All questions of Human Health and Disease for NEET Exam

The Widal test is one method that may be used to help make a presumptive diagnosis of enteric fever, also known as typhoid fever.The test was based on demonstrating the presence of agglutinin (antibody) in the serum of an infected patient, against the H (flagellar) and O (somatic) antigens ofSalmonella typhi.

Its given in 12th NCERT.... widal test for typhoid

When a mosquito feeds on an infected person, the mosquito can become infected and can bite and infect others. The Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes transmit chikungunya. They also transmit dengue fever, another disease caused by a virus.

Most microbes belong to four major groups: bacteria, viruses, protozoa or fungi. (To find out more, see the “Bacteria/Viruses/Protozoa” fact sheets). Disease-causing microbes can also be called pathogens, germs or bugs and are responsible for causing infectious diseases.

Antibodies are produced by specialized white blood cells called B lymphocytes (or B cells). When an antigen binds to the B-cell surface, it stimulates the B cell to divide and mature into a group of identical cells called a clone.

Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).Following initial infection, a person may not notice any symptoms or may experience a brief period of influenza-like illness. Typically, this is followed by a prolonged period with no symptoms. As the infection progresses, it interferes more with the immune system, increasing the risk of developing common infections such as tuberculosis, as well as other opportunistic infections, and tumors that rarely affect people who have working immune systems.[5] These late symptoms of infection are referred to as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).This stage is often also associated with unintended weight loss.

Sporozoite is the infective stage of the malarial parasite. They are present in the saliva of infected female anopheles mosquito.

Anti venom against snake poison contains antibodies.

Explanation:
Anti venom is a serum that is used to treat snake bites. It contains antibodies that are specifically produced to neutralize the venom of a particular snake species. The antibodies are produced by injecting a small amount of the snake venom into an animal, usually a horse, and then collecting the blood serum from the animal after a certain period of time. This serum contains the antibodies that have been produced in response to the venom.

The antibodies in the anti venom work by binding to the venom molecules and neutralizing their toxic effects. This prevents the venom from causing damage to the body and allows the body's own immune system to clear the venom from the bloodstream.

It is important to note that anti venom is specific to the species of snake that produced the venom. This means that anti venom for one species of snake will not be effective against the venom of another species. It is also important to administer anti venom as soon as possible after a snake bite, as the venom can rapidly spread through the body and cause severe damage if left untreated.

The function of IgE antibody as mediators in allergic reactions of Type I is explained by their ability to interact both with antigen and with receptor molecules on the membrane of blood basophils and tissue mast cells. However, it is not understood how the interaction of an allergen with cell-bound IgE antibody will induce basophil (mast) cells to release a great number of biologically active substances of which some will be further discussed at this meeting, nor is it known what role the IgE-mast cell system plays in the development and control of a normal immune response.

The primary immune response can be described as the first response of our body system to a newly introduced foreign agent, while the secondary immune response is defined as an intensified immune response to this previously exposed antigen. The primary and secondary immune response is carried out by following two types of lymphocytes;

1)B-Lymphocytes: responsible for the production of antibodies in our blood. the type of antibodies is IgA. IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM.

2)T-Lymphocytes: These are mediators cell-mediated immunity.

So, the correct answer is 'Option A

"HIV " Attacks CD4 cells (T- helper, T- cells) .. this cells plays important role in immune system..

It damage our immunity system from which any bacteria or virus can affect on us it's difficult to choose one tablet

Ringworm - fungal infection AIDS- HIV virus Common cold - Rhino Virus typhoid - Salmonella typhi ( bacteria) tuberculosis - mycobacterium tuberculosis ( bacteria) dysentery - it is of two types bacterial and amoebic therefore the viral diseases are AIDS and Common cold

Understanding Plasmodium Infection
Plasmodium species, which cause malaria, have a complex life cycle involving several stages in both humans and mosquitoes. The symptoms of malaria, particularly chills and fever, are linked to specific events in this life cycle.
Chills and Fever Mechanism
- The primary symptoms of malaria, such as chills and fever, occur during the rupture of red blood cells (RBCs).
- This rupture happens when the parasite, in its asexual stage, has multiplied significantly within the RBCs.
RBC Rupture Process
- As Plasmodium multiplies inside the RBCs, it develops into mature trophozoites and then schizonts.
- When the schizonts reach maturity, they cause the infected RBCs to burst, releasing thousands of new merozoites into the bloodstream.
Release of Merozoites
- The release of merozoites triggers a strong immune response, leading to the release of pyrogens (fever-inducing substances).
- This immune response results in the characteristic chills followed by fever, marking the cyclical nature of malaria symptoms.
Conclusion
- Therefore, the correct answer is option 'C': "The parasite after its rapid multiplication inside RBCs ruptures them, releasing the stage to enter fresh RBCs."
- Understanding this mechanism is crucial for recognizing the symptoms of malaria and the importance of timely treatment to prevent severe complications.

Only blood transfusion, saliva contamination, and sexual intercourse are responsible for spreading AIDS not sharing utensils, clothes etc.

Vaccine, suspension of weakened, killed, or fragmented microorganisms or toxins or of antibodies or lymphocytes that is administered primarily to prevent disease. A vaccine can confer active immunity against a specific harmful agent by stimulating the immune system to attack the agent.

Wuchereria, the filarial worm causing elephantiasis, is primarily transmitted through the bite of infected female mosquitoes. These mosquitoes act as vectors for the pathogen.

Understanding Ringworm Infections
Ringworm is a common fungal infection that affects the skin, hair, and nails. It is caused by a group of fungi known as dermatophytes.
Primary Causative Agent
- The primary fungus responsible for ringworm infections is Microsporum.
- This genus includes various species that can infect humans and animals, leading to the characteristic ring-like lesions on the skin.
Other Fungi Mentioned
- Aspergillus:
- Typically associated with respiratory issues and other infections, not skin infections like ringworm.
- Penicillium:
- Known for its role in antibiotic production (e.g., penicillin) and does not cause ringworm.
- Saccharomyces:
- A yeast primarily involved in fermentation processes, such as bread and beer production, and is not linked to dermatophyte infections.
Mechanism of Infection
- Microsporum species thrive in warm, humid environments and can be contracted through direct contact with an infected person, animal, or contaminated surfaces.
- The fungi invade the outer layer of the skin, leading to inflammation and the typical circular, red, itchy patches.
Prevention and Treatment
- Good hygiene practices, such as keeping skin dry and clean, can help prevent ringworm infections.
- Antifungal creams and medications are effective in treating these infections, with a focus on eradicating the Microsporum fungi.
In summary, Microsporum is the key player in ringworm infections, distinguishing it from other non-dermatophyte fungi like Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Saccharomyces.

This test is used to detect measure antibodies in your blood against any infectious agent mainly HIV viruses.