord this principle
requires a complete change of outlook of
workers and management with respect to
their mutual relations and work efforts
according to this principle all members
of a crew should carry out their tasks
in harmony in order to contribute more
than the sum of individual contributions
cooperation not individualism this
principle states that there should be
complete cooperation between management
and employees labor instead of
individualism for this the management
needs to keep its ears open to any
constructive suggestions made by the
employees
the employees should be part of
management and if any important
decisions are taken workers should be
taken into confidence development of
each and every person to his or her
greatest efficiency and prosperity
according to this principle managers
should select each employee
scientifically as well as assigned work
according to his or her physical mental
and intellectual capabilities moreover
employees should be given the required
training in order to increase their
efficiency techniques of scientific
management Taylor developed a number of
techniques like time study motion study
standardization of equipment and working
conditions and differential piece rate
or wages in order to facilitate
scientific management a quick look on
the same
functional foreman ship is a technique
which involves supervision of a worker
by several specialists foremen Taylor
developed this technique to improve the
quality of work as single supervisor may
not be an expert in all aspects of the
work taylor advocated appointment of
aged four men four at planning level and
other four and implementation level each
worker will have to take orders from
these eight foremen in related process
or function of production
standardization of work
standardization refers to the process of
setting standards for every business
activity according to tailor
standardization of process raw material
time product machinery methods or
working conditions is necessary to
achieve standard output from workers
simplification of work simplification
refers to the elimination of superfluous
varieties sizes and dimensions managers
may eliminate unnecessary diversity of
products in order to save cost of labour
machines and tools simplification of
work results in reduced inventories
fuller utilization of equipment and
increasing turnover fatigue study
fatigue study is a technique that seeks
to determine the amount and frequency of
rest intervals in completing a task
Taylor suggested that workers in an
organization should be given frequent
rest pauses to increase their efficiency
and productivity
this will help workers to regain stamina
and work again with the same capacity
method study method study is a technique
which is used to determine the best way
of doing a job in order to reduce the
cost of production and increase the
satisfaction of customers there are
various parameters to find out the best
way from procurement of raw materials to
the delivery of final products
Tayler devised the concept of assembly
line by using method study auto
companies are using assembly line method
which involves deciding the sequence of
operations place for men machines and
draw materials and so on time study time
study determines the standard time taken
to perform a well-defined job managers
use time measuring devices to observe
the standard time taken by each element
of task and every worker is expected to
perform the task in that standard time
the study aims to calculate the number
of workers to be employed frame suitable
incentive schemes and determine labor
costs
motion study motion study refers to a
technique which involves close
observation of the movements of body and
limbs required to perform a job tailor
you stop watches and various symbols and
colors to identify different motions
managers may use motion study to
eliminate unnecessary movements in order
to reduce total time taken to complete a
job efficiently differential piece wage
system differential piece wage system is
a method of wage payment in which
workers are paid at different rates as
per their performances managers use
standard time and other parameters to
classify workers and offer higher wages
to those who perform above standard
mental revolution
mental revolution involves a complete
change in the attitude of workers and
management towards each other management
as well as workers need to realize that
they require one another in order to
increase the size of surplus according
to Taylor management should share a part
of surplus with workers and workers
should also contribute their mind so
that the company can make profits files
principles of management in the
development of classical school of
management thought Henry files
administrative theory provides an
important link I all evolved fourteen
general principles of management which
are still considered important in
management let us learn about the files
principles of Management in detail
division of work according to this
principle a person is not capable of
doing all types of work therefore work
should be divided into small tasks or
jobs
managers should assign each task or job
to a person for which he is best suited
in order to facilitate specialization
and improve efficiency of an
organization authority and
responsibility authority and
responsibility are closely related
authority refers to the right to give
orders and the bar to get exactness from
the subordinates
whereas responsibility involves being
accountable
according to this principle managers
should be given adequate authority to
discharge their responsibilities if a
person is given authority without
corresponding responsibility there may
be arbitrary and unmindful views of
authority
similarly if a person is given some
responsibilities without adequate
Authority such person will be
ineffective discipline discipline is the
obedience to organizational rules an
employment agreement which are necessary
for the working of the organization the
principle emphasizes that subordinates
should respect their superiors and obey
their orders superiors on the other hand
should also honor the subordinates
commitments without any prejudice if
such discipline is observed there will
be no problem of industrial disputes
unity of command the principle of unity
of command states that each individual
employee in a formal organization should
receive orders from and be responsible
to only one superior an employee getting
orders from two superiors at the same
time may leads to confusion regarding
the tasks to be done unity of Direction
according to this principle there should
be one head and one plan for a group of
activities having same objectives it is
necessary to direct the efforts of all
the members of a group towards common
goals under the direction of one head
managers should follow this principle to
promote smooth coordination of
activities effort and resources towards
common goals
subordination of individual interest to
general interest we know that every
worker has some individual interest for
working in a company and the company has
also got its own objectives this
principle suggests that the individual's
interest should be subordinated to the
overall interest of an organization this
ensures welfare of the organization as
well as its individual members
remuneration of employees file
recommends that the overall pay and
compensation should be fair to both
employees and the organization that is
employees should be paid fair wages
within the paying capacity of a company
this reduces tension and differences
between workers and management and
create harmonious relationship and a
pleasing atmosphere of work
centralization and decentralization
the concentration of decision-making
authority is called centralization
whereas it's dispersal among more than
one person is known as decentralization
according to file an organization should
maintain proper and effective adjustment
between centralization and
decentralization in order to achieve its
objectives scanner chain
an organization consists of superiors
and subordinates the formal chain of
authority from highest to lowest ranks
are known as scanner chain
according to file organizations should
have a chain of authority and
communication that runs from top to
bottom and should be followed by
managers and the subordinates this
principle suggests that scalar chain
should not be violated in the normal
course of formal communication however
if there is an emergency then eff can
directly contact be through gangplank so
that communication is not delayed order
the principle of order states that there
should be proper systematic and orderly
arrangement of physical and social
factors such as land raw materials tools
and equipments and employees
respectively
an organization should provide each man
the work for which he is best suited and
make proper space available to keep
materials safely in order to increase
its productivity and efficiency
equity the principle of equality
emphasized kindness and justice in the
behavior of managers towards workers to
ensure loyalty and devotion among
employees this principle should be
followed and applicable at every level
of management there should not be any
discrimination as regards cost sex and
religion stability of personnel
the principle of stability of personnel
suggests that employee turnover should
be minimized to maintain organizational
efficiency employees should be provided
stability and continuity of legend or of
employment this could be achieved
through attractive remuneration and
honorable treatment of personnel
initiative initiative means taking the
first step with self motivation it is
thinking out and executing a plan under
this principle management should
encourage its employees to develop and
carry out their plans for improvements
but employees should not go against the
established practices of the company for
the sake of being different
Esprit the call
esprit de Corp refers to steam spirit
according to this principle managers
should promote a team spirit of unity
and harmony among employees in order to
realize its objectives individual and
group efforts should be effectively
integrated and coordinated to achieve
the best possible results files
principles versus Taylor's principles
both file and Taylor have contributed
immensely to the knowledge of management
following other points on the basis of
which we can make out the difference
between their contributions in a
nutshell business enterprises follow
various principles as broad guidelines
for stating the vision of their
businesses as well as the ways to
achieve the same Frederick Winslow
Taylor gave the concept of scientific
management
whereas Henri file emphasized
administrative principles
taylor's principles of scientific
management are science not the rule of
thumb harmony not discord cooperation
not individualism development of each
person to her or his greatest efficiency
and prosperity the techniques of
scientific management as per taylor were
functional for Manship standardization
and simplification of work fatigue study
method study time study motion study and
differential wage system
Payan on the other hand listed 14
principles of management
these are division of work Authority and
responsibility discipline unity of
command unity of Direction subordination
of individual interest to general
interest remuneration of personnel
centralization and decentralization
scalar chain order equity stability in
the tenure of personnel initiative and
esprit the corpse
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