All questions of Sustainability and the Climate Change: India & the World for OPSC OCS (Odisha) Exam

Statement-I is accurate because the primary goal of the Battery Waste Management Rules introduced by the Government is indeed to promote a circular economy in managing waste batteries. This involves emphasizing recycling, refurbishing, and reusing materials from batteries to reduce environmental impact.

However, Statement-II is incorrect. The statement refers to the E-Waste (Management) Rules introduced in November 2022, not Battery Waste Management Rules. The E-Waste Rules focus on Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) in e-waste recycling, not the circular economy in managing waste batteries as mentioned in Statement-I. Hence, Statement-II does not align with the context of the Battery Waste Management Rules described in the initial text.

Statement 1: Correct. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) issued India's first Sovereign Green Bonds (SGrBs) in two parts, raising a total of ₹16,000 crores. This aligns with the information given about the Indian government's involvement in green bonds.

Statement 2: Correct. The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 has indeed undergone multiple amendments, with the most recent one in 2022 rationalizing the schedules from six to two. This information is consistent with the details provided on wildlife protection.

Statement 3: Incorrect. The global per capita plastic consumption is much higher than India's per capita plastic consumption. India's per capita plastic consumption is 11 kg, whereas the global average is 28 kg.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option B: 1 and 2 Only. The solution aligns perfectly with the correct answers, ensuring accuracy and clarity.

1. The Green Climate Fund (GCF) was established in 2010 by 194 countries under the UNFCCC:
This statement is correct. The Green Climate Fund was indeed established in 2010 by 194 countries under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to support developing countries in their efforts to combat climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to its impacts.

2. The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) approved guidelines for green bonds in 2016:
This statement is also correct. SEBI, the regulatory body for securities and commodity markets in India, approved guidelines for the issuance of green bonds in 2016 to ensure that funds raised through these bonds are used for environmentally friendly projects.

3. The Global Environment Facility (GEF) was created just before the 1992 Rio Earth Summit to help primarily developing countries tackle environmental challenges:
This statement is correct as well. The Global Environment Facility was established in 1991, just prior to the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, to address global environmental issues and assist primarily developing countries in managing these challenges.

Since all three statements are correct, the correct answer is:

Answer: Option D

The International Solar Alliance (ISA) primarily focuses on promoting solar energy among countries situated between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. By collaborating on utilizing solar power, the ISA aims to enhance solar energy use, address energy needs, and collectively work on sustainable practices. This initiative plays a crucial role in harnessing renewable energy sources and combating climate change on a global scale.

- Statement 1 is correct. The SDG India Index is indeed a tool created by NITI Aayog to measure the progress of states and union territories in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

- Statement 2 is correct. The SDG India Index assigns scores between 0 and 100. According to the Economic Survey 2021-22, India's performance improved from an overall score of 60 in 2019-20 to 66 in 2020-21.

- Statement 3 is incorrect. The SDG India Index is developed by NITI Aayog, not by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.

Thus, the correct answer is Option B: 1 and 2 Only.

- Statement 1: Correct. The Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNECCC) was created to limit the rise in global temperatures and promote a low-carbon, resilient, and sustainable future. This aligns with the text provided, which mentions the goal of the Paris Agreement is to limit global temperature rise and promote sustainability.

- Statement 2: Correct. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) indeed replaced the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and set the global development agenda for the next 15 years, as stated in the text.

- Statement 3: Incorrect. The SDGs were not introduced at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio 20) in June 2012; instead, they were introduced in September 2015 during the 17th session of the UN General Assembly. The Rio 20 conference initiated discussions that eventually led to the formulation of the SDGs.

Thus, only statements 1 and 2 are correct, making Option B the right answer.

1. Paris Agreement - 2015: Correctly matched. The Paris Agreement was adopted in 2015 during the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

2. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) - 2005: Incorrectly matched. The SDGs were adopted in 2015 during the 17th session of the UN General Assembly, not in 2005.

3. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) - 2000: Correctly matched. The MDGs were established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000.

4. Rio+20 Conference - 2012: Correctly matched. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, also known as Rio+20, took place in 2012 in Rio de Janeiro.

Thus, the correctly matched pairs are 1, 3, and 4.

The term "green finance" typically refers to investing money in projects and efforts that support a more environmentally friendly economy. This can include initiatives that promote sustainable development, renewable energy, energy efficiency, and other environmentally conscious practices. Green finance plays a crucial role in addressing climate change and transitioning towards a more sustainable future.

1. The Sharm el-Sheikh Implementation Plan emphasized the need to double funds to help communities better handle the challenges posed by climate change.

- This statement is correct. One of the outcomes of COP 27 was a plan to double funds to assist communities in managing the challenges brought about by climate change.

2. COP 27 succeeded in meeting the $100 billion per year funding target for climate finance.

- This statement is incorrect. COP 27 acknowledged that the target of $100 billion per year for climate finance had not been achieved yet, and a new goal (NCQG) was to be established before 2025.

3. India initiated the National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF) in 2012-13 to support clean energy projects and research.

- This statement is incorrect. India started the National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF) in 2010-11, not in 2012-13, to support clean energy projects and research.

Thus, only statement 1 is correct.

Option A: 1 Only

Statement-I mentions the focus of the International Solar Alliance (ISA) on promoting solar energy, not wind energy solutions. ISA aims to enhance solar energy use and collaborate on utilizing solar power. Hence, Statement-I is incorrect.
Statement-II discusses the objective of the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) to make infrastructure more resilient to disasters, not specifically focusing on disaster response mechanisms in urban areas. Therefore, Statement-II is incorrect.

Green bonds have gained popularity due to their ability to raise funds for environmentally friendly projects at a lower cost compared to regular bonds. This cost advantage makes them an attractive option for investors looking to support sustainability initiatives while also seeking financial returns.

Therefore, Statement-I is correct, and Statement-II is incorrect. The correct choice is Option C .

One of India's specific targets in its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) is to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tons of CO2 equivalent through expanding forest and tree cover by 2030. This target is crucial in the fight against climate change as it aims to enhance the capacity to absorb carbon dioxide, thereby mitigating the effects of greenhouse gas emissions on the environment.

1. The International Solar Alliance (ISA) focuses on promoting solar energy among countries situated between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn: This statement is correct. The ISA is indeed a global organization that aims to promote the use of solar energy among countries located between these tropics to address energy needs and promote sustainable practices.

2. The Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) aims to make infrastructure more resilient to natural disasters: This statement is also correct. The CDRI brings together countries to work collectively on creating infrastructure capable of withstanding natural disasters, thus reducing the vulnerability of communities and promoting sustainable development.

3. The Global Cooling Prize is a competition that encourages the development of energy-efficient cooling solutions within India only: This statement is incorrect. The Global Cooling Prize is an international competition that invites innovators worldwide to develop sustainable and affordable cooling technologies with minimal environmental impact, not just within India.

Therefore, statements 1 and 2 are correct, while statement 3 is incorrect. The correct answer is Option B.

The Green Climate Fund (GCF) was established in 2010 to support developing countries in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to the impacts of climate change. The fund aims to encourage a shift towards development that is both low in emissions and resilient to climate changes, especially focusing on countries highly vulnerable to these impacts.

1. SEBI Guidelines for Green Bonds: Approved in 2016 - Correct

2. Green Climate Fund (GCF): Created in 2014 - Incorrect

3. Global Environment Facility (GEF): Established in 1992 - Correct

4. Initial Pledge for GCF: $7.1 billion - Incorrect

Thus, only two pairs are correctly matched.

All three statements are correct as per the provided text on India's INDCs and climate change strategies:
1. India's INDC 2015: The first statement is correct. India did commit to achieving 40% of cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil sources by 2030 as part of its INDC presented in 2015.
2. Emission Intensity Reduction: The second statement is also correct. India's target to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33 to 35% compared to 2005 levels by 2030 was clearly mentioned in the INDC.
3. Lifestyle for Environment (LIEE): The third statement is accurate. The LIEE initiative aims to promote a healthy and sustainable lifestyle based on conservation traditions, which aligns with India's strategy to combat climate change.
Thus, all the statements are accurate, making Option D the correct answer.

Statement-I is accurate as green bonds are indeed utilized to raise funds for environmentally friendly projects. On the other hand, Statement-II is incorrect as the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 primarily focuses on safeguarding wildlife and endangered fauna species, not plants. This act provides legal protection to wildlife and endangered species, making Statement-II inaccurate in the context of the given information.

The LeadIT Group plays a pivotal role in steering global endeavors towards transitioning industries to a more sustainable and climate-friendly future by driving initiatives and collaborative efforts aimed at achieving this crucial objective.

1. Karnataka - Tropical Evergreen Forests: Correct. Karnataka has a significant cover of tropical evergreen forests.

2. Arunachal Pradesh - Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests: Correct. Arunachal Pradesh has a notable cover of tropical moist deciduous forests.

3. Kerala - Semi-Evergreen Forests: Incorrect. Kerala is known for its tropical evergreen forests rather than semi-evergreen forests.

4. Maharashtra - Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests: Incorrect. Maharashtra is known for its tropical moist deciduous forests rather than tropical dry deciduous forests.

Thus, pairs 1 and 2 are correctly matched, and pairs 3 and 4 are incorrectly matched.

All three statements provided are correct, as detailed below:

1. The Battery Waste Management Rules, introduced in August 2022, indeed focus on promoting a circular economy through Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) for waste batteries. The rules mandate that producers (including importers) are responsible for collecting and recycling or refurbishing waste batteries, promoting a sustainable approach in handling battery waste.
2. The E-Waste (Management) Rules, which come into effect from April 2023, do include provisions for environmental compensation and verification for the e-waste industry. These measures aim to ensure compliance and accountability within the industry, fostering environmentally friendly practices.

3. The concept of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) mandates that producers collect and recycle or refurbish waste batteries, explicitly prohibiting their disposal in landfills or through incineration. This is a key aspect of the Battery Waste Management Rules to ensure sustainable waste management practices.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option D: 1, 2 and 3.

The Battery Waste Management Rules, introduced to regulate waste batteries, primarily operate on the concept of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR). This principle mandates that producers, including importers, are responsible for collecting, recycling, or refurbishing waste batteries, thereby promoting a circular economy and sustainable approach in handling battery waste.

1. Battery Waste Management Rules - Introduced in August 2022: Correct. The Battery Waste Management Rules were indeed introduced in August 2022.

2. E-Waste Management Rules - Introduced in November 2022: Correct. The new E-Waste Management Rules were introduced in November 2022.

3. Forest and Tree Cover in India - Constitutes 25% of the geographical area: Incorrect. As of 2019, the forest and tree cover in India constitutes 24.50% of the geographical area, not 25%.

4. India's Net Zero Commitment - By 2050: Incorrect. India has committed to becoming Net Zero by 2070, not 2050.

Thus, only pairs 1 and 2 are correctly matched, making the correct answer Option B: Only two pairs.

1. Lifestyle for Environment: Correct. This is a movement initiated by India to encourage pro-people and pro-planet efforts to address climate change.

2. New Fund for Vulnerable Countries: Incorrect. The fund is intended to assist developing countries, not developed countries, that are vulnerable to the damaging effects of climate change.

3. Green Energy Corridor: Correct. This initiative is supported by the National Clean Energy Fund to enhance the transmission sector, making it more environmentally friendly.

4. Wind Power Pilot Project: Correct. This pilot project has been initiated to assess the potential of wind power as a renewable energy source.

Thus, three out of the four pairs are correctly matched.

Statement 1 is correct. As of 2019, India's total forest cover is indeed 7,12,249 sq. km, which accounts for 21.67% of the country's total geographic area. This is based on the latest forest cover assessment, reflecting a slight increase compared to previous years.

Statement 2 is incorrect. Arunachal Pradesh has not shown a significant increase in tropical evergreen forest cover. In fact, states like Karnataka and Kerala have high tropical evergreen forest cover, while Arunachal Pradesh has experienced a decrease in forest cover overall.

Statement 3 is correct. India ranks 8th globally in terms of total carbon stock in forests, highlighting its significant role in global carbon sequestration efforts.

Thus, the correct answer is Option C: 1 and 3 Only.