All questions of Biotechnology & its Applications for NEET Exam

Lactic acid, fermented from bacillus lactii. It is the first fermented acid.

E coli is mainly used in biotechnology for the production of insulin. this artificially produced insulin is calld humulin.

Zymase is the enzyme which changes the simple sugars, dextrose and fructose into carbon dioxide gas and alcohol at 370C, and several esters which result in producing the unique aroma flavor and taste of bread.
Sugar or starch is used as the carbohydrate source. Zymase is the enzyme found in yeast and some bacteria.

* that why option """c""" is correct

I think fungi

Selman Waksman, the microbiologist who discovered streptomycin , first used the word 'Antibiotic' in medical in 1943.
So, the Correct answers is 'Waksman'.

The two most important bacterias are E.coli (which is used for commercial production) and Agrobacterium i.e. agrobacterium tumifaciens.
Agrobacterium has T. DNA which is transferred in host cells. That's why this bacteria is called as natural genetic engineer which is generally used for genetic engineering.

Many breads are leavened by yeast. The yeast most commonly used for leavening bread is Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the same species used for brewing alcoholic beverages. This yeast ferments some of the carbohydrates in the flour, including any sugar, producing carbon dioxide. Commercial bakers often leaven their dough with commercially produced baker's yeast. Baker's yeast has the advantage of producing uniform, quick, and reliable results, because it is obtained from a pure culture. Many artisan bakers produce their own yeast with a growth culture. If kept in the right conditions, it provides leavening for many years.

Statement 1: Transgenic mouse is termed as super mouse because it is twice big in size than the normal mouse.
Statement 2: In super mouse, the gene for human growth factor has been introduced and expressed.

The correct answer is option 'A' - Statement 1 is incorrect, but statement 2 is correct.

Explanation:
Transgenic Mouse:
A transgenic mouse is a genetically modified mouse that carries genes from other species, often human genes. These genes are introduced into the mouse genome through genetic engineering techniques. Transgenic mice are widely used in medical research to study the function of genes and to model human diseases.

Statement 1: Transgenic mouse is termed as super mouse because it is twice big in size than the normal mouse.
This statement is incorrect. The term "super mouse" is not specifically used to describe the size of a transgenic mouse. Transgenic mice can be engineered to express specific traits or genes, but these traits can vary depending on the purpose of the study. Size may or may not be a characteristic of a transgenic mouse, and it is not a defining feature of transgenic mice in general.

Statement 2: In super mouse, the gene for human growth factor has been introduced and expressed.
This statement is correct. Transgenic mice can be engineered to express specific genes from other species, including human genes. In this case, the gene for a human growth factor has been introduced into the transgenic mouse and is being expressed. This genetic modification allows researchers to study the effects of the human growth factor in a mouse model, which can provide insights into human biology and potential therapeutic applications.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, statement 1 is incorrect because the term "super mouse" is not specifically related to the size of a transgenic mouse. However, statement 2 is correct as transgenic mice can be engineered to express specific genes, including human genes such as the gene for a human growth factor.

Human insulin is produced from genetically engineered E.coli. By using genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology, insulin-producing genes from human beings have been transferred into E.coli. bacteria, which produced insulin called 'humulin' for clinical use. This type of insulin was produced commercially by an American pharmaceutical firm Eli Lily on 5th July, 1983

Renin used in cheese industry as an enzyme that helps in producing Rennet which helps in thickening and coagulation of milk during cheese making process.These transforms caseinogen in milk in to insoluble caseinogen.

• The antibiotic is the chemical substance produced by the microorganisms that can kill or inhibit the growth of the other microorganisms. There are two types of antibiotics on the basis of their action.

-》 The broad-spectrum antibiotic refers to an antibiotic that acts against a wide range of disease-causing bacteria. A broad-spectrum antibiotic act against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, in contrast to a narrow-spectrum antibiotic, which is effective against specific families of bacteria. An example of a commonly used broad-spectrum antibiotic is ampicillin.

•Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Escherichia-coli
coz they are used in RDna technology

Answer is A ,because all the given options comes under the given remaining option A .

Euphorbiacea family consist of Petro plants .Dr.M.Calvin was the first to collect the hydrocarbons from the plants of Euphorbiacea and to innovate a renewable substitute for the petroleum sources .
so , the correct answer is Calvin

Escherichia coli is the most common indicator of water pollution. It naturally occurs in the intestines of human beings and animals. They are commonly found in sewage and if E.coli are detected in water then it indicates fecal contamination. So if E.coli are detected in drinking water it indicates a serious health risk and that water should not be used for drinking. Hence, the correct answer is option 'B'.

Interferon

First artificially synthesized hormone is human insulin or humulin. It was prepared by inserting the insulin gene into a suitable vector, the E. coli bacterial cell, to produce an insulin that is chemically identical to its naturally produced counterpart. This has been achieved using recombinant DNA technology

Introduction
The patenting of rice varieties has sparked significant debate, particularly when a U.S. company patents a variety predominantly found in countries like India. Among these varieties, Basmati rice stands out as a notable example.
What is Basmati Rice?
- Basmati rice is known for its unique aroma, long grains, and fluffy texture.
- It has been cultivated in the Indian subcontinent for centuries and is a staple in various traditional dishes.
Patenting Issues
- In the late 1990s, a U.S. company, RiceTec, patented hybrid varieties that they claimed to be Basmati.
- This patent raised concerns among Indian farmers and stakeholders who argued that Basmati is a traditional variety that has been cultivated for generations in India and Pakistan.
Consequences of Patenting
- The patent led to legal battles over the rights to the name "Basmati."
- It highlighted the complexities of intellectual property rights in agriculture, especially concerning indigenous crops.
Conclusion
The case of Basmati rice serves as a significant example of the intersection between traditional agricultural practices and modern patent laws. Despite the patenting attempts, the highest number of Basmati rice varieties continues to be cultivated in India, emphasizing the importance of preserving indigenous agricultural heritage while navigating the challenges posed by globalization and intellectual property rights.

Answer c is correct.. the steps are as follows
1. the facultative anaerobic microbes degrade the complex polymers to simple monomers by enzymatic action.
2. 2nd stage , monomers are converted into organic acids by microbial action and finally converted to acetic acid.
3. in 3rd stage, acetic acid is oxidized into methane by activity of anaerobic methanogenic bacteria.

Assertion (A) is true, but reason (R) is wrong as Bt toxin is produced by a bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis.

Vinegar is a sour-tasting liquid that is commonly used in cooking, pickling, and as a condiment. It is primarily composed of acetic acid, which gives it its distinctive taste and smell. Vinegar is produced through a process called fermentation, where alcohol is converted into acetic acid by certain types of bacteria.

The correct answer to the question is option 'C', which is Acetobacter acet. Acetobacter acet is a type of bacteria that plays a key role in the formation of vinegar from alcohol.

Here is a detailed explanation of why Acetobacter acet is responsible for the formation of vinegar from alcohol:

1. Alcohol Fermentation:
- The first step in the formation of vinegar is the fermentation of alcohol. This process occurs when yeasts break down sugars present in fruits, grains, or other sources, producing alcohol as a byproduct.
- This initial fermentation process can be seen in the production of alcoholic beverages such as wine or beer.

2. Acetic Acid Fermentation:
- The second step in the formation of vinegar is the conversion of alcohol into acetic acid. This process is known as acetic acid fermentation.
- Acetobacter acet is a type of bacteria that is naturally present in the environment, including the surfaces of fruits and grains.
- Acetobacter acet has the ability to oxidize ethanol (alcohol) into acetic acid through a series of enzymatic reactions.
- This process occurs in the presence of oxygen, which is why vinegar production often involves exposing the alcohol to air by allowing it to come into contact with oxygen.

3. Role of Acetobacter acet:
- Acetobacter acet is particularly efficient in converting alcohol to acetic acid. It produces an enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde.
- Acetaldehyde is further oxidized by another enzyme called acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, which is also produced by Acetobacter acet, to form acetic acid.
- This acetic acid is the main component of vinegar, giving it its characteristic sour taste and odor.

In conclusion, the formation of vinegar from alcohol is caused by the bacteria Acetobacter acet. This bacterium has the ability to convert alcohol into acetic acid through a process called acetic acid fermentation. The enzymes produced by Acetobacter acet are responsible for the oxidation of alcohol, resulting in the production of vinegar.

¥¥Saccharomyces cerevisiae is famously known for its role in food production. It is the critical component in the fermentation process that converts sugar into alcohol, an ingredient shared in beer, wine and distilled beverages. It is also used in the baking process as a leavening agent; yeast releasing gas into their environment results in the spongy-like texture of breads and cakes. Because of its role in fermentation, humans have known about and used Saccharomyces cerevisiae for a long time. 

---)) In a process called as fermentation, yeast feeds off sugars from their substrate and convert it to ethanol,

Understanding Patents
A patent is a legal right granted to an inventor, providing exclusive rights to make, use, sell, or distribute an invention for a specified period, typically 20 years. This protection encourages innovation by allowing inventors to benefit from their creations.
Key Features of Patents
- Inventiveness: To qualify for a patent, the invention must be new, useful, and non-obvious. This means that it should not be something that anyone skilled in the field could easily deduce.
- Types of Innovations: Patents can be granted for various types of inventions, including:
- New and useful articles
- Improvements to existing products
- New processes for manufacturing or creating products
- Legal Protection: A patent holder can prevent others from making, using, or selling the invention without permission. This exclusivity allows inventors to recoup their investment in research and development.
Importance of Patents
- Encouraging Innovation: The patent system incentivizes inventors to develop new products and processes, fostering a culture of innovation.
- Economic Growth: By protecting intellectual property, patents contribute to economic development by allowing businesses to create jobs and introduce new technologies.
- Public Disclosure: In exchange for exclusive rights, inventors must publicly disclose their inventions, which facilitates knowledge sharing and further innovation.
In summary, a patent is crucial for safeguarding the rights of inventors while promoting technological advancement, which is why option 'C' is the correct answer.

Bt stands for Bacillus thruengensis
There is no any requirements of desired gene in somatic hybridisation. It is ultimately fusion protoplast of two different plants.
Flavr Savar tomatoes has been made to increase its market period and for delayed flowering.
so according to above statement option c is correct.

In 1997, an American company got patent rights on Basmati rice through the US Patent and Trademark Office. This allowed the company to sell a ‘new’ variety of Basmati which had actually been derived from Indian farmer’s varieties. Indian Basmati was crossed with semi-dwarf varieties and claimed as a novelty.

It is a form of insulin (trade name Humulin) made from recombinant DNA that is identical to human insulin; used to treat diabetics who are allergic to preparations made from beef or pork insulin.

The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) is a statutory body constituted under the 'Rules for the Manufacture, Use /Import /Export and Storage of Hazardous Microorganisms/Genetically Engineering Organisms or Cells, 1989' notified under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.