All questions of The Making of National Movement : 1870s-1947 for Class 8 Exam

Understanding the Demands of Moderates
The Indian National Congress had two main factions during the freedom struggle: the Moderates and the Extremists. The Moderates, active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, advocated for gradual reforms through constitutional means.
Key Demands of the Moderates:
- Change in British Economic Policies: The Moderates sought reforms that would benefit Indian economy and agriculture, reducing the exploitative nature of British economic policies.
- Indians in High Administrative Posts: They demanded a greater representation of Indians in key administrative positions, aiming for a more inclusive governance structure.
- Reduction in Military Expenditure: The Moderates were keen on reducing military expenses, advocating that these funds be redirected towards social and economic development.
Why Option D is NOT TRUE:
- Increase in Taxes: This statement contradicts the Moderates' goals. They aimed to alleviate the financial burden on the Indian populace, not increase it. An increase in taxes would have placed greater pressure on an already struggling population, which was contrary to their demands for economic reform and welfare.
Conclusion:
In essence, while the other options reflect the genuine aspirations of the Moderates, the demand for an increase in taxes does not align with their objective of improving the socio-economic conditions of Indians. Thus, option 'D' is not true in the context of the Moderates’ demands.

Swadeshi Movement
The movement launched following the Partition of Bengal was the Swadeshi Movement. It was a significant phase in India's struggle for independence from British colonial rule. The movement aimed to promote the use of indigenous goods and boycott British products as a means of economic resistance against British dominance. Here are some key details about the Swadeshi Movement:
1. Background:
- The Partition of Bengal in 1905 by the British colonial government sparked widespread protests and outrage among the Indian population.
- The partition was seen as a divide-and-rule policy aimed at weakening the growing nationalist movement in Bengal.
- To counter this, the Swadeshi Movement was initiated to promote self-reliance and assert Indian identity.
2. Key Features:
- Boycott of British goods: Indians were urged to boycott British products and instead support indigenous industries.
- Promotion of Indian products: The movement emphasized the use of Indian-made goods and encouraged the establishment of Swadeshi industries.
- Nationalistic fervor: The movement instilled a sense of pride in Indian culture, heritage, and self-sufficiency.
- Public protests and demonstrations: Mass rallies, processions, and public meetings were organized to mobilize public support for the movement.
3. Methods of Resistance:
- Boycott of foreign goods: Indians boycotted British textiles, machinery, and other products, leading to a decline in imports.
- Promotion of Indian goods: Swadeshi products like clothes, salt, and other daily essentials were produced and promoted as an alternative to British goods.
- Public demonstrations: People gathered in large numbers to protest against British policies, often leading to clashes with the authorities.
- National education: The movement emphasized the need for quality education rooted in Indian values and culture.
4. Impact:
- Economic empowerment: The movement led to the growth of indigenous industries and self-reliance, reducing dependency on British goods.
- National unity: The Swadeshi Movement brought people from different regions and communities together, fostering a sense of national unity.
- Strengthening of the freedom struggle: The movement served as a precursor to other major movements like the Non-Cooperation Movement and the Quit India Movement.
- Cultural resurgence: The movement revitalized Indian arts, crafts, and traditional practices.
In conclusion, the Swadeshi Movement was launched as a response to the Partition of Bengal and aimed to promote indigenous industries, boycott British goods, and foster a sense of national unity and self-reliance. It played a crucial role in the overall struggle for Indian independence.

Correct answer is B

Meanwhile, the Congress split in 1907. The Moderateswere opposed to the use of boycott. They felt that itinvolved the use of force. After the split the Congresscame to be dominated by the Moderates with Tilak’sfollowers functioning from outside. The two groupsreunited in December 1915. Next year the Congressand the Muslim League signed the historic LucknowPact and decided to work together for representativegovernment in the country.

Lord Curzon

The Partition of Bengal was the decision of separating eastern parts of Bengal from rest of Bengal. It was announced on 19 July 1905 by the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon and on October 16, 1905, the partition formally came into force.

The Political Context in Early 20th Century India
In the early twentieth century, India witnessed significant political changes, particularly concerning the representation of different communities. Among these changes, the introduction of separate electorates for Muslims marked a crucial development.
Separate Electorates for Muslims
- The government introduced separate electorates for Muslims in 1909 through the Morley-Minto Reforms.
- This allowed Muslims to elect their representatives separately, recognizing their distinct political identity.
- The move aimed to placate Muslim leaders and ensure their support for British rule, thereby fostering communal divisions.
Other Statements Explained
- The All India Muslim League Formation: The All India Muslim League was actually founded in 1906, not 1909. This makes option 'a' incorrect.
- Opposition to Partition of Bengal: The Muslim League did not oppose the partition of Bengal; in fact, it was generally supportive. Therefore, option 'b' is also incorrect.
- Unity of the Congress: During this period, the Indian National Congress faced internal divisions, particularly between moderates and extremists, which contradicts option 'd'.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the correct statement regarding political developments in the early 20th century is option 'c', as the introduction of separate electorates for Muslims in 1909 was a significant political reform that shaped India's communal landscape.

Understanding the Leaders
In the context of Indian nationalism during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, leaders were often categorized into Moderates and Radicals based on their approaches to achieving independence from British rule.
Moderates vs. Radicals
- Moderates: These leaders believed in a gradual approach to reform. They advocated for dialogue with the British government and sought constitutional methods to achieve political rights.
- Key Figures:
- Pherozeshah Mehta
- Dadabhai Naoroji
- Surendranath Banerjee
- Radicals: In contrast, Radicals were more assertive and believed in direct action. They were frustrated with the slow pace of reforms and sought more immediate and vigorous methods to achieve independence.
- Key Figure: Aurobindo Ghosh
Aurobindo Ghosh: The Radical Leader
- Aurobindo Ghosh is recognized as a Radical leader because:
- He emphasized the need for a more aggressive stance against British rule.
- Ghosh believed in the power of revolutionary activities and was involved in the nationalist movement that sought to incite mass protests and uprisings.
- His writings and speeches called for a complete break from British governance, advocating for self-rule (Swaraj).
Conclusion
The distinction between Moderates and Radicals is crucial in understanding the dynamics of the Indian independence movement. While Moderates like Mehta, Naoroji, and Banerjee sought gradual reforms, Aurobindo Ghosh's radical approach aimed for immediate action and was pivotal in shaping the future of Indian nationalism. Thus, option 'C', Aurobindo Ghosh, is correctly identified as a Radical leader.

Opposition to the term 'Boycott' by the Moderates

Heading: Introduction
During the Indian freedom struggle, the Indian National Congress was divided into two groups, the Moderates and the Extremists. The Moderates believed in the gradual attainment of independence through constitutional means, while the Extremists believed in direct action and non-cooperation.

Heading: Opposition to the term 'Boycott'
The Moderates opposed the usage of the term 'Boycott' because they felt that it involved the use of force. The term 'Boycott' was first used during the Irish Land War in 1880, where it was a peaceful means of protesting against the high rents imposed by the landlords. However, in India, the term was associated with the boycott of British goods, which involved the use of force, such as picketing and burning of foreign goods.

Heading: Alternative methods proposed by the Moderates
The Moderates believed in the use of constitutional methods such as petitions, resolutions, and lobbying to achieve their goals. They advocated for the use of peaceful means of protest and non-cooperation with the British government, such as the Swadeshi Movement, which involved the promotion of Indian-made goods.

Heading: Significance of the opposition to the term 'Boycott'
The opposition to the term 'Boycott' by the Moderates highlights the ideological differences between the Moderates and the Extremists. The Moderates believed in the use of constitutional means of protest, while the Extremists believed in direct action and non-cooperation. The opposition to the term 'Boycott' also shows the importance of language and the need to use appropriate terms to avoid any confusion or misunderstanding.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the Moderates opposed the usage of the term 'Boycott' because they believed that it involved the use of force. They advocated for the use of peaceful means of protest and non-cooperation with the British government to achieve their goals. The opposition to the term 'Boycott' highlights the importance of language and the ideological differences between the Moderates and the Extremists.

Introduction
Balgangadhar Tilak was a prominent leader in the Indian independence movement and a strong advocate for self-rule. His contributions included journalism, where he used the press as a tool to mobilize the masses against British colonial rule.
Kesari: The Voice of Resistance
- Founding of Kesari: Tilak founded the Marathi newspaper "Kesari" in 1881.
- Purpose: The newspaper served as a platform to express nationalist sentiments and criticize British policies.
Editorial Stance
- Nationalism: Kesari played a crucial role in fostering Indian nationalism by highlighting issues affecting the Indian populace under colonial rule.
- Criticism of British Rule: It was unapologetically critical of British government actions, advocating for self-governance and social reform.
Impact on Society
- Mass Mobilization: The publication engaged readers and inspired them to participate in the freedom struggle.
- Awareness: Kesari raised awareness about the injustices faced by Indians, encouraging a collective response against oppression.
Legacy
- Influence on Future Leaders: Many future leaders of the Indian independence movement were influenced by the ideas propagated in Kesari.
- Continued Relevance: The themes discussed in the newspaper continue to resonate in contemporary discussions about governance and rights.
In summary, "Kesari," edited by Balgangadhar Tilak, was a pioneering newspaper that not only criticized British rule but also galvanized a generation of Indians towards the struggle for independence.

Bengal Partition of 1905