History Mock Test- 2 - Class 10 MCQ

The term globalization derives from the word globalize, which refers to the emergence of an international network of economic systems.One of the earliest known usages of the term as a noun was in a 1930 publication entitled Towards New Education, where it denoted a holistic view of human experience in education. The term 'globalization' had been used in its economic sense at least as early as 1981, and in other senses since at least as early as 1944.Theodore Levitt is credited with popularizing the term and bringing it into the mainstream business audience in the later half of the 1980s. Since its inception, the concept of globalization has inspired competing definitions and interpretations. Its antecedents date back to the great movements of trade and empire across Asia and the Indian Ocean from the 15th century onward.

The main aim of the post-war international economic system was to preserve economic stability and full employment in the industrial world. Its framework was agreed upon at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in July 1944 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA.

Correct option is A. Africa

Romanticism was an artistic, intellectual and cultural movement that ran from the late eighteenth century through the nineteenth century. Romanticism can be seen as a rejection of order’s precepts, calm, harmony, balance, idealisation, and rationality that typified Classicism in general and late 18th-century.

An attribute such as a common language' was not one that Renan had suggested. He criticised such a point forming a nation.

The Ninety-five Theses or Disputation on the Power of Indulgences are a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther, professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, Germany, that started the Reformation, a schism in the Catholic Church which profoundly changed Europe.Acting on this belief, he wrote the “Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences,” also known as “The 95 Theses,” a list of questions and propositions for debate. Popular legend has it that on October 31, 1517 Luther defiantly nailed a copy of his 95 Theses to the door of the Wittenberg Castle church. 

The Gita Govinda is a work composed by the 12th-century Indian poet, Jayadeva. It describes the relationship between Krishna and the gopis of Vrindavana, and in particular one gopi named Radha. The Gita Govinda is organized into twelve chapters.

 Aamar Jiban, published in 1876, is the name of Rassundari Devi's autobiography and is the first autobiography written by an Indian woman and also the first written by any Bengali female. It tells us about the status of women in the 19th century Indian society.

Explanation:

• Assertion (A): There was a collapse of the system of fixed exchange rates.


• Reason (R): From the 1960s, the rising costs of its overseas involvements weakened the US's finances and competitive strength. It could not command confidence as the world's principal currency.

• During the 1960s, the United States faced increased costs due to its involvement in overseas conflicts such as the Vietnam War.


• This led to a weakening of the US's financial position and competitive strength in the global market.


• As a result, the US dollar, which was the world's principal currency at that time, started losing its credibility and the confidence of other nations.


• This loss of confidence eventually led to the collapse of the system of fixed exchange rates, as countries no longer trusted the US dollar to maintain its value.


• Therefore, the reason provided explains why the collapse of the fixed exchange rate system occurred.


• Hence, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Mahatma Gandhi successfully organised satyagraha movements in Champaran in Bihar, Kheda district of Gujarat and Ahmedabad.

Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in January 1915. In 1916 he travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system. In 1917, he organised a satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat who were demanding that revenue collection be relaxed. Affected by crop failure and a plague epidemic, the peasants of Kheda could not pay the revenue. In 1918, he went to Ahmedabad to organise a satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill workers.

Mahatma Gandhi , in his famous book Hind Swaraj ( 1909) , declared that British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians and had survived only because of this cooperation. If Indians refuse to co-operate, British rule in India would collapse within one year and Swaraj would come.

Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary. He was born in Genoa and became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari.

(i) At the age of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution.

(ii) He founded two more secret societies, (a) Young Italy in Marseilles (b) Young Europe in Berne.

(iii) Members of these underground societies were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and German states.

(iv) Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives.

If France sneezes, rest of Europe catches cold' was said by Metternich, the Austrian Chancellor. He opined that the political developments in France were stimulative to other countries of Europe. like the French Revolution and the ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity. 

The Τreaty of Constantinople was the product of the Constantinople Conference which opened in February 1832 with the participation of the Great Powers (Britain, France and Russia) on the one hand and the Ottoman Empire on the other

Romanticism (also known as the Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1890. The correct answer is C.

In 1834, a customs union or Zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.

China Trade:

• High Demand: The China trade refers to the trade of goods between China and other countries. During the early entrepreneurial period, there was a high demand for Chinese goods such as tea, silk, and porcelain in Europe and America.


• Profit Margins: The China trade offered lucrative profit margins for early entrepreneurs due to the high demand for Chinese goods and the unique nature of these products.


• Monopoly: Some entrepreneurs were able to establish monopolies in the China trade, allowing them to control the supply and price of Chinese goods in Western markets.


• Global Influence: Engaging in the China trade allowed early entrepreneurs to establish global connections and expand their influence in international trade networks.

Explanation:

• Portuguese and Spanish Conquest and Colonization: The assertion that the Portuguese and Spanish conquest and colonization of America was decisively underway by the mid-sixteenth century is true. Both countries had established colonies and were actively expanding their territories in the Americas during this time period.



• Spanish Conquerors' Most Powerful Weapon: The reason given that the most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors was the rinderpest is incorrect. The Spanish conquerors did not use rinderpest as a weapon. They relied on military tactics, superior weaponry, alliances with indigenous groups, and diseases unintentionally introduced by Europeans (such as smallpox) to conquer and subjugate the native populations.



• Correct Explanation: Therefore, while the assertion is true in stating that the Portuguese and Spanish conquest and colonization of America was underway by the mid-sixteenth century, the reason provided is incorrect. The spread of diseases like smallpox, rather than rinderpest, played a significant role in the success of Spanish conquerors in the Americas.

From ancient times, travellers, traders, priests and pilgrims travelled vast distances for knowledge, opportunity and spiritual fulfilment, or to escape persecution. As early as 3000 BCE an active coastal trade linked the Indus valley civilisations with present-day West Asia.

Explanation:
The most powerful weapon that the Spanish conquerors of America had was a combination of factors, including superiority in conventional weapons and the introduction of deadly diseases to which the native inhabitants had no immunity. This combination of factors greatly facilitated the conquest of America by the Spanish.
Superiority in conventional weapons:
- The Spanish conquistadors had access to advanced weaponry such as guns, cannons, and steel weapons.
- These weapons gave them a significant advantage over the native populations, who often fought with less advanced weapons like bows and arrows or stone weapons.
- The Spanish were able to overpower and defeat indigenous armies with their superior firepower.
Introduction of deadly diseases:
- The arrival of the Spanish brought diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza to which the native populations had no immunity.
- These diseases spread rapidly and devastated the indigenous populations, leading to a significant decrease in their numbers.
- The weakened indigenous populations were more susceptible to Spanish conquest and colonization.
Combined effect:
- The combination of superior weaponry and the introduction of deadly diseases created a devastating impact on the indigenous populations.
- The Spanish were able to defeat and subjugate native armies with their advanced weapons, while the diseases decimated the population, making resistance more difficult.
- This combination of factors paved the way for Spanish conquest and colonization of America.
In conclusion, the most powerful weapon that the Spanish conquerors of America had was a combination of superiority in conventional weapons and the introduction of deadly diseases to which the native populations had no immunity. This combination greatly facilitated their conquest and colonization of America.

Galley is the metal frame in which types are laid and the text composed.

Protestant Reformation Movement and its relation to religion
The Protestant Reformation movement was a significant religious, political, and cultural upheaval that took place in the 16th century. It was primarily related to the religion of Christianity. Here's a detailed explanation:
1. Background
- The Protestant Reformation was sparked by the dissatisfaction of some Christian individuals with the practices and teachings of the Catholic Church.
- It originated in Europe, particularly in Germany, and quickly spread to other parts of the continent.
2. Key Figures
- Martin Luther: A German monk and theologian who played a crucial role in initiating the Reformation by posting his 95 Theses on the door of the Wittenberg Castle Church in 1517.
- John Calvin: A French theologian who developed the theological system known as Calvinism, which had a significant impact on the Reformation movement.
3. Beliefs and Principles
- The movement was characterized by several key beliefs and principles, including:
- Sola Scriptura: Emphasizing the authority of Scripture alone as the source of religious truth, disregarding certain Catholic traditions and practices.
- Salvation by Faith: Emphasizing that individuals are justified by faith alone, rather than by good works.
- Priesthood of All Believers: Affirming the belief that all Christians have direct access to God and do not require intermediaries, such as priests.
4. Reformation Impact
- The movement led to the establishment of various Protestant denominations, including Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglicanism, and others.
- It challenged the authority and power of the Catholic Church and resulted in the division of Christianity into Catholicism and Protestantism.
- The Reformation had profound social, political, and cultural consequences, including the rise of nation-states and the development of modern ideas about individual rights and freedoms.
In conclusion, the Protestant Reformation movement was indeed related to the religion of Christianity. Its impact on Christianity and European society was profound, leading to the emergence of various Protestant denominations and significant changes in religious, political, and cultural landscapes.

The Brothers Grimm (die Brüder Grimm or die Gebrüder Grimm), Jacob Ludwig Karl (1785–1863) and Wilhelm Carl (1786–1859), were German academics, philologists, cultural researchers, lexicographers and authors who together collected and published folklore during the 19th century. They were among the first and best-known collectors of German and European folk tales, and popularized traditional oral tale types such as "Cinderella" ("Aschenputtel"), "The Frog Prince" ("Der Froschkönig"), "The Goose-Girl" ("Die Gänsemagd"), "Hansel and Gretel" ("Hänsel und Gretel"), "Rapunzel", "Rumpelstiltskin" ("Rumpelstilzchen"), "Sleeping Beauty" ("Dornröschen"), and "Snow White" ("Schneewittchen").

Reasons why General Dyer opened fire on a peaceful crowd in Jallianwalla Bagh:

• To create a feeling of terror and awe in the mind of Indians: General Dyer wanted to instill fear and establish British authority over the Indian population by using extreme force against a peaceful gathering.

By firing on unarmed civilians in a confined space, General Dyer aimed to send a strong message of British supremacy and discourage any form of dissent or protest against colonial rule. The brutal act was intended to subdue the Indian population and prevent any future uprisings against British rule.

Jobber is the person who got people from the village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in cities and provided them money in times of need. 

• England (Britain) was the first country to industrialize because it had resources that included coal, water, iron ore, rivers, harbors, and banks.
• Britain also had all the factors of production that the Industrial Revolution required. These factors of production included land, labor (workers), and capital (wealth).

Foods such as potato which were unknown before were only introduced in Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered the vast continent known as the Americas.

India and China were two of the world’s wealthiest countries until the eighteenth century. The geographical location was favourable for the Indian subcontinent; it was an important point in the trade networks. The Indian Ocean provided easy transportation. India and China traded spices, silk, pottery and minerals with other countries. Industries were not established in India, but it provided raw materials to countries like England.

Explanation:

• Port Towns in 18th Century India:




• During the 18th century, Surat was one of the most prominent port towns in India.


• It was a major trading center for textiles and other goods.


• However, due to various factors such as the shift in trade routes and the decline of the Mughal Empire, Surat began to witness a decline in its importance as a port town.




• Factors Contributing to the Decline:




• The emergence of Bombay (now Mumbai) as a major port town in the 18th century also played a role in the decline of Surat.


• Bombay's strategic location and growing importance as a trading hub attracted merchants and traders away from Surat.


• Other port towns like Calcutta and Madras also saw growth during this period, further contributing to Surat's decline.




• Overall Impact:




• The decline of Surat as a port town in the 18th century marked a shift in India's trade dynamics and the rise of new centers of commerce.


• It highlights the changing economic landscape of colonial India and the impact of global trade trends on local economies.