All questions of November Week 4 for UPSC CSE Exam

Yes, tea is rainfall of more than 200 cm and sloping hills tea crop will be ideal

Kuhls are a traditional irrigation system in Himachal Pradesh. They are surface channels diverting water from natural flowing streams (khuds). A typical community Kuhl services 6 to 30 farmers, irrigating an area of about 20 ha.

D

The correct answer is option 'D' - 1, 2 and 3. Let's understand why each statement is correct:

1. It enhances the water holding capacity of the soil:
Organic manure, such as compost or animal manure, contains organic matter that improves the water holding capacity of the soil. When organic matter decomposes, it forms humus, which acts as a sponge, holding water in the soil. This helps to prevent water runoff and allows the soil to retain moisture for a longer period. As a result, the soil becomes more capable of sustaining plant growth, especially during dry periods.

2. It makes the soil loose and porous:
Organic manure contains organic matter that enriches the soil and improves its structure. The organic matter helps to break up compacted soil, making it loose and porous. This improves the soil's ability to hold air and water, facilitating better root growth and nutrient uptake by plants. The increased porosity also enhances soil drainage, preventing waterlogging and reducing the risk of root rot.

3. It enhances the number of friendly microbes:
Organic manure provides a food source for beneficial microorganisms in the soil. These microbes break down organic matter and release essential nutrients in a form that plants can absorb. The presence of organic manure in the soil promotes the growth and multiplication of these beneficial microbes, such as bacteria, fungi, and earthworms. These microbes help in nutrient cycling, soil aeration, and the suppression of harmful pathogens, thus creating a healthier soil ecosystem.

In conclusion, organic manure has several positive effects on soil health. It enhances the water holding capacity of the soil, making it more resilient to drought conditions. It also improves soil structure, making it loose and porous, which aids in root growth and nutrient availability. Additionally, organic manure promotes the growth of friendly microbes that contribute to nutrient cycling and soil health. Therefore, all three statements are correct.

The correct answer is option 'C' - Both of them.

Explanation:
1. Formation of the Agrarian League:
The statement correctly states that the peasants of Yusufshahi Pargana in Patna district formed an agrarian league or combination. This league was formed by the peasants in response to the oppressive regime they were facing. The zamindars, who were the landowners, were imposing heavy demands on the peasants, leading to their dissatisfaction and desire for resistance.

2. Rent Strike by the Agrarian League:
The statement also correctly mentions that the league organized a rent strike. The ryots, which refers to the peasants or tenants, refused to pay the enhanced rents demanded by the zamindars. The ryots challenged the zamindars in the courts, seeking justice and relief from the oppressive demands.

The agrarian league's rent strike was a form of protest and resistance against the exploitative practices of the zamindars. By refusing to pay the enhanced rents, the ryots aimed to assert their rights and demand fair treatment. The strike also aimed to draw attention to the unjust conditions faced by the peasants and put pressure on the authorities to address their grievances.

Overall, both statements accurately describe the formation and actions of the Pabna Agrarian League. The league was formed by the peasants to resist the oppressive demands of the zamindars, and they organized a rent strike as a means of protest and seeking justice.

Introduction:
Nitrogen is an essential nutrient required by plants for their growth and development. It is a major component of proteins, nucleic acids, and chlorophyll. Most plants obtain nitrogen from the soil in the form of nitrates or ammonium ions. However, some crops have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen with the help of symbiotic bacteria.

Explanation:
Among the given options, beans (option C) do not require nitrogenous fertilizer. Let's understand why.

Nitrogen Fixation:
Some plants have a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which are capable of converting atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for plants. This process is called nitrogen fixation. These bacteria reside in root nodules of leguminous plants, such as beans, peas, and lentils. The bacteria take atmospheric nitrogen and convert it into ammonia, which is then used by the plants for their growth. Therefore, leguminous crops like beans do not require nitrogenous fertilizers as they can obtain nitrogen through biological fixation.

Other Crops:
1. Wheat (option A): Wheat is not capable of nitrogen fixation and relies on the availability of nitrogen in the soil. Therefore, wheat crops require nitrogenous fertilizers to meet their nitrogen requirements.
2. Millet (option B): Similar to wheat, millet crops do not have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Hence, they need nitrogenous fertilizers to fulfill their nitrogen needs.
3. Paddy (option D): Paddy, also known as rice, does not have the ability to fix nitrogen either. It requires nitrogenous fertilizers to meet its nitrogen demands.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, among the given options, beans do not require nitrogenous fertilizers as they have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen with the help of symbiotic bacteria present in their root nodules. On the other hand, crops like wheat, millet, and paddy rely on nitrogenous fertilizers to meet their nitrogen requirements.

Introduction:
The process of loosening and turning the soil is called ploughing. It is an important agricultural practice that helps prepare the soil for planting crops. Ploughing involves breaking up the soil, turning it over, and creating furrows for planting seeds.

Explanation:
Ploughing is an essential step in the cultivation of crops as it helps improve soil structure and fertility. It provides several benefits to the soil and the crops grown on it. Let's discuss these benefits in detail:

1. Loosening the soil:
Ploughing helps in loosening the compacted soil, which is necessary for the growth of plant roots. This process allows air, water, and nutrients to penetrate the soil more easily, promoting healthy root development.

2. Weed control:
Ploughing helps control weeds by uprooting and burying them deep into the soil. This prevents weed growth and competition with the cultivated crops. Turning the soil also exposes weed seeds to sunlight, which can inhibit their germination.

3. Enhancing soil aeration:
By breaking up the soil, ploughing improves soil aeration. This allows oxygen to reach the root zone, facilitating the respiration process of the plants. Adequate oxygen availability promotes healthy root growth and overall plant development.

4. Mixing organic matter:
During ploughing, organic matter such as crop residues or manure can be incorporated into the soil. This improves the soil's nutrient content, organic matter content, and overall fertility. Organic matter acts as a source of nutrients for the plants and also enhances the soil's water-holding capacity.

5. Pest and disease management:
Ploughing can help manage pests and diseases by burying crop residues and pathogens deep into the soil. This reduces the survival and spread of pests and diseases, minimizing their impact on subsequent crops.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, ploughing is the process of loosening and turning the soil, which is crucial for successful crop cultivation. It improves soil structure, enhances nutrient availability, controls weeds, and manages pests and diseases. Ploughing is an integral part of sustainable agricultural practices and plays a vital role in ensuring high crop yields.

Neem tree is native of India. Its leaves contain chemicals such as Nimbin which have antifungal, antibacterial properties. Hence, dried neem leaves are used for storing food grains at home. Neem leaves are kept in stored grain, protecting from pests and microorganisms.

Millets and Rice are grown mostly under subsistence farming. Subsistence agriculture is self-sufficiency farming in which the farmers focus on growing enough food to feed themselves and their families. The typical subsistence farm has a range of crops and animals needed by the family to feed and clothe themselves during the year.

Methods for Soil Conservation in Hilly Regions

In hilly regions, soil erosion is a major concern due to the steep slopes and heavy rainfall. To prevent soil erosion and conserve soil in these areas, certain methods are employed. Let's discuss the suitability of the given methods for soil conservation in hilly regions:

1. Terracing and Contour Bunding:
Terracing involves creating flat areas on the slopes by constructing horizontal steps or terraces. This method helps to slow down the flow of water and prevents soil erosion. Contour bunding, on the other hand, involves constructing barriers along the contour lines of the slopes to retain water and prevent erosion.

Both terracing and contour bunding are highly suitable for soil conservation in hilly regions. These methods effectively reduce the speed of water runoff, allowing it to infiltrate into the soil and reducing erosion. Moreover, the terraces and bunds help to retain moisture in the soil, promoting better plant growth.

2. Shifting Cultivation:
Shifting cultivation, also known as slash and burn agriculture, involves clearing a patch of land, burning the vegetation, and cultivating crops for a few years before moving to a new area. While this method may have been traditionally practiced in hilly regions, it is not suitable for soil conservation.

Shifting cultivation leads to deforestation, which exposes the soil to erosion. The burnt vegetation does not provide sufficient cover to protect the soil from heavy rainfall. Additionally, the short cultivation periods do not allow for the development of stable soil structure and fertility. Therefore, shifting cultivation is not a suitable method for soil conservation in hilly regions.

3. Contour Ploughing:
Contour ploughing involves ploughing along the contour lines of the slopes instead of ploughing up and down the slope. This method helps to reduce the speed of water runoff and prevent soil erosion.

Contour ploughing is suitable for soil conservation in hilly regions as it helps to slow down the flow of water and encourages water infiltration into the soil. By ploughing along the contour lines, the risk of soil erosion on steep slopes is minimized, and the soil structure remains intact.

Conclusion:
From the given methods, terracing and contour bunding (1) and contour ploughing (3) are suitable for soil conservation in hilly regions. These methods effectively control soil erosion, retain moisture, and promote better plant growth. Shifting cultivation (2) is not suitable as it leads to deforestation and soil degradation.

The Election Commission of India
The Election Commission of India is an autonomous constitutional authority responsible for administering the electoral processes in India. It was established in 1950 and operates under the provisions of the Constitution of India. The main objective of the Election Commission is to ensure free and fair elections and to safeguard the democratic rights of the citizens.

Composition of the Election Commission
The Election Commission consists of a Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs). The CEC is appointed by the President of India and is usually a retired judge of the Supreme Court or a retired civil servant. The ECs are also appointed by the President, based on the recommendations of the CEC. The total number of Election Commissioners in the Election Commission is three.

Answer: Option A (3)
The correct answer to the question is option A, which states that there are three Election Commissioners in the Election Commission.

Explanation
The Election Commission of India comprises one Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and two Election Commissioners (ECs), making a total of three Election Commissioners. The Chief Election Commissioner is the head of the Election Commission and is responsible for the overall administration of the electoral processes. The Election Commissioners assist the Chief Election Commissioner in the conduct of elections and other related duties.

Role of Election Commissioners
The Election Commissioners play a crucial role in ensuring the smooth and transparent conduct of elections in India. Some of their key responsibilities include:

1. Conducting elections: The Election Commissioners are responsible for conducting elections at various levels, including the Lok Sabha (lower house of parliament), State Legislative Assemblies, and local bodies.

2. Election management: They oversee the entire process of election management, including the preparation of electoral rolls, voter registration, and the appointment of polling officers.

3. Monitoring election expenditure: The Election Commissioners closely monitor the election expenditure of candidates and political parties to ensure compliance with the set guidelines.

4. Addressing electoral malpractices: They take necessary measures to prevent electoral malpractices such as booth capturing, bribery, and voter intimidation.

5. Electoral reforms: The Election Commissioners also play a significant role in suggesting and implementing electoral reforms to enhance the credibility and transparency of the electoral process.

In conclusion
The Election Commission of India consists of one Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners, totaling three Election Commissioners. They work together to ensure the smooth and fair conduct of elections in the country.

Factors for the Impoverishment of the Indian Peasantry

Factors for the impoverishment of the Indian peasantry include colonial economic policies, the new land revenue system, and overcrowding of land. These factors have played a significant role in the economic and social degradation of the Indian peasantry.

1. Colonial economic policies:
Under British colonial rule, India's economy was subjugated to benefit the British Empire. The British implemented policies that exploited and drained the resources of India, resulting in the impoverishment of the Indian peasantry. These policies included:

- Drain of wealth: The British extracted enormous wealth from India through heavy taxation, trade policies, and the export of raw materials. This led to economic exploitation and hindered the development of industries and agricultural practices in India, further impoverishing the peasantry.

- Deindustrialization: The British dismantled India's indigenous industries to protect their own industries in England. This led to the collapse of many traditional Indian crafts and industries, leaving the peasantry with limited economic opportunities and forcing them to rely solely on agriculture, which further intensified their poverty.

2. The new land revenue system:
The British introduced the Permanent Settlement System, also known as the Zamindari system, in many parts of India. This system involved the fixation of land revenue, which had to be paid by the peasants to the Zamindars (landlords). This system had several negative consequences:

- Increased burden on peasants: The fixed revenue demand was often high, and the peasants were forced to pay it irrespective of their economic conditions. This led to an increased burden on the peasantry, pushing them further into poverty.

- Exploitation by Zamindars: The Zamindars, who were appointed by the British as intermediaries, exploited the peasants by extracting exorbitant rents and imposing arbitrary taxes. This further impoverished the peasantry as they were left with little to no surplus from their agricultural produce.

3. Overcrowding of land:
Due to the growing population and limited availability of land, there was overcrowding of land in rural areas. This resulted in smaller landholdings for individual farmers, leading to decreased productivity and income. Overcrowding also intensified competition for resources, further exacerbating poverty among the peasantry.

In conclusion, the impoverishment of the Indian peasantry can be attributed to factors such as colonial economic policies, the new land revenue system, and overcrowding of land. These factors, driven by British colonial rule, created a cycle of economic exploitation and social degradation, leaving the peasantry trapped in a cycle of poverty.

Explanation:

1. Chicken pox and Hepatitis A are caused by viruses:
- Chicken pox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus, while Hepatitis A is caused by the Hepatitis A virus.
- Both of these diseases are viral infections that can be transmitted from person to person.

2. Typhoid and Measles are caused by bacteria:
- Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi, while Measles is caused by the measles virus.
- Typhoid is a bacterial infection that spreads through contaminated food and water, while Measles is a highly contagious viral infection.

3. Diarrhoea and Malaria are caused by protozoa:
- Diarrhoea can be caused by various protozoa such as Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium, leading to gastrointestinal infections.
- Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium parasite, which is transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes.
Therefore, statement 1 (Chicken pox and Hepatitis A are caused by viruses) and statement 3 (Diarrhoea and Malaria are caused by protozoa) are correct. Statement 2 (Typhoid and Measles are caused by bacteria) is incorrect as Measles is caused by a virus, not bacteria. Hence, the correct answer is option 'C' - 1 and 3 Only.

Bardoli Satyagraha was a prominent nonviolent protest movement led by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel in the Bardoli taluka (administrative division) of Gujarat, India, between 1928 and 1929. It aimed to resist the excessive taxation imposed by the British colonial government on the farmers in Bardoli.

1. Intelligence Wing and Tenant Compliance:
- The first statement states that an intelligence wing was set up to ensure that all the tenants followed the resolutions of the Bardoli Satyagraha. This statement is true.
- During the movement, a system was established to monitor the activities of tenants and ensure their compliance with the movement's resolutions.
- The intelligence wing was responsible for gathering information, maintaining records, and ensuring that the tenants did not cooperate with the British government's demands for increased taxes.

2. Social Boycott of Opponents:
- The second statement mentions that those who opposed the Bardoli Satyagraha faced a social boycott. This statement is also true.
- The movement adopted a strategy of social boycott against individuals who opposed or undermined the cause of the satyagraha.
- This boycott involved isolating and ostracizing those who did not support the movement, which put pressure on them to reconsider their stance.

3. Emphasis on Mobilization of Women:
- The third statement suggests that there was less emphasis placed on the mobilization of women during the Bardoli Satyagraha. This statement is false.
- The Bardoli Satyagraha was unique in its mobilization of women. Women actively participated in various aspects of the protest, including organizing meetings, providing financial support, and participating in nonviolent demonstrations.
- The women of Bardoli played a significant role in the movement, contributing to its success and highlighting their determination for social and economic justice.

In conclusion, the correct answer is option 'A' - statements 1 and 2 are true, while statement 3 is false. The Bardoli Satyagraha had an intelligence wing to monitor tenant compliance, opponents faced a social boycott, and there was significant emphasis on the mobilization of women during the movement.

The issues involved were: (i) high rents-50 per cent higher than the recorded rates; (ii) oppression of Thikadars in charge of revenue collection; and (iii) practice of share-rents.

Understanding Red Rot Disease
Red rot is a significant disease that primarily affects sugarcane, leading to severe economic losses in sugar production. This disease is caused by the fungus *Colletotrichum falcatum*, which infects the plant and causes various detrimental effects.
Symptoms of Red Rot
- The most notable symptom of red rot is the presence of red streaks or patches on the stem of the sugarcane.
- The affected areas can become soft and mushy, eventually leading to the rotting of the cane.
- In severe cases, the entire plant can collapse, resulting in a complete loss of yield.
Impact on Sugarcane Production
- Red rot can significantly reduce the sucrose content in sugarcane, affecting the quality of sugar produced.
- Infested crops often require more inputs for management, increasing the overall cost for farmers.
- The disease can spread rapidly, especially in humid conditions, making it crucial for farmers to implement effective management practices.
Management Strategies
- Crop rotation and the use of resistant sugarcane varieties are effective methods to combat red rot.
- Proper sanitation practices, like removing infected plant debris, can help limit the spread of the disease.
- Regular monitoring and timely fungicide application may also be necessary to control outbreaks.
In conclusion, red rot is a serious threat to sugarcane, and understanding its symptoms, impact, and management strategies is essential for farmers to mitigate losses and ensure sustainable production.

Explanation:

Source of Cod Liver Oil:
- Cod liver oil is obtained from fish, specifically from the liver of cod fish.

Vitamin D Content:
- Cod liver oil is known for its high vitamin D content, making it a popular supplement for individuals who may have vitamin D deficiency.

Benefits of Vitamin D:
- Vitamin D is essential for various bodily functions, including bone health, immune function, and mood regulation.

Other Nutrients:
- In addition to vitamin D, cod liver oil also contains omega-3 fatty acids, which are beneficial for heart health and reducing inflammation.

Usage of Cod Liver Oil:
- Cod liver oil can be consumed in liquid form or in capsule form as a dietary supplement.

Conclusion:
- Cod liver oil is a valuable source of vitamin D and other nutrients, making it a popular supplement for individuals looking to boost their intake of essential nutrients.

Black soil retains soil moisture and requires little irrigation

Black soil, also known as regur soil or black cotton soil, is a type of soil that is found in several parts of India. It is known for its high fertility and ability to retain soil moisture, making it suitable for agriculture. Here are the reasons why black soil needs little irrigation:

1. Composition and Structure:
- Black soil is composed of fine-grained clayey material, which has the ability to hold water.
- It has a good crumb structure, which allows water to penetrate and be retained in the soil.

2. High Water Holding Capacity:
- Black soil has a high water holding capacity due to its clay content.
- The clay particles in the soil have a large surface area, which allows them to hold onto water molecules.
- This means that black soil can retain moisture for a longer period, reducing the need for frequent irrigation.

3. Slow Drainage:
- Black soil has a slow drainage rate due to its compact nature and high clay content.
- The compactness of the soil restricts the movement of water, allowing it to be retained in the soil for a longer time.
- This slow drainage helps in conserving soil moisture and reducing the need for irrigation.

4. Drought Resistance:
- Black soil is known for its drought resistance properties.
- It can withstand dry periods without losing its fertility or moisture content.
- This resilience to drought conditions further reduces the need for irrigation.

Conclusion:
Black soil, with its composition, structure, high water holding capacity, slow drainage, and drought resistance properties, has the ability to retain soil moisture for a longer time. This reduces the need for frequent irrigation, making it a suitable soil for agriculture in areas with limited water availability.

The correct answer is option 'D' - Philippines.

The Dapog method of rice nursery is a technique that was developed in the Philippines. It is a traditional method of raising rice seedlings in a nursery before transplanting them to the main field. This method has been widely used by Filipino farmers for many years and has proven to be effective in increasing rice productivity.

Here is an explanation of the Dapog method of rice nursery in detail:

1. Definition and Purpose:
- The Dapog method involves the use of small seedbeds or nurseries to grow rice seedlings before they are transplanted to the main field.
- The purpose of this method is to ensure the healthy growth of seedlings, improve their survival rate, and achieve higher yields in the main field.

2. Preparation of the Nursery:
- A suitable area of land is selected for the nursery, usually near a water source for irrigation.
- The land is plowed and leveled to create a smooth seedbed.
- The size of the nursery can vary depending on the number of seedlings needed.
- The nursery is divided into small plots or dapogs, usually measuring around 1.5 meters by 1.5 meters.

3. Seed Preparation and Sowing:
- High-quality rice seeds are selected and soaked in water for about 24 hours.
- The soaked seeds are then spread evenly on a clean cloth or mat to allow them to dry for a few hours.
- The dried seeds are sown in the prepared dapogs, with a recommended spacing of 2-3 seeds per hole.
- The depth of sowing is around 1-2 centimeters.

4. Water Management:
- After sowing, the nursery is irrigated with water to keep the soil moist.
- Excessive water should be avoided to prevent seed rot or fungal diseases.
- The water level is maintained at around 2-3 centimeters throughout the nursery.

5. Care and Maintenance:
- Weeding is an important aspect of the Dapog method. Weeds compete with rice seedlings for nutrients and sunlight, so regular weeding is necessary.
- Pests and diseases should be monitored and appropriate measures taken to control them.
- Fertilizers can be applied to the nursery if necessary, following recommended guidelines.

6. Transplanting:
- After about 25-30 days, when the seedlings have grown to a suitable size (around 10-15 centimeters), they are ready for transplanting.
- The seedlings are carefully uprooted from the nursery and transplanted to the main field.

Overall, the Dapog method of rice nursery is an effective technique for raising healthy rice seedlings before transplanting them to the main field. It helps to ensure better crop establishment and higher yields, contributing to improved rice production in the Philippines.

Explanation:

1. Moneylenders were mostly outsiders - Marwaris or Gujaratis
- The statement is correct. In the Deccan Riots, moneylenders were predominantly outsiders, often Marwaris or Gujaratis.
- These moneylenders were seen as exploiting the local peasants and farmers by charging exorbitant interest rates, leading to resentment and anger among the local population.
- This economic exploitation played a significant role in sparking the riots in the Deccan region.

2. Modern Nationalist Intelligentsia of Maharashtra opposed the peasants' cause due to the violence
- This statement is not correct. In fact, the modern nationalist intelligentsia of Maharashtra, including leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and Bal Gangadhar Tilak, supported the peasants' cause during the Deccan Riots.
- They recognized the economic grievances of the peasants and farmers and advocated for their rights and better treatment.
- The nationalist leaders condemned the violence that occurred during the riots but stood in solidarity with the peasants in their struggle against economic exploitation.
In conclusion, the correct statement about the Deccan Riots is that moneylenders were mostly outsiders, while the modern nationalist intelligentsia of Maharashtra supported the peasants' cause rather than opposing it due to violence.

Useful Microorganism: Rhizobium and Lactobacillus

Rhizobium:
- Rhizobium is a type of bacteria that forms a symbiotic relationship with legumes, such as peas, beans, and lentils.
- The bacteria infect the root nodules of these plants, forming a specialized structure called a bacteroid.
- Rhizobium helps in nitrogen fixation, which is the process of converting atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can use.
- This process is beneficial for both the bacteria and the host plant. The bacteria receive nutrients from the plant, while the plant gains a source of fixed nitrogen, which is essential for growth and development.
- The presence of Rhizobium bacteria in the soil can significantly improve the fertility of agricultural land by increasing nitrogen availability.

Lactobacillus:
- Lactobacillus is a genus of bacteria that is commonly found in the gut, as well as in fermented foods like yogurt and sauerkraut.
- These bacteria are considered beneficial because they help in maintaining a healthy balance of microorganisms in the gut, known as the gut microbiota.
- Lactobacillus produces lactic acid, which creates an acidic environment in the gut and inhibits the growth of harmful bacteria.
- They also help in the digestion and absorption of nutrients, produce vitamins, and support the immune system.
- Lactobacillus bacteria are often used as probiotics, which are live microorganisms that confer health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts.
- Probiotics containing Lactobacillus strains have been shown to have various positive effects on human health, including improving digestion, boosting the immune system, and reducing the risk of certain diseases.

Conclusion:
Both Rhizobium and Lactobacillus are useful microorganisms that play important roles in different ecosystems. Rhizobium helps in nitrogen fixation, enhancing soil fertility and promoting plant growth, while Lactobacillus contributes to gut health and overall well-being.

Bacteria is required to turn milk into curd. Many microorganisms are found in curd, of which a microorganism called Lactobacillus plays a primary role. It multiplies in milk and converts it into curd. Microorganisms are helpful in the production of many food Items like cheese, bread etc.

Shifting cultivation, also known as slash-and-burn agriculture, is a traditional agricultural practice that involves clearing a plot of land, burning the vegetation, and then planting crops. After a few years of cultivation, the land is left to fallow and regenerate before being used again. The chief characteristics of shifting cultivation are:

1. High dependence on manual labour
Shifting cultivation is highly labour-intensive, as it involves clearing the land by hand and planting crops without the aid of machines. The entire process, from clearing the land to harvesting the crops, is performed manually by the farmers and their families.

2. Low level of technology
Shifting cultivation is a low-tech agricultural practice, as it does not require modern machinery or advanced farming techniques. Farmers rely on their traditional knowledge and skills to cultivate the land and produce crops.

3. Utilization of poor soils through fallowing
Shifting cultivation is often practiced on poor soils that are unsuitable for continuous cropping. By using fallow periods, farmers allow the soil to recover and regenerate, which helps to maintain soil fertility and prevent soil erosion.

4. Use of chemical fertilizers
Shifting cultivation does not involve the use of chemical fertilizers, as farmers rely on natural soil fertility and the nutrients provided by the vegetation that is burned and incorporated into the soil. However, some farmers may use small amounts of chemical fertilizers to enhance crop yields.

In conclusion, shifting cultivation is a traditional agricultural practice that is characterized by high labour intensity, low levels of technology, the utilization of poor soils through fallowing, and minimal use of chemical fertilizers. Although it has been criticized for its environmental impact, shifting cultivation remains an important source of livelihood for many rural communities in developing countries.

The correct answer is option 'D', neither of them.

- The All India Kisan Sabha was actually founded by Swami Sahajanand Saraswati and N.G. Ranga in 1936. Gauri Shankar Mishra and Indra Narayan Dwivedi were not involved in its founding. The All India Kisan Sabha was a prominent peasant organization that aimed to address the issues and concerns of farmers and peasants across the country. It played a significant role in the peasant movements and struggles during the pre-independence period.

- The Congress Manifesto for the 1937 provincial elections was not strongly influenced by the Awadh Kisan Sabha. The Awadh Kisan Sabha was a peasant organization in Awadh region of Uttar Pradesh, led by Baba Ramchandra. While it did have some influence in the region, it did not have a significant impact on the Congress Manifesto for the 1937 elections. The Congress Manifesto was primarily guided by the policies and ideologies of the Indian National Congress, which aimed for a democratic and inclusive governance system.

Therefore, both statements are incorrect. The All India Kisan Sabha was founded by Swami Sahajanand Saraswati and N.G. Ranga, not Gauri Shankar Mishra and Indra Narayan Dwivedi. The Congress Manifesto for the 1937 elections was not strongly influenced by the Awadh Kisan Sabha, but rather by the ideologies and policies of the Indian National Congress.

In conclusion, it is important to verify the accuracy of statements before accepting them as true. In this case, both statements are incorrect, highlighting the need for factual accuracy and research in understanding historical events and organizations.

Once mixed with food items, yeast multiplies quickly to give out carbon dioxide through respiration. Carbon dioxide bubbles enhance the volume of the food item. Yeast is used in the baking industry, to make bread, pastry, cake, etc.

Incorrect Pair: Aspergillosis - Bacteria

Aspergillosis is a fungal infection caused by the Aspergillus fungi. It can affect the respiratory system, skin, and other organs of the body. This infection is commonly found in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, cancer, or those who have undergone organ transplants.

Explanation:

Fungal infections are caused by fungi and not bacteria, and Aspergillosis is a fungal infection. Therefore, the pair of Aspergillosis and bacteria is incorrect.

Correct Pairs:

- Rust of wheat - Fungi: Rust of wheat is a fungal disease caused by Puccinia species of fungi. It affects the leaves, stems, and grains of wheat plants, causing a reduction in crop yield.

- Citrus canker - Bacteria: Citrus canker is a bacterial disease caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis. It affects the leaves, fruits, and twigs of citrus trees, causing blemishes and fruit drop.

- Yellow vein mosaic - Virus: Yellow vein mosaic is a viral disease that affects a variety of crops, including okra, tomato, and beans. It is caused by various species of begomoviruses and can result in stunted growth, yellowing of leaves, and reduced crop yield.

Conclusion:

It is essential to understand the causative agent of any disease to diagnose and treat it correctly. A misdiagnosed disease can lead to ineffective treatment and further complications. Therefore, it is crucial to have proper knowledge of the causative agents of different diseases.

Monoculture is a distinct characteristic of commercial grain farming. Monoculture is the agricultural practise of producing or growing a single crop or plant species over a wide area and for a large number of consecutive years.