All questions of Theme 7 - An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara for Humanities/Arts Exam

Sultan is the arabic term for king and caliph is not because caliph is the deputy of prophet.

The Amara-Nayakas were a group of powerful feudal chiefs in the Vijayanagara Empire of South India. During the reign of King Krishnadevaraya, they were entrusted with significant administrative responsibilities and held a considerable amount of power. In order to express their loyalty and maintain a harmonious relationship with the king, the Amara-Nayakas often sent gifts to the royal court.

Gifts as a Symbol of Loyalty:

Sending gifts to the king was a common practice during that time and was seen as a gesture of loyalty and respect. By presenting gifts, the Amara-Nayakas aimed to showcase their allegiance and strengthen their ties with the ruling monarch. These gifts symbolized their commitment to the king and the empire and also served as a means to gain favor and maintain their position of authority.

Types of Gifts:

The gifts sent by the Amara-Nayakas varied in nature and could include a wide range of valuable items. Some of the commonly sent gifts included:

1. Precious Metals and Gems: Gold, silver, jewels, and precious stones were often presented as gifts. These items held great value and were a symbol of wealth and prestige.

2. Luxury Goods: Fine textiles, silk garments, luxurious fabrics, and ornate garments were also commonly given as gifts. These items represented opulence and were highly valued.

3. Livestock and Agricultural Produce: The Amara-Nayakas, being feudal chiefs, often sent gifts of livestock such as horses, elephants, and cattle. Additionally, agricultural produce like grains, fruits, and vegetables were also offered to the king.

4. Art and Crafts: The Amara-Nayakas were patrons of art and encouraged skilled craftsmen. They would often send intricately crafted sculptures, paintings, and other artistic creations as gifts to the king.

5. Exotic and Rare Items: The Amara-Nayakas, being well-traveled and having access to various regions, would send unique and rare items as gifts. These could include spices, herbs, perfumes, and exotic animals.

Significance of Gift Exchange:

The exchange of gifts between the Amara-Nayakas and the king played a crucial role in maintaining a harmonious relationship. It solidified the loyalty of the powerful feudal chiefs and ensured their continued support to the king. Moreover, receiving gifts from the Amara-Nayakas was a sign of the king's authority and power. It reinforced his position as the ruler and allowed him to display his wealth and influence.

In conclusion, the Amara-Nayakas sent gifts to the king as a means to express their loyalty and strengthen their relationship. These gifts, ranging from precious metals and gems to agricultural produce and art, symbolized their allegiance and showcased their wealth and status. The exchange of gifts played a significant role in maintaining a harmonious relationship between the feudal chiefs and the ruling monarch.

Hindu Suratran is the title used by rulers to indicate their close links with the gods. This title was used in the Hindu religion, which is one of the oldest religions in the world. The term 'Suratran' means protector or ruler. Therefore, the title Hindu Suratran means that the ruler is the protector of the Hindu religion and the people who follow it. This title is an indication that the ruler is chosen by god to lead the people.

Importance of the title Hindu Suratran

The title Hindu Suratran was of great importance to the rulers in ancient India. It was believed that the ruler with this title was the chosen one of the gods. The title gave the rulers a sense of power and authority over their subjects. They were seen as divine beings and were respected and revered by the people.

The ruler was responsible for protecting the Hindu religion and the people who followed it. They were expected to uphold the values and principles of the religion and to ensure that the people were living in peace and harmony.

The title Hindu Suratran was also important for the people. It gave them a sense of security and comfort, knowing that their ruler was chosen by the gods. They believed that the ruler would protect them and ensure their well-being.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the title Hindu Suratran was of great importance to the rulers and the people in ancient India. It was an indication that the ruler was chosen by the gods and was responsible for protecting the Hindu religion and the people who followed it. The title gave the rulers a sense of power and authority over their subjects and gave the people a sense of security and comfort.

Vitthal temple was made of single stone and designed as charoit

1800

Recognition of Hampi as a Site of National Importance

In 1976, Hampi was officially recognized as a site of national importance by the Government of India. This recognition was based on the cultural and historical significance of Hampi.

Reasons for Recognition

There were several reasons why Hampi was recognized as a site of national importance:

1. Historical Significance: Hampi was the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire, which was one of the most powerful and prosperous empires in South India. The city was a center of trade, commerce, and culture, and it played a crucial role in the development of South India.

2. Architectural Significance: Hampi is known for its magnificent architecture, which includes temples, palaces, and other structures. The architecture of Hampi is a blend of Hindu and Islamic styles, and it is considered to be one of the finest examples of Vijayanagara architecture.

3. Cultural Significance: Hampi is also important from a cultural perspective. It was a center of art and literature, and it played a crucial role in the development of Indian culture.

Impact of Recognition

The recognition of Hampi as a site of national importance had a significant impact on the city. It led to the preservation and restoration of many of the historical structures in Hampi, which had been neglected for many years. It also led to an increase in tourism, which has helped to boost the local economy.

Conclusion

Hampi is a site of immense historical, architectural, and cultural significance. Its recognition as a site of national importance has helped to preserve its heritage and promote tourism in the region.

The most beautiful building in the royal centre is the Lotus building. The following are the reasons why Lotus is the most beautiful building:

Unique Design:
Lotus is a unique and breathtaking building that stands out due to its design. The shape of the building is inspired by the lotus flower, and it replicates the flower's beauty. The petals of the lotus flower are represented by the building's eight floors, which are arranged in a circular shape.

Sustainable:
The Lotus building is not only beautiful but also environmentally friendly. The building's design allows for natural ventilation and lighting, reducing the need for artificial lighting and air conditioning. Additionally, the building has a rainwater harvesting system that collects and reuses water.

Cultural Significance:
The building's design is also culturally significant, as the lotus flower is deeply rooted in Chinese culture. The lotus flower symbolizes purity, enlightenment, and renewal, making the building a significant cultural icon.

Iconic Landmark:
The Lotus building has become an iconic landmark in the royal centre and a popular tourist attraction. The building's unique design and cultural significance attract people from all over the world, making it one of the most famous buildings in the area.

In conclusion, the Lotus building's unique design, sustainability, cultural significance, and iconic status make it the most beautiful building in the royal centre.

Working at Vijayanagara

Nagaraja Rao worked for years at Vijayanagara.

Explanation:

Vijayanagara was a prominent empire in South India from the 14th to the 17th century. It was known for its grand architecture, art, literature, and culture. Many scholars, artists, and craftsmen worked at Vijayanagara, contributing to its growth and development.

Nagaraja Rao was one such scholar who worked at Vijayanagara for many years. He was a renowned historian, archaeologist, and epigraphist who made significant contributions to the study and documentation of the Vijayanagara Empire.

Rao was born in 1933 in the state of Karnataka, India. He received his education in history, archaeology, and epigraphy from prestigious institutions like the University of Mysore and the Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute in Pune. He then worked as a lecturer and researcher at various institutions before joining the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) in 1961.

Rao worked at the ASI for over three decades, during which he conducted numerous excavations and studies of historical sites in India, including Vijayanagara. He also published several books and articles on the history and culture of South India, which are highly regarded in the academic community.

Overall, Nagaraja Rao's work at Vijayanagara and other historical sites has helped us better understand and appreciate the rich cultural heritage of South India.

The battle was fought in 1565. Rama Raya, the Chief Minister of Vijayanagar led the army into the battle of Rakshsi - Tangadi (Talikota) where his forces were routed by combined forces of Bijapur, Ahmednagar and Golconda. These forces sacked the city of Vijayanagar.

Types of Temples Found in the Hills

Jain Temples

Jain temples are the type of temples found in the hills. Jainism is an ancient Indian religion that emphasizes non-violence towards all living beings. The Jain temples found in the hills are often built in a simple and austere style, with white marble and intricate carvings. These temples are usually dedicated to the Tirthankaras, the 24 spiritual leaders of Jainism.

Features of Jain Temples

The Jain temples found in the hills have several distinctive features, including:

- Intricate carvings: Jain temples are known for their intricate and detailed carvings, which often depict scenes from Jain mythology.
- White marble: Many Jain temples are made of white marble, which is considered a pure and holy material in Jainism.
- Simple design: Jain temples are often designed to be simple and austere, in keeping with the Jain philosophy of non-attachment to material possessions.
- Tirthankara statues: Most Jain temples have statues of the Tirthankaras, which are worshipped by the faithful.

Significance of Jain Temples

Jain temples are important places of worship for followers of Jainism. They provide a space for meditation, prayer, and reflection on the teachings of the Tirthankaras. Jain temples are also important cultural and historical landmarks, showcasing the ancient art and architecture of India.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Jain temples are the type of temples found in the hills. These temples are known for their intricate carvings, white marble construction, and simple design. They are important places of worship for followers of Jainism and provide a window into ancient Indian culture and history.

Rituals associated with the structure probably coincided with Mahanavami.

Explanation:
Mahanavami is a significant Hindu festival that is celebrated on the ninth day of the Navaratri festival, which lasts for nine nights. It is observed to honor the goddess Durga and commemorate her victory over the buffalo demon Mahishasura. The festival is particularly celebrated in the Indian states of West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, and Assam.

During Mahanavami, various rituals and traditions are followed. These rituals are associated with the structure, which refers to the place of worship or the temple where the goddess Durga is worshipped. The rituals may include:

1. Prayers and Offerings: Devotees offer prayers and perform rituals to seek the blessings of the goddess Durga. They offer flowers, fruits, sweets, and other items as a mark of respect and devotion.

2. Puja: Elaborate puja ceremonies are conducted in the temples dedicated to Durga. Priests perform rituals and chant sacred mantras to invoke the presence of the goddess.

3. Aarti: Aarti is a ritual where a lamp with multiple wicks is lit, and the flame is waved in a circular motion in front of the deity. It is accompanied by the chanting of hymns and the ringing of bells.

4. Cultural Programs: During Mahanavami, cultural programs and performances are organized to showcase the rich cultural heritage of the region. Dance, music, and drama performances are held, depicting mythological stories and legends associated with Durga.

5. Processions: In some regions, grand processions are taken out, wherein an idol of Durga is carried in a beautifully decorated chariot or palanquin. Devotees gather in large numbers to participate in the procession and seek the blessings of the goddess.

These rituals associated with the structure are performed to pay homage to the goddess Durga and seek her divine blessings during the auspicious occasion of Mahanavami.

The Rulers of Vijayanagara

The rulers of Vijayanagara, a powerful empire that flourished in South India from the 14th to the 17th centuries, referred to themselves as "Rayas." This term was used to denote the kings or emperors of the Vijayanagara kingdom.

Explanation
The Vijayanagara Empire was founded in 1336 by the Sangama dynasty, which traced its lineage to the ancient Chalukya dynasty. The empire reached its peak under the rule of the Tuluva dynasty in the 15th and 16th centuries. The rulers of Vijayanagara adopted the title of "Raya" to assert their authority and legitimacy as the sovereigns of the kingdom.

Meaning of the Term "Raya"
The term "Raya" finds its roots in the Sanskrit word "raja," which means king or ruler. In the context of the Vijayanagara Empire, the title of "Raya" was used to denote the supreme ruler of the kingdom. It signified the monarch's position as the head of state and the ultimate authority in governing the empire.

Importance of the Title
The adoption of the title "Raya" by the rulers of Vijayanagara was not just a matter of semantics. It had significant political and cultural implications. By using this title, the rulers emphasized their royal lineage, legitimizing their claim to the throne and asserting their authority over the kingdom. The title also conveyed the ruler's power and sovereignty to their subjects, as well as to neighboring states and foreign powers.

Legacy of the Vijayanagara Empire
The Vijayanagara Empire left a lasting legacy in South India. Its architectural marvels, such as the famous temples of Hampi, stand as a testament to the empire's grandeur. The empire also played a crucial role in promoting art, literature, and culture, leaving a rich heritage that continues to influence the region to this day. The title of "Raya" used by the rulers of Vijayanagara reflects their prominent position in the history of South India and their contribution to the region's cultural and political development.

Structures that survive in Vijayanagara are made of stone.

Explanation:
Vijayanagara was the capital city of the Vijayanagara Empire, which was founded in the 14th century CE. The city was known for its impressive architecture and engineering, which was largely constructed using stone.

Some of the surviving structures in Vijayanagara include:

1. The Virupaksha Temple: This temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva and was built in the 7th century CE. It is one of the oldest surviving structures in Vijayanagara and is made entirely of stone.

2. The Vittala Temple: This temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu and was built in the 15th century CE. It is one of the most famous structures in Vijayanagara and is known for its impressive stone chariot.

3. The Lotus Mahal: This structure was built as a palace for the royal women of the Vijayanagara Empire. It is known for its unique architecture and is made entirely of stone.

4. The Hazara Rama Temple: This temple is dedicated to Lord Rama and was built in the 15th century CE. It is known for its intricate carvings and is made entirely of stone.

Overall, the surviving structures in Vijayanagara are a testament to the skill and craftsmanship of the architects and engineers of the Vijayanagara Empire. They serve as a reminder of the rich cultural heritage of India and are an important part of the country's history.

Vitthala Temple is the correct answer. Let's explore the details of this temple.

The Vitthala Temple is a famous temple located in Hampi, Karnataka, India. It is dedicated to Lord Vitthala, a form of Lord Vishnu. The temple is considered one of the most magnificent and iconic structures in Hampi, which was once the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire.

The temple was built during the 15th and 16th centuries by the Vijayanagara rulers. It is known for its exceptional architecture and intricate carvings, which attract tourists and devotees from all over the world.

Here are some key details about the Vitthala Temple:

1. Architecture: The temple follows the Dravidian style of architecture, characterized by its pyramid-shaped towers (gopurams), pillared halls, and intricate sculptures. The main entrance of the temple is adorned with a towering gopuram, which is a common feature of South Indian temples.

2. Musical Pillars: One of the most fascinating features of the Vitthala Temple is its musical pillars. These pillars, when struck, produce musical notes. Each pillar is intricately carved and emits a different musical sound. It is said that the pillars were created by ancient architects using a combination of natural materials and advanced acoustics.

3. Stone Chariot: Another remarkable feature of the temple is the famous Stone Chariot, also known as the Ratha. It is a stone structure resembling a chariot and is considered a masterpiece of Vijayanagara architecture. The stone chariot is intricately carved and is a symbol of the artistic brilliance of the Vijayanagara Empire.

4. Garbhagriha: The sanctum sanctorum of the temple houses the idol of Lord Vitthala. Devotees offer prayers and seek blessings at this sacred space. The deity is depicted in a standing posture, holding various weapons and adorned with divine ornaments.

5. Musical Performances: The temple complex also hosts musical performances that showcase the unique acoustics of the pillars. Musicians and performers from different parts of the country come here to demonstrate the enchanting music created by striking the pillars.

In conclusion, the Vitthala Temple in Hampi, Karnataka, is a renowned temple dedicated to Lord Vitthala. Its exceptional architecture, musical pillars, stone chariot, and religious significance make it a popular destination for tourists and devotees alike.

Acquisition of Land between Tungabhadra and Krishna Rivers

The acquisition of the land between Tungabhadra and Krishna rivers is an important event in the history of India. It was a significant moment for the Vijayanagara Empire, which was one of the most prominent empires in the South India region during the medieval period.

Date of Acquisition

The land between Tungabhadra and Krishna rivers was acquired in the year 1512. This event took place during the reign of Krishnadevaraya, who was the most famous king of the Vijayanagara Empire. He ruled the empire from 1509 to 1530 and was known for his military conquests, patronage of arts and literature, and his administrative reforms.

Significance of the Acquisition

The acquisition of the land between Tungabhadra and Krishna rivers was a significant event for the Vijayanagara Empire for several reasons. Some of these are:

1. Expansion of Territory: The acquisition of this land expanded the territory of the Vijayanagara Empire, which helped in consolidating its power and influence in the region.

2. Strategic Location: The land between Tungabhadra and Krishna rivers was strategically located, as it was an important trade route that connected the interior parts of the South India region with the coastal areas. The acquisition of this land gave the Vijayanagara Empire greater control over this trade route, which helped in boosting its economy.

3. Access to Resources: The land between Tungabhadra and Krishna rivers was rich in natural resources, such as minerals, timber, and fertile land for agriculture. The acquisition of this land gave the Vijayanagara Empire access to these resources, which helped in strengthening its economy and military power.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the acquisition of the land between Tungabhadra and Krishna rivers was a significant event in the history of the Vijayanagara Empire. It helped in expanding the empire's territory, strengthening its economy and military power, and consolidating its influence in the region.

Barbosa was born in the sixteenth century.

Evidence:

1. Historical records show that Duarte Barbosa, the Portuguese explorer and writer, was born in 1480, which falls in the sixteenth century.
2. Barbosa is known for his travelogue, "The Book of Duarte Barbosa," which recounts his travels in the Indian Ocean region between 1500 and 1516. This timeframe also aligns with the sixteenth century.

Therefore, the correct answer is option D, "Sixteenth-Century."

The correct answer is option 'A', Vijayanagara Kings. Let's delve into the details to understand why.

The Vijayanagara Empire was a powerful South Indian empire that emerged during the 14th century CE. It was founded by two brothers, Harihara I and Bukka I, who served as military commanders in the Kakatiya Kingdom. After the decline of the Kakatiya Kingdom, they established their own empire with its capital at Vijayanagara (modern-day Hampi).

During their reign, the Vijayanagara Kings competed with contemporary rulers for control of fertile river valleys. This was primarily due to the strategic importance of river valleys for agriculture, trade, and overall economic prosperity. The fertile river valleys provided ample opportunities for cultivation and irrigation, making them highly sought after by various rulers.

The Vijayanagara Kings engaged in territorial expansion and military campaigns to assert their control over these fertile regions. They faced fierce competition from neighboring kingdoms, such as the Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan, the Gajapati Kingdom in Odisha, and the various Nayaka rulers in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.

The Vijayanagara Kings implemented effective administrative and military strategies to consolidate their power. They established a decentralized system of governance, dividing the empire into administrative units known as Nadu, with each Nadu being governed by a local chief. This allowed for efficient administration and ensured the smooth functioning of the empire.

Additionally, the Vijayanagara Kings maintained a powerful military force consisting of infantry, cavalry, and elephants. They also had a navy to safeguard their coastal territories. The military prowess of the Vijayanagara Empire played a crucial role in their competition with other rulers for control of fertile river valleys.

Furthermore, the Vijayanagara Kings patronized art, literature, and architecture, resulting in the development of a unique architectural style known as the Vijayanagara style. Numerous temples and monuments were constructed during their reign, showcasing their grandeur and cultural influence.

In conclusion, the Vijayanagara Kings competed with contemporary rulers for control of fertile river valleys. Through their military campaigns, administrative strategies, and patronage of art and architecture, they established themselves as a formidable empire in South India.

Imported Animals from Arabia

Import of animals from Arabia was a common practice among kings and traders in ancient times. Among all the animals, horses were the most commonly imported ones. The reason being, Arabian horses were considered the best breed for their stamina, agility, and speed.

Arabian Horses

Arabian horses were the most valued import from Arabia. They were known as the "Arabian steed" and were usually bred in the Arabian Peninsula. These horses had a distinctive physical appearance with a chiseled head, arched neck, and high tail carriage. Their speed and endurance made them ideal for long journeys, especially in desert terrains. Moreover, Arabian horses were considered a symbol of wealth and prestige, and kings and nobles preferred them as their mounts.

Other Imported Animals

Apart from Arabian horses, other animals were also imported from Arabia. Some of them are:

- Ponies: Small horses, also known as ponies, were imported from Arabia, mainly for their use in children's rides and games.
- Cattle: The Arabian Peninsula is known for its meat and dairy production, and traders imported cattle from Arabia for their businesses.
- Donkeys: Donkeys were also imported from Arabia for their use as pack animals. They were used to transport goods, especially in difficult terrains.

Conclusion

In conclusion, kings and traders imported animals from Arabia, mainly horses, for their use as mounts and for their businesses. Arabian horses were the most valued imports due to their physical appearance and their speed and endurance. Apart from horses, ponies, cattle, and donkeys were also imported from Arabia for various purposes.