|
INFINITY COURSE
Science for Grade 4Nclex Coaching Centre · Last updated on Nov 22, 2024 |
The Science for Grade 4 course by EduRev is specifically designed to provide comprehensive knowledge and understanding of science concepts for student
... view more
s in fourth grade. This course covers various topics like matter, energy, force, plants, animals, and the environment. With engaging lessons and interactive activities, students will develop their scientific thinking and problem-solving skills. Join this course to enhance your science learning experience and excel in your grade 4 science curriculum.
Science for Grade 4 Study Material
| 1 Crore+ students have signed up on EduRev. Have you? Download the App |
Top Courses for Grade 4
Science for Grade 4 Exam Pattern 2024-2025
Science for Grade 4 Exam Pattern for Grade 4
In Grade 4, the Science subject plays a vital role in developing a child's curiosity and understanding of the natural world. To assess their knowledge and skills, schools often conduct exams that follow a specific pattern. Here, we will discuss the exam pattern for Grade 4 Science.
1. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
MCQs are a popular format used in Grade 4 Science exams. Students are presented with a question and multiple answer choices, out of which they must select the correct one. These questions test the students' ability to recall factual information and concepts.
2. Short Answer Questions
Short answer questions require students to provide brief but specific answers to questions. These questions assess their understanding of concepts, ability to apply knowledge, and critical thinking skills. Students must provide clear and concise responses to earn full marks.
3. Diagram-based Questions
Diagram-based questions involve analyzing and interpreting visual representations such as diagrams, illustrations, or graphs. Students may be asked to label parts, explain processes, or interpret data presented in the diagram. These questions assess their ability to interpret visual information accurately.
4. Experimental Questions
Experimental questions assess students' knowledge of the scientific method and their ability to design and conduct simple experiments. Students may be asked to identify variables, predict outcomes, or analyze experimental data. These questions encourage students to think scientifically and apply their knowledge practically.
5. Match the Following
Match the following questions require students to match items from two columns correctly. These questions test their ability to make connections and associations between related concepts or terms. Students must carefully analyze the options to make accurate matches.
6. True or False
True or false questions present statements, and students must determine whether they are true or false. These questions assess students' understanding of concepts and their ability to differentiate between accurate information and misconceptions. Students must be cautious as even a single incorrect response can lead to a wrong overall answer.
It is important for Grade 4 students to be well-prepared for their Science exams. By understanding the exam pattern and practicing different types of questions, students can enhance their knowledge, improve their problem-solving skills, and excel in their Science assessments.
Science for Grade 4 Syllabus 2024-2025 PDF Download
Grade 4 Science Syllabus:
I. Grade 4 Materials
- Introduction to materials
- Properties of materials
- Classification of materials
- Uses of different materials
II. Grade 4 Matter and Mass
- Understanding matter and its properties
- Differentiating between mass and weight
- Measuring mass
III. Grade 4 States of Matter
- Solids, liquids, and gases
- Changes in states of matter
- Understanding the concept of melting, freezing, evaporation, and condensation
IV. Grade 4 Heat and Thermal Energy
- Introduction to heat and thermal energy
- Conductors and insulators
- Effects of heat on different materials
V. Grade 4 Physical and Chemical Change
- Differentiating between physical and chemical changes
- Examples of physical and chemical changes
- Identifying signs of chemical reactions
VI. Grade 4 Mixtures
- Types of mixtures
- Separation techniques for mixtures
- Solutions and their properties
VII. Grade 4 Force and Motion
- Understanding force and its effects
- Types of forces (e.g., gravity, friction)
- Motion and its laws
VIII. Grade 4 Electricity and Magnets
- Introduction to electricity
- Electrical circuits and components
- Properties of magnets
IX. Grade 4 Energy Transformation
- Forms of energy (e.g., heat, light, sound)
- Energy conversion and conservation
- Renewable and non-renewable energy sources
X. Grade 4 Classification
- Introduction to classification
- Classifying living organisms
- Using classification keys
XI. Grade 4 Scientific Names
- Importance of scientific names
- Naming and classifying organisms using scientific names
XII. Grade 4 Animals
- Animal characteristics
- Classification of animals
- Animal habitats and adaptations
XIII. Grade 4 Plants
- Plant characteristics
- Classification of plants
- Plant life cycles and adaptations
XIV. Grade 4 Adaptations
- Understanding adaptations in plants and animals
- Behavioral and physical adaptations
XV. Grade 4 Traits and Heredity
- Inherited traits and genetic variations
- Heredity and offspring characteristics
XVI. Grade 4 Cells
- Introduction to cells
- Cell structure and functions
- Plant and animal cells
XVII. Grade 4 Ecosystems
- Components of an ecosystem
- Interactions within ecosystems
- Food chains and food webs
XVIII. Grade 4 Natural Resources
- Types of natural resources
- Conservation of natural resources
- Sustainable practices
XIX. Grade 4 Rocks and Minerals
- Different types of rocks and minerals
- Rock cycle
- Uses of rocks and minerals
XX. Grade 4 Fossils
- Introduction to fossils
- Fossil formation and types
- Studying fossils to understand the past
XXI. Grade 4 Weather and Climate
- Weather vs climate
- Elements of weather
- Climate zones and patterns
XXII. Grade 4 Earth's Features
- Earth's layers and structure
- Landforms and their formation
- Earthquakes and volcanoes
XXIII. Grade 4 Astronomy
- Introduction to the solar system
- Planets, moons, and stars
- Space exploration and telescopes
XXIV. Grade 4 Engineering Practices
- Introduction to engineering
- Problem-solving and design process
- Engineering projects and challenges
XXV. Grade 4 Units and Measurement
- Measurement tools and units
- Length, volume, and weight measurements
- Conversion between units
Note: This syllabus is designed for Grade 4 students and covers a wide range of science topics. The content is organized into sections, providing an overview of each subject area. The syllabus aims to develop students' understanding of scientific concepts, encourage critical thinking, and promote hands-on learning experiences.
I. Grade 4 Materials
- Introduction to materials
- Properties of materials
- Classification of materials
- Uses of different materials
II. Grade 4 Matter and Mass
- Understanding matter and its properties
- Differentiating between mass and weight
- Measuring mass
III. Grade 4 States of Matter
- Solids, liquids, and gases
- Changes in states of matter
- Understanding the concept of melting, freezing, evaporation, and condensation
IV. Grade 4 Heat and Thermal Energy
- Introduction to heat and thermal energy
- Conductors and insulators
- Effects of heat on different materials
V. Grade 4 Physical and Chemical Change
- Differentiating between physical and chemical changes
- Examples of physical and chemical changes
- Identifying signs of chemical reactions
VI. Grade 4 Mixtures
- Types of mixtures
- Separation techniques for mixtures
- Solutions and their properties
VII. Grade 4 Force and Motion
- Understanding force and its effects
- Types of forces (e.g., gravity, friction)
- Motion and its laws
VIII. Grade 4 Electricity and Magnets
- Introduction to electricity
- Electrical circuits and components
- Properties of magnets
IX. Grade 4 Energy Transformation
- Forms of energy (e.g., heat, light, sound)
- Energy conversion and conservation
- Renewable and non-renewable energy sources
X. Grade 4 Classification
- Introduction to classification
- Classifying living organisms
- Using classification keys
XI. Grade 4 Scientific Names
- Importance of scientific names
- Naming and classifying organisms using scientific names
XII. Grade 4 Animals
- Animal characteristics
- Classification of animals
- Animal habitats and adaptations
XIII. Grade 4 Plants
- Plant characteristics
- Classification of plants
- Plant life cycles and adaptations
XIV. Grade 4 Adaptations
- Understanding adaptations in plants and animals
- Behavioral and physical adaptations
XV. Grade 4 Traits and Heredity
- Inherited traits and genetic variations
- Heredity and offspring characteristics
XVI. Grade 4 Cells
- Introduction to cells
- Cell structure and functions
- Plant and animal cells
XVII. Grade 4 Ecosystems
- Components of an ecosystem
- Interactions within ecosystems
- Food chains and food webs
XVIII. Grade 4 Natural Resources
- Types of natural resources
- Conservation of natural resources
- Sustainable practices
XIX. Grade 4 Rocks and Minerals
- Different types of rocks and minerals
- Rock cycle
- Uses of rocks and minerals
XX. Grade 4 Fossils
- Introduction to fossils
- Fossil formation and types
- Studying fossils to understand the past
XXI. Grade 4 Weather and Climate
- Weather vs climate
- Elements of weather
- Climate zones and patterns
XXII. Grade 4 Earth's Features
- Earth's layers and structure
- Landforms and their formation
- Earthquakes and volcanoes
XXIII. Grade 4 Astronomy
- Introduction to the solar system
- Planets, moons, and stars
- Space exploration and telescopes
XXIV. Grade 4 Engineering Practices
- Introduction to engineering
- Problem-solving and design process
- Engineering projects and challenges
XXV. Grade 4 Units and Measurement
- Measurement tools and units
- Length, volume, and weight measurements
- Conversion between units
Note: This syllabus is designed for Grade 4 students and covers a wide range of science topics. The content is organized into sections, providing an overview of each subject area. The syllabus aims to develop students' understanding of scientific concepts, encourage critical thinking, and promote hands-on learning experiences.
This course is helpful for the following exams: Grade 4
How to Prepare Science for Grade 4?
How to Prepare Science for Grade 4?
Preparing for Grade 4 Science can be an exciting journey of exploration and discovery. To excel in this subject, it is essential to have a strong foundation in the basic concepts and develop critical thinking skills. Here are some key steps to help you prepare for Grade 4 Science:
1. Understand the Course Structure: Familiarize yourself with the syllabus and course outline provided by EduRev for Grade 4 Science. This will give you an overview of the topics you will be studying throughout the academic year.
2. Organize Your Study Materials: Gather all the necessary textbooks, workbooks, and supplementary resources recommended by EduRev for Grade 4 Science. Keep them in a designated study area to ensure easy access and organization.
3. Review Previous Concepts: Before diving into new topics, it is essential to review the concepts covered in the previous grades. This will help you build a strong foundation and make connections between different scientific ideas.
4. Focus on Key Topics: Identify the key topics in the Grade 4 Science curriculum and allocate more time for studying these areas. Pay attention to the keywords mentioned in the EduRev course name and category name to ensure you are covering the relevant content.
5. Engage in Hands-On Activities: Science is best learned through hands-on experiments and activities. Look for opportunities to conduct experiments, observe the natural world, and participate in interactive learning experiences. EduRev may provide practical resources to enhance your understanding of scientific concepts.
6. Practice Problem-Solving: Science involves critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Practice solving different types of questions and exercises related to the topics you are studying. EduRev may offer practice quizzes and worksheets to test your knowledge and understanding.
7. Collaborate and Discuss: Engage in discussions with your classmates, teachers, or parents about the concepts you are learning. This will help you gain different perspectives and reinforce your understanding of scientific principles.
8. Seek Additional Resources: If you encounter difficulties or want to further explore a specific topic, seek additional resources such as reference books, online articles, or educational videos. However, ensure that these resources are recommended or provided by EduRev.
9. Review and Revise: Regularly review the topics you have covered to reinforce your understanding. Take notes, create flashcards, or summarize the key points to aid in your revision. EduRev may provide revision materials and quizzes to help you assess your progress.
10. Stay Curious and Have Fun: Science is all about curiosity and exploration. Maintain a positive attitude, ask questions, and embrace the joy of learning. Remember, EduRev is here to support and guide you throughout your Grade 4 Science journey.
By following these steps and utilizing the resources provided by EduRev, you can effectively prepare for Grade 4 Science and excel in this fascinating subject. Good luck with your studies!
Preparing for Grade 4 Science can be an exciting journey of exploration and discovery. To excel in this subject, it is essential to have a strong foundation in the basic concepts and develop critical thinking skills. Here are some key steps to help you prepare for Grade 4 Science:
1. Understand the Course Structure: Familiarize yourself with the syllabus and course outline provided by EduRev for Grade 4 Science. This will give you an overview of the topics you will be studying throughout the academic year.
2. Organize Your Study Materials: Gather all the necessary textbooks, workbooks, and supplementary resources recommended by EduRev for Grade 4 Science. Keep them in a designated study area to ensure easy access and organization.
3. Review Previous Concepts: Before diving into new topics, it is essential to review the concepts covered in the previous grades. This will help you build a strong foundation and make connections between different scientific ideas.
4. Focus on Key Topics: Identify the key topics in the Grade 4 Science curriculum and allocate more time for studying these areas. Pay attention to the keywords mentioned in the EduRev course name and category name to ensure you are covering the relevant content.
5. Engage in Hands-On Activities: Science is best learned through hands-on experiments and activities. Look for opportunities to conduct experiments, observe the natural world, and participate in interactive learning experiences. EduRev may provide practical resources to enhance your understanding of scientific concepts.
6. Practice Problem-Solving: Science involves critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Practice solving different types of questions and exercises related to the topics you are studying. EduRev may offer practice quizzes and worksheets to test your knowledge and understanding.
7. Collaborate and Discuss: Engage in discussions with your classmates, teachers, or parents about the concepts you are learning. This will help you gain different perspectives and reinforce your understanding of scientific principles.
8. Seek Additional Resources: If you encounter difficulties or want to further explore a specific topic, seek additional resources such as reference books, online articles, or educational videos. However, ensure that these resources are recommended or provided by EduRev.
9. Review and Revise: Regularly review the topics you have covered to reinforce your understanding. Take notes, create flashcards, or summarize the key points to aid in your revision. EduRev may provide revision materials and quizzes to help you assess your progress.
10. Stay Curious and Have Fun: Science is all about curiosity and exploration. Maintain a positive attitude, ask questions, and embrace the joy of learning. Remember, EduRev is here to support and guide you throughout your Grade 4 Science journey.
By following these steps and utilizing the resources provided by EduRev, you can effectively prepare for Grade 4 Science and excel in this fascinating subject. Good luck with your studies!
Importance of Science for Grade 4
The Importance of Science for Grade 4 Course for Grade 4
Science is an essential subject that plays a crucial role in the holistic development of students. The Grade 4 Science course offered by EduRev is designed to provide students with a solid foundation in scientific knowledge and skills. This course aims to cultivate a scientific mindset, encouraging curiosity, critical thinking, and problem-solving abilities among students.
Why is Science Important?
Science is all around us. It helps us understand the world we live in and how it functions. By studying science, students develop a deeper appreciation for the natural world and the wonders it holds. Science also fosters a sense of wonder and curiosity, encouraging students to ask questions and seek answers. It promotes intellectual growth and enhances cognitive skills such as observation, analysis, and logical reasoning.
The Benefits of the Grade 4 Science Course:
1. Building a Strong Foundation: The Grade 4 Science course focuses on building a strong foundation in scientific concepts and principles. Students learn about various scientific disciplines, including life sciences, physical sciences, and earth sciences. This foundation sets the stage for advanced scientific learning in future grades.
2. Developing Critical Thinking Skills: The course encourages students to think critically and analyze scientific information. They learn to evaluate evidence, make connections, and draw logical conclusions. These critical thinking skills are not only valuable in the field of science but also in everyday life situations.
3. Promoting Hands-on Learning: The Grade 4 Science course emphasizes hands-on learning experiences. Students engage in experiments, investigations, and observations, allowing them to apply their theoretical knowledge to real-world scenarios. This interactive approach enhances their understanding and retention of scientific concepts.
4. Fostering Curiosity and Creativity: Science sparks curiosity and encourages students to explore and question the world around them. The Grade 4 Science course promotes a sense of wonder, inspiring students to seek answers and come up with creative solutions to scientific problems. This curiosity-driven learning fosters a lifelong love for science.
5. Connecting Science to Everyday Life: The Grade 4 Science course helps students recognize the relevance of science in their daily lives. They learn how scientific principles apply to everyday phenomena and gain a deeper understanding of the world around them. This connection between science and real-life experiences enhances their engagement and interest in the subject.
Conclusion:
The Grade 4 Science course offered by EduRev is a valuable educational resource that equips students with essential scientific knowledge and skills. By emphasizing a hands-on and inquiry-based approach, this course cultivates a scientific mindset, fosters critical thinking, and promotes curiosity and creativity. Science is not just a subject; it is a way of thinking and exploring the world, making it an integral part of the Grade 4 curriculum.
Science for Grade 4 FAQs
| 1. What is the scientific method? |  |
Ans. The scientific method is a systematic approach used by scientists to investigate and understand the natural world. It involves making observations, formulating a hypothesis, conducting experiments, collecting data, analyzing the results, and drawing conclusions.
| 2. How does a plant make food? | |
Ans. Plants make food through a process called photosynthesis. They use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose (a type of sugar) and oxygen. The chlorophyll in their leaves captures energy from the sun, which is then used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose.
| 3. What are the three states of matter? | |
Ans. The three states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas. Solids have a fixed shape and volume, liquids have a fixed volume but can change shape, and gases have neither a fixed shape nor volume.
| 4. How does a magnet work? | |
Ans. Magnets work by creating a magnetic field, which is a force that attracts or repels certain materials, such as iron or steel. The magnetic field is produced by the alignment of atoms within the magnet, which creates a north and south pole. Like poles repel each other, while opposite poles attract.
| 5. What causes the seasons? | |
Ans. The seasons are caused by the tilt of the Earth's axis and its orbit around the sun. When the Earth is tilted towards the sun, it receives more direct sunlight, resulting in warmer temperatures and longer days, which is summer in the Northern Hemisphere. When the Earth is tilted away from the sun, it receives less direct sunlight, leading to colder temperatures and shorter days, which is winter in the Northern Hemisphere.
Best Coaching for Science for Grade 4
Are you looking for the best coaching for Science for Grade 4? Look no further! EduRev is the ultimate destination for all your educational needs. With our free online coaching, you can access a wide range of study material at your convenience. Our online study material covers all the important chapters of Science for Grade 4, allowing you to easily download PDFs and summaries to aid your learning. We understand the importance of a comprehensive Science curriculum for Grade 4, which is why we have designed our coaching to cover all the necessary lessons and topics.
Not only do we provide detailed explanations and examples, but we also offer Grade 4 Science experiments, activities, worksheets, and projects to enhance your practical understanding of the subject. Our platform also offers a range of Science books, textbooks, games, quizzes, units, vocabulary, and concepts specifically tailored for Grade 4. We believe that learning should be interactive and engaging, which is why our Science quizzes and games are designed to make the learning experience enjoyable.
At EduRev, we strive to provide the best coaching for Science for Grade 4, ensuring that you have access to all the resources you need to excel in your studies. Our platform follows Grade 4 Science standards and curriculum guidelines, guaranteeing that you are learning the relevant and necessary content. With our user-friendly app or website, you can easily navigate through different topics and find the specific information you need. So, why wait? Join EduRev today and unlock the door to a world of knowledge and success in Science for Grade 4.
Not only do we provide detailed explanations and examples, but we also offer Grade 4 Science experiments, activities, worksheets, and projects to enhance your practical understanding of the subject. Our platform also offers a range of Science books, textbooks, games, quizzes, units, vocabulary, and concepts specifically tailored for Grade 4. We believe that learning should be interactive and engaging, which is why our Science quizzes and games are designed to make the learning experience enjoyable.
At EduRev, we strive to provide the best coaching for Science for Grade 4, ensuring that you have access to all the resources you need to excel in your studies. Our platform follows Grade 4 Science standards and curriculum guidelines, guaranteeing that you are learning the relevant and necessary content. With our user-friendly app or website, you can easily navigate through different topics and find the specific information you need. So, why wait? Join EduRev today and unlock the door to a world of knowledge and success in Science for Grade 4.
Tags related with Science for Grade 4
Science for Grade 4, Grade 4 Science, Science curriculum for Grade 4, Grade 4 Science lessons, Science topics for Grade 4, Grade 4 Science experiments, Science activities for Grade 4, Grade 4 Science worksheets, Grade 4 Science projects, Science books for Grade 4, Grade 4 Science standards, Grade 4 Science curriculum guide, Grade 4 Science textbook, Science games for Grade 4, Grade 4 Science quizzes, Grade 4 Science units, Grade 4 Science vocabulary, Grade 4 Science concepts.
Course Description
Science for Grade 4 for Grade 4 2024-2025 is part of Grade 4 preparation. The notes and questions for Science for Grade 4 have been prepared
according to the Grade 4 exam syllabus. Information about Science for Grade 4 covers all important topics for Grade 4 2024-2025 Exam.
Find important definitions, questions, notes,examples, exercises test series, mock tests and Previous year questions (PYQs) below for
Science for Grade 4.
Preparation for Science for Grade 4 in English is available as part of our Grade 4 preparation & Science for Grade 4 in Hindi for Grade 4 courses.
Download more important topics related with Science for Grade 4, notes, lectures and mock test series for Grade 4 Exam by signing up for free.
Course Speciality
Science for Grade 4
Full Syllabus, Lectures & Tests to study Science for Grade 4 - Grade 4 | Best Strategy to prepare for Science for Grade 4 | Free Course for Grade 4 Exam
Course Options
|
View your Course Analysis |
|
|
Create your own Test |
|
Related Searches
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells , NCERT Solutions - Cell Structure & Functions , Worksheet Solutions: Solids , Water and Air - 2 , Worksheet: Animals: Feeding Habits , Mindmap: Cell - Structure and Functions , Worksheet Solutions: Weather , Objects may Float or Sink in Water , The Nucleus , Liquids & Gases - 1 , Test: Parts of a Plant- 1 , Short Answer Questions: Ecosystem-Interdependence in Nature , Deforestation & Afforestation , Chapter Notes: Animals: Feeding Habits , Short Answer Questions - Conservation of Plants & Animals Science - 2 , Long Answer Questions - Conservation of Plants & Animals Science , Important Questions: Separation of Substances
Related Exams
|
|
Join course for Free
This course includes:
40+ Videos
100+ Documents
20+ Tests
4.65 (385+ ratings)
|
Explore Courses for Grade 4 exam
|
|
Signup for Free!
Signup to see your scores go up within 7 days! Learn & Practice with 1000+ FREE Notes, Videos & Tests.
Course Speciality
Science for Grade 4
Full Syllabus, Lectures & Tests to study Science for Grade 4 - Grade 4 | Best Strategy to prepare for Science for Grade 4 | Free Course for Grade 4 Exam
Additional Information about Science for Grade 4 for Grade 4 Preparation
Science for Grade 4 Books
Science for Grade 4 Books is your ultimate resource for mastering the Grade 4 Exam.
Get with a wide array of carefully selected books that cover every aspect of the Science for Grade 4 syllabus.
From in-depth subject knowledge to practice papers, our collection has it all.
Boost your confidence by attempting question papers and gain valuable insights from detailed paper analysis.
Prepare with precision using our mock tests, designed to simulate the real exam experience.
With Science for Grade 4 Grade 4 Books, you'll have the best study material at your fingertips, ensuring your success in the Grade 4 Exam.
Science for Grade 4 Notes PDF Download
Access the comprehensive Science for Grade 4 Notes for Grade 4 Exam at EduRev.
Elevate your preparation with well-structured study material and concise notes.
Stay updated with the latest exam pattern and syllabus.
Prepare confidently with practice papers and question banks. Enhance your understanding through detailed paper analysis.
Get access to toppers' notes for valuable insights.
With Science for Grade 4 Notes PDF download, you can streamline your study and be well-prepared for the Grade 4 Exam.
Achieve success with EduRev's trusted study resources and boost your scores effortlessly.
Science for Grade 4 Previous Year Papers
Science for Grade 4 Previous Year Papers from EduRev: Prepare for Grade 4 exam with ease using our extensive collection of Previous Year Papers.
Access question papers, practice papers, and in-depth paper analysis to master the exam pattern and syllabus.
Stay updated on the exam date and results while practicing in your preferred language.
Whether you need preparation tips, best books, study material, or subject-specific syllabus, EduRev's official website has you covered.
Enhance your exam readiness with Toppers' notes and comprehensive videos.
Trust EduRev's Previous Year Papers for a successful Grade 4 exam journey.
Important Questions for Science for Grade 4
Important questions are crucial for acing your Grade 4 exam.
Understanding the question pattern and types is essential for effective preparation.
Explore previous years' question papers to get a sense of the language and format used.
Practice papers are available to hone your skills and assess your progress.
Analyzing question trends can give you an edge during the exam. Our recommended books and study material cover all topics in the syllabus.
Additionally, coaching videos provide valuable insights. Stay updated on the official website for exam dates and results.
Prepare with confidence, as EduRev has got your question-related needs covered for Science for Grade 4 .
|
© EduRev
|
Education Revolution
|
Follow Us
|
Signup to see your scores
go up within 7 days!
Access 1000+ FREE Docs, Videos and Tests
Takes less than 10 seconds to signup