All questions of CBSE Practice Questions for Commerce Exam

Assertion (A): Data is classified in order to make them simple and brief.
Reason (R): It is easy to calculate the result with the help of classification of data in statistics.

The correct answer is option B: Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).

Explanation:
Classification of data is an important step in statistics to organize and simplify large amounts of data. It involves grouping data into categories or classes based on certain characteristics or criteria. This process helps in summarizing the data and presenting it in a more manageable and understandable form.

Reason (R):
While it is true that classification of data can make calculations easier in some cases, it is not the sole purpose of data classification. The primary objective of data classification is to organize and simplify data, making it easier to analyze, interpret, and draw meaningful conclusions. By grouping similar data together, patterns and trends can be identified more effectively.

Example:
For example, consider a dataset of sales data for a company. The data can be classified into different categories such as product type, region, and time period. By organizing the data in this way, it becomes easier to analyze sales trends for different products, compare sales performance across different regions, and track changes over time.

Benefits of Data Classification:
1. Simplifies data: Classification helps in reducing the complexity of data by grouping similar data together. This makes it easier to understand and interpret the information.
2. Enhances analysis: By organizing data into categories, it becomes easier to identify patterns, trends, and relationships. This aids in conducting more accurate and effective analysis.
3. Facilitates decision-making: Classified data provides a clear overview of different aspects, making it easier for decision-makers to derive insights and make informed decisions.
4. Improves data presentation: Classifying data allows for the creation of charts, graphs, and visual representations that make it easier to communicate and present information.
5. Enables comparison: Classification of data enables comparisons between different categories, helping to identify variations and differences that may exist.

Conclusion:
While the reason provided in the statement is partially correct, it does not fully explain the purpose of data classification. Data classification is primarily done to simplify and organize data, making it more manageable and understandable. The ease of calculation is an additional benefit that comes with the classification of data in statistics.

Macroeconomists study topics such as GDP, unemployment rates, national income, price indices, output, consumption, unemployment, inflation, saving, investment, energy, international trade, and international finance.

False Base Line is a device relating to graphical presentation. This line is used to break the continuity of Y-axis with the origin. A false base line is used when figures start with high values. If we maintain continuity of the value from the origin then sufficient portion of the graph would go waste. In the diagram given here, since all the values are confined between 800 and 1100. Therefore, in such a case, a false base line is used. After the false base line, we can start from the actual high figures as shown in the graph.

• Assertion (A): The problem of "what to produce" is indeed related to the scarcity of resources because economies must make choices about which goods and services to produce with the limited resources available.
• Reason (R): Human wants are unlimited, but resources are scarce, which correctly explains the problem described in the assertion. Due to scarcity, economies cannot produce everything people want, and they must prioritize and allocate resources efficiently.

Research results showed that for each one unit of increase in the variable of happiness 0.27 is decreased from the personnel's' death anxiety. Thus there is a significant and inverse correlation between two variables of personnel's happiness and death anxiety.

Perfect competition occurs when all companies sell identical products, market share does not influence price, companies are able to enter or exit without barrier, buyers have “perfect” or full information, and companies cannot determine prices. For example consider a farmers market where each vendor sells the same type of jam. There is little differentiation between each of their products, as they use the same recipe, and they each sell them at an equal price. At the same time, sellers are few and free to participate in the market without any barrier. Buyers, in this case, would be fully knowledgeable of the product's recipe, and any other information relevant to the good.

The arithmetic mean of the following observation 4, 8, 12, 16, is 10. 3. Cumulative frequency is needed while finding the median of the distribution. In case of calculation of median after arranging the data in ascending or descending order, the cumulative frequencies are calculated.

Throughout history, there have been oligopolies in many different industries, including steel manufacturing, oil, railroads, tire manufacturing, grocery store chains, and wireless carriers. Other industries with an oligopoly structure are airlines and pharmaceuticals.

The weighted mean is a type of mean that is calculated by multiplying the weight (or probability) associated with a particular event or outcome with its associated quantitative outcome and then summing all the products together. It is very useful when calculating a theoretically expected outcome where each outcome has a different probability of occurring, which is the key feature that distinguishes the weighted mean from the arithmetic mean.

Correct Formulas are

Index number in statistics is the measurement of change in a variable or variables across a determined period. It will show general relative change and not a directly measurable figure. An index number is expressed in percentage form.

At the point of maximum total revenue m the slope of the total revenue curve is zero and the marginal revenue is therefore also zero. The marginal revenue curve thus crosses the horizontal axis at the quantity at which the total revenue is maximum.

The mode is the value that appears most frequently in a data set. A set of data may have one mode, more than one mode, or no mode at all. Other popular measures of central tendency include the mean, or the average of a set, and the median, the middle value in a set.

First and Necessary Condition for Equilibrium:

The first and necessary condition for equilibrium in a firm is that the firm's marginal cost (MC) equals marginal revenue (MR). In other words, the rate at which the cost of producing an additional unit of output (MC) is equal to the additional revenue earned from selling that unit (MR).

Explanation:

- Equilibrium in a Firm: Equilibrium in a firm refers to the state where the firm is producing the quantity of output that maximizes its profit. It is the point at which the firm has optimized its production and pricing decisions to achieve the highest level of profit.

- MC = MR: To be in equilibrium, the first condition that must be fulfilled is that the firm's marginal cost (MC) must equal marginal revenue (MR). Marginal cost is the additional cost incurred by the firm in producing one more unit of output, while marginal revenue is the additional revenue earned from selling that additional unit of output.

- Importance of MC = MR: When MC is equal to MR, it implies that the firm is neither overproducing nor underproducing. If MC is less than MR, it means that the firm can increase its profit by producing more units of output. On the other hand, if MC is greater than MR, it indicates that the firm can increase its profit by producing fewer units of output.

- Maximum Profit: The second condition for equilibrium is that the firm's MC must be greater than MR beyond the level of output at which MC = MR. This means that while MC = MR may be fulfilled at more than one output level, only the output level beyond which MC > MR will result in maximum profits for the firm.

- Significance: The fulfillment of the first condition alone, where MC equals MR, does not ensure maximum profits for the firm. It is the combination of MC = MR and MC > MR that leads to the determination of the optimal output level, which maximizes the firm's profit.

In conclusion, the first and necessary condition for equilibrium in a firm is that the firm's marginal cost (MC) equals marginal revenue (MR). This condition ensures that the firm is producing the quantity of output that maximizes its profit. However, it is important to note that MC > MR beyond the level of output at which MC = MR is also required for the firm to achieve maximum profits.

Research results showed that for each one unit of increase in the variable of happiness 0.27 is decreased from the personnel's' death anxiety. Thus there is a significant and inverse correlation between two variables of personnel's happiness and death anxiety.

Assertion (A): A table needs to be attractive and simple.
Reason (R): Tables are prepared to make the statistics very lengthy.

The correct answer is option 'C' - Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

Explanation:
In this question, we are given an assertion and a reason related to the need for a table to be attractive and simple. Let's analyze each statement separately.

Assertion (A): A table needs to be attractive and simple.
Tables are a commonly used tool in various fields, including commerce, to present data and statistics in a systematic and organized manner. An attractive and simple table can enhance the visual appeal of the information presented and make it easier for the audience to understand and interpret the data. A well-designed table with clear headings, proper formatting, and appropriate use of colors can make the information more engaging and accessible.

Reason (R): Tables are prepared to make the statistics very lengthy.
This reason is incorrect. Tables are not prepared specifically to make statistics lengthy. The purpose of a table is to present data in a concise and structured format. While tables can accommodate large amounts of data, their primary goal is to provide a clear and organized representation of information. Tables can be used to present both small and large datasets, and their length is determined by the amount of data being presented, not the intention to make statistics lengthy.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 'C' - Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

The Law of Increasing Returns may be defined as such “As the proportion of one factor in a combination of factors is increased up to a point, the marginal product of the factor will increase. The phrase 'up to a point' may be carefully noted. The increasing return will be only up to a point.

The term positive economics refers to the objective analysis in the study of economics. Most economists look at what has happened and what is currently happening in a given economy to form their basis of predictions for the future. This investigative process is positive economics. Conversely, a normative economic study bases future predictions on value judgments.

Assertion (A): Ram made a table for all the expenditure he has incurred during a week to calculate the total amount spent by him.
Reason (R): Tables help in simplified calculation of the data in a systematic manner.

The correct answer is option 'A': Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).

Explanation:
Assertion (A): Ram made a table for all the expenditure he has incurred during a week to calculate the total amount spent by him.

When Ram made a table for all the expenditure he has incurred during a week, it means he organized the data in a tabular form. This allows him to record and categorize his expenses systematically, making it easier for him to calculate the total amount spent. By having a table, he can have a clear overview of his expenses and identify any patterns or areas where he needs to cut back.

Reason (R): Tables help in simplified calculation of the data in a systematic manner.

Tables are a useful tool for organizing and presenting data in a structured manner. They provide a systematic way of representing information, making it easier to analyze and calculate. In the case of Ram, having a table for his expenditures allows him to input the relevant data and perform calculations more efficiently. The rows and columns of a table help in categorizing different types of expenses, and the cells within the table can be used to input specific amounts. This organized format simplifies the calculation process and enables Ram to calculate the total amount spent accurately.

Thus, both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).

The accuracy of a survey estimate refers to the closeness of the estimate to the true population value. Where there is a discrepancy between the value of the survey estimate and true population value, the difference between the two is referred to as the error of the survey estimate.

Increasing returns to scale relate to the long run in which all inputs are variable. Increasing marginal returns related to the short run in which one or more input is variable and one or more input is fixed.

Assertion and Reasoning: Tables in Investigation

Assertion (A): Tables are used to clarify the object of the investigation.

Reason (R): Tables are the systematic presentation of the data.

Explanation:

Tables are widely used in research and investigations to present data in an organized and structured format. The Assertion (A) states that tables are used to clarify the object of the investigation. This statement is true because tables help to present the data in a clear and concise manner. Tables are used to summarize, compare, and contrast data, which makes it easier for the researcher to analyze and understand the information.

The Reason (R) states that tables are the systematic presentation of the data. This statement is also true because tables are a structured and organized way to present data. Tables help to organize large amounts of information and present them in a logical and systematic manner. This makes it easier for the reader to understand and analyze the data presented.

Therefore, both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true. However, Reason (R) alone is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A). The reason why tables are used in investigations is not only because they are a systematic presentation of data but also because they help to clarify the object of the investigation.

Hence, the correct answer is option (B).

Average cost rises only when Marginal Cost is greater than Average Cost. Average cost falls as long as marginal cost is below average cost (irrespective of the fact that marginal cost is rising or falling).

Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility
The law of diminishing marginal utility is an economic concept that states that as more and more units of a commodity are consumed, the marginal utility derived from every additional unit must decline. In other words, the satisfaction or utility obtained from consuming each additional unit of a good or service decreases as the quantity consumed increases.

Negative Marginal Utility and Total Utility
When the marginal utility (MU) of a commodity is negative, it means that consuming an additional unit of the commodity actually reduces the total utility (TU) derived from consuming the previous units. This occurs when the additional unit is of lower quality or has a negative effect on overall satisfaction.

Explanation of the Assertion and Reason
Assertion (A): The law of diminishing marginal utility states that as more and more units of a commodity are consumed, marginal utility derived from every additional unit must decline.
Reason (R): When MU is negative, TU will be decreasing.

The correct answer is option 'B' - Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).

The law of diminishing marginal utility is a well-established concept in economics, which suggests that as consumption of a commodity increases, the marginal utility derived from each additional unit consumed will decrease. This is because individuals tend to satisfy their most urgent needs or desires first, and as they consume more, the satisfaction gained from each additional unit diminishes.

On the other hand, the reason provided in the statement is not an accurate explanation of the law of diminishing marginal utility. While it is true that when the marginal utility is negative, the total utility will decrease, it does not fully explain the concept of diminishing marginal utility. The law of diminishing marginal utility applies even when the marginal utility is positive but decreasing.

Therefore, while both the assertion and reason are true, the reason does not provide a correct explanation for the assertion. The law of diminishing marginal utility is a broader concept that applies to all situations where marginal utility decreases with increased consumption, regardless of whether the marginal utility is negative or positive.

All economic problems arises due to unlimited human wants and limited resources. Moreover, these resources have alternative uses and wants keep on increasing each day. This economic problem is also known as the problem of choice or the problem of allocating resources to alternative uses. All the desires and aspirations and motives of humans are known as human wants in economics. And the wants that can be satisfied with goods and services of any kind are economic wants.

The upward shift represents the fact that supply often decreases when the costs of production increase, so producers need to get a higher price than before in order to supply a given quantity of output.

Scatter diagram offers a graphic expression of the direction and degree of correlation. To construct a scatter diagram, x variables are taken on X-axis and y variable is taken on Y-axis. The cluster of points, plotted, is referred to as a scatter diagram. In this, the degree of closeness of scatter points and their overall direction enables us to examine the relationship.

Assertion and Reasoning in Class Intervals

Explanation:

Assertion (A): 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40 is an example of Class Intervals.
Reason (R): Class Intervals are the value of items shown between two limits in a grouped frequency distribution.

The statement A is true as the given values 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40 are the examples of Class Intervals. Class interval means the range or group of values in which the data is divided. In statistical analysis, it is essential to group the data to avoid the complexity of handling large data.

The statement R is also true as Class Intervals are the values of items shown between two limits in a grouped frequency distribution. A frequency distribution table is a table that shows the frequency of values in a dataset. The frequency of values is calculated by grouping the data into intervals or classes. The classes have to be continuous, non-overlapping, and exhaustive.

Therefore, both assertion (A) and reasoning (R) are true. However, the reasoning is not the correct explanation of the assertion. The reason describes Class Intervals, but it does not explain why 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40 are examples of Class Intervals. Hence option B is the correct answer.

Scatter diagram offers a graphic expression of the direction and degree of correlation. To construct a scatter diagram, x variables taken on X-axis and y variable is taken on Y-axis. It gives a precise numerical value of the degree of linear relationship between two variables.

Assertion (A): There is no restriction on the entry and exit of the firms in the perfect competitive market.


Reason (R): The perfect competition market is characterized by the sellers being a price taker and not a price maker.

The correct answer is option 'B' - Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the Assertion (A).

Explanation:
Perfect competition is a market structure where there are many buyers and sellers, and no individual firm has control over the market price. In this type of market, there are no restrictions on the entry and exit of firms. Let's examine each statement in detail:

Assertion (A): There is no restriction on the entry and exit of the firms in the perfect competitive market.
In a perfectly competitive market, new firms are free to enter the market if they believe they can earn profits. Similarly, existing firms are free to exit the market if they are incurring losses. There are no legal or regulatory barriers that prevent firms from entering or exiting the market. This is because perfect competition promotes competition and allows for efficient allocation of resources.

Reason (R): The perfect competition market is characterized by the sellers being a price taker and not a price maker.
In a perfectly competitive market, each firm is a price taker, meaning they have no control over the market price. The market price is determined by the overall supply and demand in the market. Individual firms have to accept the prevailing market price and adjust their quantity of production accordingly. They cannot influence the market price by changing their output. This is because there are many buyers and sellers in the market, and no individual firm has enough market power to affect the market price.

Explanation of the Correct Answer:
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true. In a perfectly competitive market, there are no restrictions on the entry and exit of firms, and sellers are price takers. However, Reason (R) does not provide a direct explanation for Assertion (A). The fact that sellers are price takers does not necessarily imply that there are no restrictions on entry and exit. Therefore, option 'B' is the correct answer.

Factors affecting Supply: Supply refers to the quantity of a good that the producer plans to sell in the market. Supply will be determined by factors such as price, the number of suppliers, the state of technology, government subsidies, weather conditions and the availability of workers to produce the good.

The marginal utility derived from a commodity keeps on decreasing.

The Law Of Diminishing Marginal Utility states that, all else equal, as consumption increases, the marginal utility derived from each additional unit declines. Marginal utility is derived as the change in utility as an additional unit is consumed. Utility is an economic term used to represent satisfaction or happiness. Marginal utility is the incremental increase in utility that results from consumption of one additional unit.

A bar graph is a specific way of representing data using rectangular bars where the length of each bar is proportional to the value they represent. It is basically a graphical representation of data using bars of different heights.

Assertion and Reasoning: Inclusive and Exclusive Series

Assertion (A): When inclusive series is given, it needs to be changed into exclusive series.

Reason (R): It is easy to calculate using exclusive series.

Explanation:

In statistics, the data is usually represented in the form of a series. A series is a set of observations arranged in a particular order. There are two types of series - inclusive series and exclusive series.

An inclusive series includes the upper limit of each class interval, whereas an exclusive series does not include the upper limit of each class interval. For example, if the class interval is 0-10, an inclusive series would include 10 in that interval, whereas an exclusive series would not.

Assertion (A) is true because it is easier to calculate using an exclusive series. This is because the upper limit of each class interval is not included in an exclusive series. Therefore, the midpoint of each class interval can be used as the representative value of that interval. This makes calculations simpler and more accurate.

Reason (R) is also true because it is easier to calculate using an exclusive series. However, it is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A). The correct explanation of Assertion (A) is that exclusive series is preferred because it is easier to calculate.

Therefore, the correct answer is option (B) - Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).

Primary data is the collection of data collected by the investigator for his own purpose for the first time. These are collected from the source of origin.

The three basic economic problems are regarding the allocation of the resources. These are what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce.

A frequency polygon can be created from the histogram or by calculating the midpoints of the bins from the frequency distribution table. The midpoint of a bin is calculated by adding the upper and lower boundary values of the bin and dividing the sum by 2.

Unit Elastic Supply has a PES of 1, where quantity supplied change by the same percentage as the price change.

An index number is the measure of change in a variable (or group of variables) over time. Index numbers are one of the most used statistical tools in economics. Index numbers are not directly measurable, but represent general, relative changes. They are typically expressed as percents. Whereas, Mean is the central value of the items present in the series

Any observation occurring maximum number of times or most frequently in a series is the mode of that series. Thus, we can say that the mode is the item having the highest frequency. The most frequently occurring observation in a data set is called Mode (also known as modal value). This is a measure of the tendency of the data values.

One important source of oligopoly power is barriers to entry. Barriers to entry are obstacles that make it difficult to enter a given market. This means that new firms cannot enter the market whenever existing firms are making a positive economic profit, as is the case in perfect competition.

Assertion (A): Mode is dependent on frequencies.
Reason (R): Mode has very little effect on marginal units.

The correct answer is option 'B', which states that both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).

Explanation:

To understand the relationship between mode and frequencies, let's first define what mode is. Mode is a measure of central tendency that represents the most frequently occurring value in a data set. It is the value that appears the highest number of times.

Mode and Frequencies:
- The mode is dependent on frequencies because it is determined by the value with the highest frequency in the data set. In other words, the mode is the value that occurs most frequently.
- The frequency of each value in the data set is essential in determining the mode. The value with the highest frequency becomes the mode.
- If there are multiple values with the same highest frequency, the data set is said to be multimodal, meaning it has multiple modes.

Effect of Mode on Marginal Units:
- The mode does not have a direct effect on marginal units. Marginal units refer to the individual data points or observations at the extremes of the data set.
- The mode represents the most frequently occurring value, but it does not provide information about the marginal units.
- The mode focuses on the central tendency of the data set and does not consider the marginal units or outliers.

Explanation of Answer:
- Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true because the mode is indeed dependent on frequencies, and it represents the value with the highest frequency in a data set.
- However, Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A) because the mode's dependence on frequencies does not directly relate to its effect on marginal units.
- The mode is primarily concerned with identifying the most frequently occurring value and does not provide information about the marginal units or outliers.

Therefore, option 'B' is the correct answer as it correctly identifies that both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).

Assertion (A): When the price of the goods falls, the supply curve shifts to the right.
Reason (R): When price of the goods falls, the producers sell less as there is a positive relation between price and quantity supplied.

To understand the correct choice between the assertion and reason, let's analyze each statement individually:

Assertion (A): When the price of the goods falls, the supply curve shifts to the right.
The statement is true. According to the law of supply, when the price of goods decreases, producers are less willing to supply the goods at a lower price. Therefore, the quantity supplied decreases. This is represented by a movement along the supply curve, resulting in a leftward shift.

Reason (R): When price of the goods falls, the producers sell less as there is a positive relation between price and quantity supplied.
The statement is false. In reality, there is a positive relationship between price and quantity supplied, which means that as the price increases, producers are willing to supply more goods. Conversely, as the price decreases, producers are willing to supply fewer goods.

Explanation:
The correct choice is option 'C' - Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

The assertion correctly states that when the price of the goods falls, the supply curve shifts to the left. This is because producers are less willing to supply goods at lower prices. As a result, the quantity supplied decreases.

However, the reason incorrectly suggests that producers sell less when the price of goods falls. In reality, when prices decrease, producers sell more goods. This is because they can make a profit even at a lower price due to the positive relationship between price and quantity supplied.

To summarize, while the assertion is true and correctly explains the relationship between price and the supply curve, the reason is false as it incorrectly suggests that producers sell less when the price of goods falls.

Normative economics is a perspective on economics that reflects normative, or ideologically prescriptive judgments toward economic development, investment projects, statements, and scenarios.

The firm's marginal revenue will be equal to average revenue as marginal revenue is net addition to the revenue when an additional unit is produced.

Assertion and Reasoning in Graphical Representation

Assertion: In graphical representation accuracy can be checked easily.
Reason: No mathematical knowledge is required for graphically representing the data.

The correct answer is option D, i.e., Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

Explanation:

Graphical representation is a visual representation of data that makes it easier for the viewer to understand the data. It is a clear and concise way of presenting large amounts of information in an easy-to-understand format. However, graphical representation does not guarantee accuracy. It is possible to create misleading graphs if the data is not presented correctly.

In order to create an accurate graph, one needs to have a good understanding of the data being presented. This requires mathematical knowledge to ensure that the graph is correctly scaled and labeled. Without mathematical knowledge, it is possible to create a graph that is misleading or inaccurate.

However, once a graph has been created, it is generally easy to check its accuracy. This is because the data is presented visually, which makes it easy to spot any errors or inconsistencies. In addition, many software programs have built-in tools that allow users to check the accuracy of their graphs.

In conclusion, graphical representation is a useful tool for presenting data in a clear and concise format. However, it is important to have mathematical knowledge to ensure that the data is accurately represented. Once a graph has been created, it is generally easy to check its accuracy visually.

Assertion (A): Ogives can only be made with less than cumulative frequency distribution.
Reason (R): Ogive is a frequency distribution graph by plotting cumulative frequency distribution in the form of a smooth curve.

Explanation:

An ogive is a graph that represents the cumulative frequency distribution of a dataset. It is used to show the cumulative frequency of a dataset up to a certain point. The ogive is created by plotting points on a graph, where the x-axis represents the upper class boundaries of the data and the y-axis represents the cumulative frequency.

Understanding the Assertion (A):
The assertion states that ogives can only be made with less than cumulative frequency distribution. This means that the ogive graph can only be created using the less than type of cumulative frequency distribution.

Understanding the Reason (R):
The reason states that the ogive is a frequency distribution graph that plots the cumulative frequency distribution in the form of a smooth curve. This means that the ogive represents the cumulative frequencies in a graphical form.

Explanation of the Correct Answer:
The correct answer is option 'D', which states that Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
The reason for this is that ogives can be created using both less than and more than type of cumulative frequency distribution. In the less than type, the ogive is plotted by considering the upper class boundaries and the cumulative frequencies up to each class. In the more than type, the ogive is plotted by considering the lower class boundaries and the cumulative frequencies from each class onwards.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, ogives can be made with both less than and more than cumulative frequency distributions. The assertion that ogives can only be made with less than cumulative frequency distribution is false. However, the reason that ogives represent the cumulative frequency distribution in the form of a smooth curve is true.