Cancer-Causes and Treatment Video Lecture - NEET

the word cancer evokes fear in our minds
and why not
it is a disease that claims more than
millions of lives annually in India
alone
and has been the subject of a lot of
research by scientists and biologists
scientists have found that cancer is
characterized by the uncontrollable
growth of the body's cells in a healthy
body
cell growth and differentiation is
controlled and regulated
normal cells display the property of
contact inhibition
that is
version of uncontrolled cell growth due
to their being in contact with other
cells in cancer cells
property of contact inhibition is
completely absent
the result
cells divide to form abnormal masses of
cells called tumors
tumors are either benign or malignant
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benign tumors caused little damage as
they remain confined to their original
location and do not spread to other
parts of the body
the hand malignant tumors
as neoplastic cells
grow very rapidly and damage surrounding
normal tissues
compete with normal cells for vital
nutrients thereby starving them
cells passed off such malignant tumors
travel to other parts of the body
through the blood and start new tumors
elsewhere
this frightening property of malignant
tumors is also known as metastasis
the physical chemical and biological
agents responsible for transforming
normal cells into cancerous neoplastic
cells are known as carcinogens
you
different types of ionizing radiations
such as x-rays and non ionizing
radiations such as UV rays and gamma
rays damaged DNA
using neoplastic transformation
similarly
silligan nicotine present in tobacco
causes lung cancer
biological carcinogens can be found in
viruses called oncogenic viruses as they
can induce the formation of tumors
so-called tumor viruses and have genes
called viral oncogenes
even normal cells have certain genes
like cellular oncogenes and
proto-oncogenes
when activated under certain conditions
such as mutations lead to the oncogenic
transformation of cells
this cell transformation in turn induces
uncontrolled cell division
due to this scary nature of
proliferation of cancerous cells in an
infected body early detection of cancer
is essential for its successful
treatment
cancer is detected by using a variety of
methods such as a biopsy
histopathology of blood as well as
tissue
and bone marrow tests
in a biopsy
a piece of suspected to
- is out in two three
sections
stained and observed under a microscope
by a pathologist
this microscopic examination of tissue
to study the manifestation of disease is
called histopathology
also conducted to detect increased cell
counts in the case of leukemia
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internal organs is made possible by
techniques such as radiography that is
the use of x-rays
Ct or computed tomography
my
that is magnetic
and imaging scans
the difference between CT and MRI is
that the former uses x-rays to generate
three-dimensional images of the insides
of an object whereas the latter uses
strong magnetic fields and non ionizing
radiations to detect the pathological or
physiological changes inside tissue
certain cancers are detected due to
antibodies produced by the immune system
against cancer specific antigens
antigens are protein or other molecules
that are unique to cancer cells
these molecules are usually found in the
outer plasma membrane and they are
thought to be potential targets for
immunotherapy or other types of
anti-cancer treatment
lecturer biology proves useful in
identifying genes in individuals who are
prone to inherit susceptibility to
certain cancers identification of such
genes is useful in preventing cancer
since these individuals can be advised
on avoiding specific carcinogens
for example a person genetically
susceptible to lung cancer can be
advised to avoid a particular carcinogen
like tobacco
is usually treated by a combination of
surgery radiation therapy and
immunotherapy
in radiation therapy
tumor cells are irradiated lethally
while taking care not to damage normal
surrounding cells
sometimes cancerous cells are killed by
chemo therapeutic drugs which may be
specific to particular tumors
since the human immune system is unable
to detect and destroy tumor cells
patients are administered substances
like alpha interferon that activate the
immune system and help to destroy the
tumor these substances that activate the
immune system are called biological
response modifiers
in this manner cancer can be diagnosed
and treated with the help of several
medical techniques if detected at the
early stages however it is a killer
disease and most often goes undetected
by the human immune system
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and
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you
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