Bihar B.Ed CET Mock Test - 7 - Bihar PGT/TGT/PRT MCQ

The statement implies that inflation rates have attained levels that has been never seen before. The sentence is in present perfect tense which is indicated by the use of ‘have’. The blank will take a verb in the past participle form which means 'to attain a certain level'. Among the given options, only the word ‘reached’ fits in the given blank.

This eliminates all other options.

Meanings of the given words:

Heightened: make or become more intense.

Reached: attain or extend to (a specified point, level, or condition).

Standard: a level of quality or attainment.

Hence, the correct option is B.

Tenacious means determined and comes from tenacity. The word is not related to tenuous. Vacillating (Indecisive) is an antonym.

सही उत्तर मिश्र वाक्य है।

Key Points

• जहाँ गंगा, यमुना बहती है, वह देश उपजाऊ है। मिश्र वाक्य है।
• जिस वाक्य में एक प्रधान उपवाक्य तथा एक या एक से अधिक आश्रित उपवाक्य हों उसे मिश्र वाक्य कहते हैं।
• मिश्र वाक्य के सभी उपवाक्य योजक शब्दों से प्रारंभ हों तो वाक्य का अंतिम उपवाक्य प्रधान उपवाक्य तथा शेष सभी उपवाक्य आश्रित उपवाक्य होंगे।
  • उदाहरण- मेरा दृढ़ विश्वास है कि भारत जीतेगा।
  • सफल वही होता है जो परिश्रम करता है।

Additional Information

इनमें से 'कागज' शब्द का बहुवचन होगा - 'कागज़ात'

• कागज एक फारसी से आया हुआ शब्द है।
• यह एक संज्ञा और पुल्लिंग शब्द है।
• कागज - लिखने के काम आनेवाला एक पदार्थ जिसे सन, बाँस एवं लुगदी आदि को गलाकर बनाया जाता है।

Key Pointsएकवचन:-

• संज्ञा के जिस रूप से किसी व्यक्ति, वस्तु, प्राणी, पदार्थ आदि के एक होने का बोध हो या पता चलता है उसे एकवचन कहते हैं।
• जैसे - लड़का, गाय, सिपाही घोड़ा, बच्चा, कपड़ा, माला, पुस्तक, स्त्री, टोपी, मोर आदि।

बहुवचन:-

• संज्ञा के जिस रुप से किसी व्यक्ति, वस्तु, प्राणी, पदार्थ आदि के एक से अधिक होने का बोध होता है या पता चलता है उसे बहुवचन कहते हैं।
• जैसे - लड़के, बच्चे, कपड़े पुस्तकें, स्त्रियां टोपियाँ, गाड़ियां, ठेले, नदियां आदि।

उन्मीलन का अर्थ - खुलना (आँख का), खिलना

निमीलन का अर्थ - पलक का गिरना, झपकना

Q, R, S, T, U, and V are seated in a straight line facing North.

i) S is second to the right of T.

ii) T is second to the right of Q.

iii) R is to the immediate left of Q

iv) R is to the immediate left of Q and is second to the left of V.

Thus we can see there are two persons seating between S and V.

Hence, the correct answer is "Two".

The logic followed is:

Similarly,

Hence, the correct answer is "15".

As Students read in College similarly Patients are treated in Hospital.

International Yoga Day is celebrated on 21^st June every year.

Similarly;

Kargil Victory day is commemorated on 26^th July every year.

Hence, "Kargil Victory Day : 26^th July" is the correct answer.

Important Points

From Statement 1:

C = X ≤ D ≥ R

From the statement, the conclusion H < D is not followed because H is absent.

From Statement 2:

R > Z = O > H

From the statement, the conclusion H < D is not followed because D is absent.

From Statement1 and Statement2:

We have, C = X ≤ D ≥ R > Z = O > H

From the statement, H < O = Z < R ≤ D, the conclusion H < D is followed.

Hence option D is correct.

Thus, the code for REMAIN is 8@7$%6.
Hence, option D is correct.

The history of Poland from 1945 to 1989 spans the period of communist rule imposed by the Soviets over Poland after the end of World War II. The Iraq War was a protracted armed conflict that began in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a United States-led coalition that overthrew the government of Saddam Hussein. The conflict continued for much of the next decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government.

The right to constitutional remedies is often referred to as the heart and soul of the Indian Constitution. Here is a detailed explanation of why it holds such significance:
1. Importance:
- The right to constitutional remedies is enshrined in Article 32 of the Indian Constitution, which allows individuals to directly approach the Supreme Court for the enforcement of their fundamental rights.
- It ensures that every citizen has access to justice and can seek legal remedies in case of violation of their rights.
- This right acts as a safeguard against any form of arbitrary action by the state or its authorities.
2. Role in protecting other fundamental rights:
- The right to constitutional remedies is instrumental in protecting and upholding other fundamental rights.
- It enables individuals to seek redressal if their rights to equality, freedom, and religion, among others, are violated.
- This right ensures that the other fundamental rights are not mere paper provisions but hold practical value and can be enforced.
3. Judicial review:
- The right to constitutional remedies empowers the judiciary to review the actions and laws passed by the government.
- It allows the courts to strike down any legislation or executive action that is found to be unconstitutional or in violation of fundamental rights.
- This ensures a system of checks and balances and prevents the abuse of power by the legislature and executive.
4. Protection of minority rights:
- The right to constitutional remedies plays a crucial role in protecting the rights of minorities, including religious and linguistic minorities.
- It allows individuals belonging to minority communities to seek legal remedies if their rights are infringed upon or if they face discrimination.
5. Enforcement of socio-economic rights:
- The right to constitutional remedies also extends to socio-economic rights, such as the right to education, right to livelihood, and right to a clean environment.
- It enables individuals to approach the courts if these rights are violated or neglected by the government or any other entity.
In conclusion, the right to constitutional remedies is rightfully considered the heart and soul of the Indian Constitution as it ensures the effective enforcement of all other fundamental rights and acts as a safeguard against the abuse of power.

• Soils are complex mixtures of minerals, water, air, organic matter, and countless organisms that are the decaying remains of once-living things.
• Soils are formed as a result of weathering of rocks.
• India has varied relief features, landforms, climatic realms and vegetation types.
• These have contributed to the development of various types of soils in India.
• Each soil has unique properties and characteristics.

Key-Points
Riverine soil:

• Khadar and Bhangar are types of riverine i.e. alluvial soil.
• Alluvial soil is also known as riverine soil because it is found in river basins and is formed when the velocity of streams and rivers slows.
• Alluvial soil is formed by the deposition of sediments carried by rivers starting from the mountains (its origin).
• When the river overflows, this soil is deposited on the riverbanks.

​​Important Points
Some important points that distinguish between Khadar and Bhangar are:

Thus, Khadar and Bhangar are types of riverine i.e. alluvial soil.

Additional Infromation

Makherla soil: It is another name for laterite soil.
Regur soil: It is another name for black soil.
Urvara soil: It is the name for soils that are fertile in nature.

Issuance of Currency in India

• Reserve Bank of India: The Reserve Bank of India is the sole authority responsible for issuing currency in India. It is the central banking institution that controls the monetary policy of the country.


• Commercial Banks: While commercial banks play a significant role in the distribution and circulation of currency, they do not have the authority to issue currency. They obtain currency from the Reserve Bank of India for their banking operations.


• Regional Rural Banks: Regional Rural Banks also do not have the authority to issue currency. They operate under the supervision of the Reserve Bank of India and other regulatory bodies.


• Nationalised Banks: Nationalised banks, like commercial banks, do not have the authority to issue currency. They rely on the Reserve Bank of India for the supply of currency notes and coins.

Therefore, the correct answer is that currency in India is issued by the Reserve Bank of India.

The Assam government has repealed the Assam Muslim Marriage and Divorce Registration Act, 1935, as announced in a recent cabinet meeting in Guwahati. The Act, utilized by 94 Muslim registrars for marriage and divorce registrations, will no longer be valid. Assam Tourism Minister Jayanta Malla Baruah revealed the decision, stating that Muslim marriage and divorce registrations will no longer be conducted under this Act. The government will offer a one-time compensation of two lakh rupees to the affected Muslim Marriage Registrars for rehabilitation.

The given passage states that the WHO and UNICEF are engaged in a number of programmes in cooperation with the Government of India.

Union Home Minister Amit Shah unveiled a book titled ‘Memories Never Die,’ tribute to former President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam.
The Minister  unveiled the book during his two-day visit to the Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu. The book was co-authored by Dr. APJM Nasima Maraikayar and scientist Dr. Y. S. Rajan.

The correct answer is Saraswati.

• Saraswati river has been linked closely to Vedic civilization.
• It is now extinct and known as the ‘disappeared’ river.
• The government of Haryana is planning to revive lost Saraswati by pumping groundwater and borrowing water from the Yamuna river.
• Chautang, Drishtawati, Dohan and Krishnawati are facing near extinction like Saraswati.

​

• The first figure shows the early Vedic course of the river while the second figure shows the current situation.

Milosevic's attitude towards the Albanians:
- His government was hostile to the Kosovo Albanians:
- Milosevic's government implemented discriminatory policies against the Kosovo Albanians, limiting their rights and opportunities.
- Albanian language and culture were suppressed, and Albanians were marginalized in political, social, and economic spheres.
- The government used force and repression to suppress Albanian dissent, leading to human rights abuses and violence against the Albanian population.
- He wanted Serbs to dominate the Albanians:
- Milosevic aimed to maintain Serbian dominance over Kosovo and sought to diminish Albanian influence and control in the region.
- His policies were aimed at establishing Serbian control over Kosovo's institutions, resources, and population.
- Milosevic's government supported Serb settlement in Kosovo, further exacerbating tensions between the Serbian and Albanian communities.
- He wanted to bring equality between Serbs and Albanians:
- While Milosevic claimed to advocate for equality, his actions and policies favored Serbian interests and undermined the rights and opportunities of the Albanian population.
- The level of discrimination and oppression faced by the Kosovo Albanians under his government indicates that his supposed commitment to equality was not genuine.

In summary, Milosevic's attitude towards the Albanians was hostile and aimed at maintaining Serbian dominance and control over Kosovo, rather than promoting equality between Serbs and Albanians.

Investment refers to the act of spending money with the expectation of generating future income or returns. In the context of the given options, investment can be made in various forms, such as factory building, machines, and equipment. Let's break down each option to understand how they contribute to investment:
1. Factory Building: Investing in factory buildings involves constructing or acquiring physical structures where production activities take place. This includes purchasing land, materials, and labor to establish a manufacturing facility.
2. Machines: Investment in machines refers to purchasing or leasing equipment that aids in the production process. Machines can range from simple tools to complex industrial machinery, depending on the nature of the business.
3. Equipment: Equipment investment involves acquiring necessary tools, devices, or instruments to support the production or operation of a business. This can include items such as computers, vehicles, furniture, or specialized machinery.
4. All the above: The answer option "D: all the above" indicates that investment encompasses spending on factory building, machines, and equipment. This means that investment is not limited to any single form but includes all these options.
In summary, investment involves spending on factory building, machines, and equipment. These investments are made with the expectation of generating future income or returns.

Objectives of Early Childhood Education: The aim of Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) is to facilitate the optimum development of the child’s full potential and lay the foundation for all-round development and lifelong learning.

Key Points

This aim is to be achieved through enabling the child to:

• Develop a positive self-concept.
• Establish a sound foundation for a good physique, adequate muscular coordination and basic motor skills.
• Imbibe good health habits and basic life skills/ self-help skills necessary for personal social adjustment.
• Enhance verbal and non-verbal communication skills which would facilitate the expression of thoughts and feelings in fluent, correct, clear speech.
• Develop the five senses and cognitive skills and concepts which are the foundation for higher-order thinking and reasoning.
• Develop emotional maturity by guiding the child to express, understand, accept and control feelings and emotions.
• Imbibe values, social attitudes and manners important in his/her socio-cultural context and to become sensitive to the rights and privileges of others.
• Develop independence, aesthetic appreciation and creativity by providing a child with sufficient opportunities for self-expression and active exploration, investigation and experimentation.
• Make a smooth transition from preschool to primary through the development of emergent literacy and school readiness. 

Hence, we conclude that the developmental objectives in the curriculum framework for early childhood development is towards all the above points.

Curriculum planning is a process, in which participants at different levels take decisions about the goals of learning, decide about the teaching-learning process by which these may be achieved, and determine whether the methods and means adopted are effective.

Key Points
Principle of flexibility:

• It suggests that curriculum should be formed on the basis of individual differences as each child is different from the other.
• It must also be responsive to social and technological changes and meet learner’s needs arising from that change process. 
• It must encourage the effective use of new technologies as tools of learning.
• According to NEP 2020, While students must have a large amount of flexibility in choosing their curricula, certain subjects, skills, and capacities should be learned by all students to become good, successful, innovative, adaptable, and productive human beings in today’s rapidly changing world.

Hence, we can conclude that the Principle of flexibility suggests that a curriculum should be formed based on individual differences as each child is different from the other.

Additional Information

Some important theories of curriculum:

• Principle of Inclusivity: Inclusivity means providing all groups of learners, irrespective of educational settings, with access to a wide range of knowledge, skills, and values. It is necessary to provide learners with opportunities to evaluate how concepts such as culture, gender, disability, race, and class are constructed.
  • Principle of Coherence: A curriculum can be stated as coherent when learning is built on the previous knowledge of learners. Students learn at their own pace and in different ways, constructing new knowledge and understandings in ways that link their learning to their prior knowledge.

Leadership: It refers to the process of encouraging and influencing people to direct their efforts towards the achievement of some particular goals. It transforms individuals' potential into reality.

• Leadership style: It refers to an approach adopted by leaders to provide direction, to implement plans and to influence their followers/members effectively. There are different kinds of leadership styles in fashion.

Key Points

From the above-mentioned information it could be interpreted that it is 'laissez faire' leadership style as it is a leadership style in which:

• leaders allow their members to make decisions.
• leaders don't interfere but help members when needed.
• leaders create a positive and autonomous environment.
• leaders emphasize to develop the full potential of members.

Hence, it could be concluded that 'laissez faire' leadership style is true in the context of the question.

Additional Information

Mental health is a state of well-being that involves emotional, psychological, and social health and well-being. Mental health affects how an individual thinks, acts, or feels.

• Mental health also helps individuals to deal with stressful situations effectively.

Key Points

• Promoting mental health in the workplace is a highly effective activity to promote mental health.
• Individuals spend the majority of their time in the workplace, hence, promoting mental health in the workplace will be beneficial.
• Community awareness programmes also help promote mental health in the community, schools, homes, etc. 
• Programmes are established for special populations such as people with anxiety, depression and stress. 
• It will also improve their performance in the workplace.
• Personal life will also be balanced and maintained effectively due to effective mental health.
• Promoting mental health in the workplace will intrinsically motivate individuals, which is beneficial for both individuals and companies.
• Maintaining healthy mental health will integrate the mind, body, and environment for effective outcomes.

Additional Information

• Community awareness programs are also an effective initiative in promoting mental health at the community level.

Thus, it can be concluded that promoting mental health in the workplace can be performed to promote mental health.

Constructivism is basically a theory-based on observation and scientific study about how people learn. It says that people construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world, through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences.

Key Points

• Constructivist approach to assessment is formative rather than summative.
• Its purpose is to improve the quality of student learning, not to provide evidence for evaluating or grading students.
• In the context of the constructivist approach, assessments need to gauge the progress of students in achieving the three major learning outcomes of the constructivist approach: conceptual understanding in science, abilities to perform scientific inquiry, and understanding of inquiry.
• Assessments have to respond to the particular needs and characteristics of the teachers, students, and science content.
• Assessment is context-specific: what works well in one class will not necessarily work in another.
• Assessment is an ongoing process. Teachers get feedback from students on their learning.

Thus, it is concluded that the constructivist approach to assessment is formative rather than summative.

Additional Information

Diversity in literary terms means differences. The term diversity, when used in discourse related to people or communities or in social contexts is more specific, indicates that a group of people is made up of individuals who are different from each other in some way or the other or it means collective differences among people, that is, those differences which mark off one group of people from another.

• For example, differences in culture, language, gender, appearance (e.g. skin color, hair type) lifestyle, social and economic status, family structure, abilities, (e.g. physical, social, creative, and intellectual), values, and beliefs.

Key Points 

• Social inclusion refers to a process by which efforts are made to ensure equal opportunities for all, regardless of their background, be it money, class, ethnicity, gender, race, or whatever the index of diversity be, to enable full and active participation in all aspects of life, including civic, social, economic, and political activities, as well as participation in decision-making processes.
• Social inclusion can be approached as a goal, an objective, and a process. Its process affects almost all societal activities, and should therefore be approached from various dimensions.
• If a society is inclusive it means that it understands, accepts, and respects diversity, it not only recognizes diversity but also embodies it so that each member of the diverse society can achieve their full potential in life.

Thus, it is concluded that Social inclusion is a process by which efforts are made to ensure equal opportunities for all, regardless of their background.

Hint

• ​Social exclusion or social marginalization is a term used across disciplines including education, sociology, psychology, politics, and economics. Because of social exclusion, the affected individuals or communities are prevented from participating fully in the economic, social, and political life of the society in which they live.

B. F. Skinner, an American psychologist, propounded the "Theory of Operant Conditioning" which is also known as "Theory of Reinforcement" and "Instrumental Conditioning  Theory".

• This theory refers to the learning process where learning takes place through rewarding a certain behaviour or withholding reward for undesirable behaviour.
• Skinner emphasizes that a person or animal tends to ‘repeat’ behaviour which has been ‘rewarded’ (positively reinforced), or tends to ‘stop’ which has been ‘punished’ (negatively reinforced).

Key Points

Reinforcement:

• Much of human learning could be explained with the help of the operant conditioning method. The role of reinforcement is very crucial in operant conditioning. It can be positive or negative. 
• For example, parents and other authorities attempt to discourage aggressive behaviours by punishing them and reward for good behaviours.

Let us understand these two types of reinforcement.

• Positive Reinforcement: 
  • ​A behaviour that is associated with a positive consequence or desirable outcome in the past will increase the chances of the behaviour to occur again. This is called positive reinforcement.
  • For example, Irfan, a new manager in a company, began praising workers for submitting their reports on time. In a couple of weeks, this reinforcement by praise greatly increased on-time reports.
• Negative reinforcement: 
  • Learning can also take place if an undesirable consequence is avoided because of an action taken. This is called negative reinforcement. It can be used for children with Special Needs.
  • For example, if a student does not prepare for exams and gets fail marks (painful) and understands that by preparing for the next exam he can avoid getting fail marks, then we can say he is negatively reinforced to study.

Hence, it could be concluded that ​​“Concept of reinforcement” is an important element of Operant conditioning theory of learning.

Ivan Pavlov, a Russian psychologist has propounded the 'Theory of Classical Conditioning' which emphasizes that learning as a habit formation is based on the principle of association and substitution.

Key Points

• Dog was involved in Pavlov’s experiment of classical conditioning. During his experiment, Pavlov noticed that dog started secreting saliva as soon as the dog saw the empty plate in which food was served. Saliva secretion is a reflexive response to food or something in the mouth.  

Let's have a look at Pavlov’s experiment:

• Pavlov was studying the gastric secretion of the dogs by placing meat powder in their mouth and measuring the saliva.
• A bell was sounded and immediately thereafter food (meat powder) was served to the dog. The dog was allowed to eat it.
• For the next few days, every time the meat powder was presented, it was preceded by the sound of a bell
• After a number of such trials, a test trial was introduced in which everything was the same as the previous trials except that no food followed the sounding of the bell.
• The dog still salivated to the sound of the bell, expecting the presentation of the meat powder as the sound of the bell had come to be connected with it.
• This association between the bell and food resulted in the acquisition of a new response by the dog, i.e. salivation to the sound of the bell. This has been termed as conditioning.
• All dogs salivate when they are presented with food. Food is thus an Unconditioned Stimulus (US) and salivation, which follows it, is an Unconditioned Response (UR).
• After conditioning, salivation started to occur in the presence of the sound of the bell. The bell becomes a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) and saliva secretion a Conditioned Response (CR). This kind of conditioning is called classical conditioning.

Hence, it could be concluded that Dog was involved in Pavlov’s experiment of classical conditioning. 

NOTE: Pigeon and rabbit were involved in Skinner’s experiment of operant conditioning.

In Receptive or Passive learning, the direction of learning is from written or spoken form to meaning.
Key Points There are some essential points related to the respective learning given below.

• In receptive learning, we derive knowledge of words through encountering them in text and speech.
• Receptive learning is associated with learning a  language through reading and listening.
• Reading and listening involve receiving information and so they are called receptive learning.
• In receptive learning, the concept is given by someone and received by the child.
• These skills are sometimes known as passive learning.
• Receptive skills can be contrasted with the productive or active skills of speaking and writing.
• The most common approach to receptive skills in the TEFL classroom is to ask students to read.

 Hence we can say that the concept given by someone and received by a child such type of learning takes place in Receptive learning in Modern Cognitive Theory.

Additional Information

• Receptive language is the understanding of the information provided in a variety.
• Receptive language is important to communicate successfully.
• The aim of teaching receptive to help the learner to understand spoke