KVS TGT Social Science Mock Test - 3 - KVS PGT/TGT/PRT MCQ

C: on

• The preposition 'on' is used when referring to something that is physically touching and positioned above a surface, in this case, the wall.
• The picture is attached to the wall and is not inside, under or at the wall, making 'on' the most appropriate preposition.

Repeal: To revoke or annul a law, regulation, or decision, typically through official or legislative means.

1. Sanction:

   • As a verb: to give official permission or approval for an action.
   • As a noun: a penalty or measure taken against someone who has violated a rule or law.

2. Perpetuate: To make something continue indefinitely; to sustain or prolong.

3. Pass:

   • As a verb: to approve or adopt a proposal or legislation.
   • As a noun: a successful attempt to achieve something; also, a document or ticket granting authorization or access.

4. Cancel: To revoke or annul something previously scheduled, arranged, or agreed upon; to declare null and void.

Correct option D

Use structure “subject + auxiliary + past participle + by + object”
As per the given above sentence is given in Passive Voice.
The patient was advised by the doctor not to eat rice.
Therefore ,required answer will be option A .

One word substitution is Dotage.

Imbecility: Stupid or insane behaviour.

Youth: The period between childhood and adult age.

Dotage: The period of life in which a person is old and weak, especially with some loss of mental ability.

Superannuation: Regular payment made into a fund by an employee towards a future pension.

Key Points

• George Herbert Mead, an American sociologist, asserted in 1972 that young infants learn social behavior by copying people around them.
• By doing this, the youngster might learn to comprehend the activity of the person he is dealing with.
• One method that kids frequently emulate what adults do is through "play."
• Children’s play gradually develops from simple imitation to difficult games where a child of four or five years old will enact the role of an adult.
• For example, children are often found imitating the classroom situation where one becomes the teacher, the others become students and they enact a classroom teaching session. Most children locally refer to this play as ‘Teacher-Teacher’. Another similar act of play is that of ‘Doctor-Patient’ where children imitate the role of a doctor, nurse, and patient and try to enact a situation where a patient goes to the doctor for treatment.

Thus, it is concluded that Mead and his Theory of the Development of Self is reflected in the given statement.

Additional Information

• Charles Horton Cooley, the American sociologist is best known for his concept of the “looking glass self”. Children develop a concept of their selves with the help of others around them. She/he forms an idea about oneself based on the opinions of others about her/him. 
• Freud and his Psychoanalytic Theory:- The Austrian neurologist and father of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud believe socialization demands that individuals must do away with their selfish wants for the benefit of the larger society. He has explained the process of socialization through three distinguishable parts of the personality: “id”, “ego” and “superego”.

Socialization is an important process for the functioning and continuation of society. Different societies have different ways and methods to train their newborn members so that they are able to develop their own personalities. This training of building the personality of the child is called socialization.

Key PointsTo understand an abstract concept like education, one is required to explicate its meaning or nature from the point of view of the functions such concepts perform or the contexts in which such concepts are appropriately used. Etymologically, the word "Education" is derived from the Latin words "educare", "educere" and "educantum". The Following are the Characteristics of Education:

• It is a lifelong process because a person learns through his experience and experience goes life-long.
• It is a dynamic process because education changes as per the need. Hence, it can't be static.
• It helps in the development of the individual in all aspects whether it is mental, emotional, physical, social, moral, or spiritual.
• It helps in the development of a child's innate power rather than conforming according to society. For example, Edison's school teacher labeled him as "abnormal". Still, he succeeded in becoming one of the great inventors.
• It helps in social adjustment and encourages the individual to live in positive harmony with society, for example with parents, relatives, friends, and teachers. It also helps in letting students know the social hierarchy and stratification, that happens in society.

Hence, we conclude that option 4 is the correct answer. 

The constructivist classroom is related to the constructivist approach of education which gives primacy to collaborative learning by involving learners in discussions and projects. 

• "Jean Piaget", a swiss psychologist, belongs to the cognitivism school of psychology, is famous for his work on child development. He made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory. 

Key Points

In a constructivist classroom based on Piagetian principles, children learn through self-initiated activity as Piaget strongly believes that children are little scientists and they actively construct their understanding of the world.

• According to Piaget, there is no knowledge that is pre-existing in the world such that it can be ‘taught’ to a child. Nor does knowledge comes innately (on its own) to the child. Knowledge develops when a child acts in the world.  
• His theory also helps in understanding how children ‘construct’ knowledge. Thus, it is also known as a theory in ‘Constructivism’.
• Jean Piaget stressed that children actively construct their understanding of the world. The information does not simply enter their minds from the environment.
• As children grow, additional information is acquired and they adapt their thinking to include new ideas, as this improves their understanding of the world. 

Hence, it becomes clear that in a constructivist classroom based on Piagetian principles, children learn through self-initiated activity.

Hint

• Children learn by imitating adults is based on Bandura's principle. 
• Children learn through explanations given by adults is based on Vygotsky's principle.
• Children learn by striving for rewards is based on Skinner's principle.

National Education Policy 2020- According to NEP 2020, A good educational institution is one in which every student feels welcomed and cared for, where a safe and stimulating learning environment exists, where a wide range of learning experiences are offered, and where good physical infrastructure and appropriate resources conducive to learning are available to all students.

Key PointsSome important fundamental principles of the NEP 2020 are- 

• Full equity and inclusion as the cornerstone of all educational decisions to ensure that all students are able to thrive in the education system.
• It includes the overall development of the leader, it covers all three aspects as Cognitive domain, affective domain, and psychomotor domain.
• Emphasis on conceptual understanding rather than rote learning and learning-for-exams.
• Assessment of the students should be done by using different methods, by different activities including role play, portfolios, etc.
• Promoting self-assessment and the peer assessment done by the student in the classroom.
• Respect for diversity and respect for the local context in all curriculum, pedagogy, and policy, always keeping in mind that education is a concurrent subject.
• Establishment of the linkage of the concepts with the environment or we can say that the linkage of the school with the home.
• Promoting multilingualism and the power of language in teaching and learning.
• Creativity and critical thinking encourage logical decision-making and innovation.
• It emphasizes group work as well as individual work, NEP 2020 links the study to the curriculum.

Thus we can consider that NEP(2020) proposes comprehensive assessment of students using a variety of methods including portfolios and role plays.

The National Education Policy 2020 proposed various reforms in school education as well as higher education including technical education that has to be adopted by all educational institutions.

Key PointsReforms of NEP 2020 include -

• Equitable and inclusive education - Special emphasis is given to Socially and Economically Disadvantaged  Groups (SDGs).
• Ensuring Universal Access at All Levels of schooling from pre-primary school to Grade 12.
• New Curricular and Pedagogical Structure (5+3+3+4).
• Setting up of State School Standards Authority (SSSA).

Thus by all these references, we can conclude that, All the given reforms are included in NEP 2020.

The 'Incident of Bloody Sunday' took place in the year 1905 in Russia.

Key Points

• On 22nd January 1905, in St petersburg Russia, a procession of workers led by father Gapon reached the Winter palace.
• It was attacked by the police and the Cossacks.
• Over 100 workers were killed and about 300 wounded.
• This incident was known as 'Bloody Sunday'.
• The incident, known as Bloody Sunday, started a series of events that became known as the 1905 Revolution.
• Strikes took place all over the country and universities closed down when student bodies staged walkouts, complaining about the lack of civil liberties.

• Lawyers, doctors, engineers and other middle-class workers established the Union of Unions and demanded a constituent assembly. 

Hence, we can conclude that the 'Incident of Bloody Sunday' took place in the year 1905 in Russia.

• Biodiversity conservation can be done in two modes i.e. In-Situ and Ex-Situ.
• The mode of conservation which includes protective maintenance of threatened species outside the areas where they naturally occur is called as Ex-Situ Conservation.
• Examples: Zoological parks and Botanical gardens, in-vitro fertilisation, tissue culture propagation and cryopreservation of gametes.
• In-Situ Conservation: The conservation method to protect the entire ecosystem in which the species are protected in their natural habitat. 
• Examples: National parks, Sanctuaries Biosphere reserves, Reserved forests, Protected forests.

Key Points

Gene Bank:

• Gene banks are a type of biorepository that preserves genetic material.
• For plants, this is done by in vitro storage, freezing cuttings from the plant, or stocking the seeds (e.g. in a seedbank).
• For animals, this is done by freezing sperm and eggs in zoological freezers until further need.
• With corals, fragments are taken and stored in water tanks under controlled conditions.
• The genetic material in a 'gene bank' is preserved in a variety of ways such as:
  • freezing at -196° Celsius in liquid nitrogen,
  • being placed in artificial ecosystems, and
  • being put in controlled nutrient mediums.

Thus, the preservation of viable material of endangered species can be done by Gene Bank.

Additional Information 

Herbarium:

• It is a place where dried and mounted specimens are stored according to any recognized system of classification and are available for any reference.
• It can also be considered as “a warehouse of information about plant diversity."

Gene pool:

• The gene pool is the set of all genes, or genetic information, in any population, usually of a particular species.

Gene Library:

• A genomic library is a collection of the total genomic DNA from a single organism.
• The DNA is stored in a population of identical vectors, each containing a different insert of DNA.

The correct ascending order based on their orbital period is venus, earth, mars, Jupiter.

Important Point

Orbital Period: 

• The orbital period (also the revolution period) is the time a given astronomical object takes to complete one orbit around another object and applies in astronomy usually to planets or asteroids orbiting the Sun, moons orbiting planets, exoplanets orbiting other stars, or binary stars.
• According to Kepler’s laws, Mercury must have the shortest orbital period (88 Earth-days); thus, it has the highest orbital speed, averaging 48 kilometers per second.
• At the opposite extreme, Neptune has a period of 165 years and an average orbital speed of just 5 kilometers per second.

A map is a representation or a drawing of the earth’s surface or a part of it drawn on a flat surface according to a scale. There are three Components of Maps – distance, direction and symbol. Maps can be classified into two broad categories

1. Physical map 
2. Cultural map

The undulation of the surface is best presented using a relief map which is a type of physical map.

Key Points

Relief map:

• A relief map is a map that shows the height of the land, usually by means of contours.
• A relief map uses different colors or textures to show the height or depth of mountains, hills, valleys, etc.
• For example, a relief map of the Himalayas Mountains would include a lot of dark brown markings indicating tall mountains like Mt. Everest.
• Relief is the variations in the elevation of the ground surface, also features of height above a plain or reference datum.
• On a relief map, relief is depicted by hachures or shading, or, more accurately, by contours or by spot elevations, or both.
• A relief map is a type of topographic map that doesn't use contour lines.
• Elevation data is continuous data.
• This means that it does not merely exist in a particular area.
• Like temperature, elevation does not have a discrete boundary or an edge where it exists on one side but not on the other.

Additional Information

1. Climate map: A climate map provides an overview of the climatic features over a large region and allows for the comparison of the climatic features in different regions.
2. Drainage map: drainage systems, also known as river systems, are the patterns formed by the streams, rivers, and lakes in a particular drainage basin. The linear and areal aspects of drainage systems are well depicted through a drainage map.
3. Political map: The definition of a political map shows the government borders for countries, states, and counties, as well as the location of capitals and major cities. Political maps are most often flat and denote country borders in bright colors to help identify the edges of countries.

The Earth is divided into four main layers: the solid crust on the outside, the mantle, the outer core, and the inner core.

Key Points

Interior of the Earth:

Crust:

• The uppermost layer over the earth’s surface is called the crust.
• It is the thinnest of all the layers.
• On the continental masses, It is about 35 km and on the ocean floors, only 5 km.
• The crust is the thinnest layer of the Earth and it amounts to less than 1% of our planet's volume.
• The earth is made up of several concentric layers with one inside another, just like an onion.
• The crust is the outermost layer of Earth and is made up of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. 
• The Earth's crust is unstable because of the exogenic forces.

Mantle:

• The Mantle extends up to a depth of 2900 km below the crust.
• It is the widest section of the Earth.
• The uppermost part of the mantle is known as the asthenosphere.

Core:

• The innermost layer is the core with a radius of about 3500 km.
• The central core has a very high temperature and pressure.
• The inner core (1200 km) is in the solid state whereas the outer core (2300 km) is in the liquid state.
• The innermost layer is the core with a radius of about 3500 km and divided into Inner and Outer cores.

Hence, the correct order of the layer of the earth is outward from the center is Inner core > outer core > lower Mantle > Asthenosphere > Crust
Important Points

Discontinuity:

• All those layers are separated from each other through a transition zone.
• These transition zones are called discontinuities.
• Conrad Discontinuity: It lies between the Upper crust and Lower crust.
• Mohorovicic Discontinuity: It lies between crust and mantle.
• Repiti Discontinuity: It lies between the Upper mantle and Lower mantle.
• Gutenberg Discontinuity: It lies between core and mantle.
• Lehman Discontinuity: It lies between the upper core and lower core.​

Communication is the act of giving, receiving, and sharing information. There are two means of communication, personal communication, and mass communication.

Key Points

Mass-communication:

• In mass communication, have a large number of audiences that are diverse and they are all can’t be grouped in one place so we need a certain tool or technology for the communication process.
• It is a single source for transmitting information.
• But in mass communication, there is no direct access to the receiver.
• So, for that, they need media like newspapers, radio, television, cinema, satellite, conference, seminar, etc.

Hence, telegram is not an example of mass communication.

Important Points

Personal Communication:

• Personal communications may be private letters, memos, emails, telegrams, personal interviews, or telephone conversations.
• Personal communications are only cited in the text and are not included in the reference list, as the information is unable to be retrieved by others.

E-mails: Short for electronic mail, e-mail, or email is information stored on a computer that is exchanged between two users over telecommunications.

 The Constitution of India establishes a federal system of Government.

• It contains all the usual features of a federation, viz., two Government, division of powers, written Constitution, supremacy of Constitution, rigidity of Constitution, independent judiciary and bicameralism.

However, the Indian Constitution also contains a large number of unitary or non-federal features,

• A strong Centre, single Constitution, single citizenship, flexibility of Constitution, integrated judiciary, appointment of state governor by the Centre, all-India services, emergency provisions and so on.
• A unitary system is governed constitutionally as one single unit, with one constitutionally created legislature. All power is top-down. A unitary state is a sovereign state governed as one single unit in which the central government is supreme and any administrative divisions (sub-national units) exercise only powers that the central government chooses to delegate.

Unitary features of the constitution are:

• Strong Centre (Article 245 to 255: Center-State relations)
• States are not indestructible
• Single constitution
• The flexibility of the Constitution (Article 368)
• No equality of representation
• Emergency provisions (Article 352, 356, 360)
• Single citizenship
• Integrated judiciary
• All India services
• Integrated Audit Machinery (CAG)
• Appointment of the Governor by the President
• Integrated election machinery (Article 324)
• Veto over state bills

The correct answer is All of the above.

Key Points

• The principle of gender equality is one of the core elements of the Indian Constitution.
• Provisions for the Protection of women, respect, development, and no discrimination are described. In the Preamble of the Constitution of India, Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy.

Additional Information 

• Preamble- We the People of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a sovereign socialist, secular, Demographic republic and to secure to all its citizens.
• Justice, social, economic, and political liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship.
• Equality of status and of opportunity and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation.

The correct answer is 2013.

• National Food Security Act is an act of the Parliament of India which was signed in 2013 on February 24. 
• The objective of this act was to provide food and nutritional security in a human life cycle, by ensuring access to adequate quantity of quality food at affordable prices to live a life with dignity.
• The Act provides for coverage of up to 75% of the rural population and up to 50% of the urban population for receiving subsidized food grains.
• Under this scheme eligible person will receive 5kg of food grain per person in priority household and person in Antyodaya Anna Yojana will get 35kg per family. 
• A total of 67% population of the country is covered with this scheme.

The correct answer is option 1 i.e., State has no religion.

• India is secular because the state has no official religion.
• A secular state is a concept of secularism, whereby a state is or purports to be officially neutral in matters of religion, supporting neither religion nor irreligion.

The correct answer is service sector.

Key Points

• 60% of Indian GDP is contributed by the service sector.
• India's services sector covers a wide variety of activities such as trade, hotel and restaurants, transport, storage and communication, financing, insurance, real estate, business services, community, social and personal services, and services associated with construction.
• The services sector is not only the dominant sector in India’s GDP but has also attracted significant foreign investment, has contributed significantly to export, and has provided large-scale employment.
• The current growth of the service sector in India is based mainly on labor market arbitrage.
• Moving forward, India can no longer rely on ‘low cost’ for ‘low value added’ services. Therefore, the solutions that address the following:
  • Boosting the manufacturing sector with both direct and indirect spin-off benefits for the growth of the service sector in India.
  • Moving up the value chain, especially in the IT/ ITeS sector.
  • Broad - basing the Indian Services offering platform into sectors beyond the traditional IT/ ITeS by identifying the global demand for such services, and meeting these demands based on the natural competencies and comparative advantages.

The correct answer is ​Index of Industrial Production.

Key Points

• The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is an index that indicates the performance of various industrial sectors of the Indian economy, during a given period with respect to that in a chosen Base period- 2011-12.
• The IIP index is computed and published by the Central Statistical Office (CSO) on a monthly basis.
  • CSO or Central Statistical Organisation operates under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI).
• The Central Statistics Office (CSO) revised the base year of the all-India Index of Industrial Production (IIP) from 2004-05 to 2011-12 on 12 May 2017.
  • Revisions in the IIP are necessitated to maintain representativeness of the items and producing entities and also address issues relating to the continuous flow of production data.
• IIP is a key economic indicator of the manufacturing sector of the economy. 
• Mining, manufacturing, and electricity are the three broad sectors in which IIP constituents fall.
  • Electricity, crude oil, coal, cement, steel, refinery products, natural gas, and fertilisers are the eight core industries that comprise about 40% of the weight of items included in the Index of Industrial Production.
• The factory production data (IIP) is used by various government agencies such as the Ministry of Finance, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), private firms and analysts, among others for analytical purposes.
  • The data is also used to compile the Gross Value Added (GVA) of the manufacturing sector in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on a quarterly basis.
• The CSO uses secondary data to reach the monthly IIP number.
  • The data is sourced from various agencies in different ministries or departments of the government.
  • The Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP) is the source for the major chunk of data for the calculation.

The correct answer is Profit-making businesses

Key Points

• Credit refers to an agreement in which the lender supplies the borrowers with money, goods, and services in return for the promise of future payments.
• Terms of credit include the following:
  • Interest rate
  • Collateral
  • Documentation requirement
  • Mode of payment.

Therefore, Profit-making businesses are NOT included in terms of credit

The correct answer is Average Income

Key Points

•  Average income - It is the ratio of the Total national Income and Total population of a country,
  • It is also called Per Capita Income
  • It is used in the comparison of the development among the various countries.

Additional Information

• GDP is the sum of the market value of producing goods and services within the domestic territory of a country in a financial year.
• National Income refers to the sum of factor income earned by the normal residents of a country in a financial year.
• Trade Deficit is the negative difference between exports and imports of a country from the rest of the world.

The correct answer is Fiat Money.

Key Points

• Paper currency notes and coins are called fiat money. 
• They do not have intrinsic value like that of gold or silver coin. 
• Unlike commodity money, fiat money is not backed by any physical commodity instead it is backed by order or authority of the government.
• They are also called legal tenders as they cannot be refused by any citizen of the country for settlement of any kind of transaction.
• The value of the currency notes and coins is derived from the guarantee provided by the issuing authority of these items. Every currency note bears on its face a promise from the Governor of RBI that if someone produces the note to RBI or any other commercial bank, RBI will be responsible for giving the person purchasing power equal to the value printed on the note.
• Fiat money gives central banks control over the economy because they decided how much currency has to be printed and in case if it prints too much, that can result in hyperinflation.
• Supply and demand relations in the market derives the value of Fiat Money.

The correct answer is People living in remote and backward areas.

Key Points

• People living in remote and backward areas are targeted for food security through Revamped Public Distribution System in India.
• Revamped Public Distribution System (RPDS)
  • RPDS was launched in June 1992.​
  • It aims to strengthen and streamline the Public Distribution System (PDS) as well as improve its outreach in remote, hilly, remote, and inaccessible areas where a large section of the poor lives.
  • It covered 1775 those blocks where area-specific programs like Drought Prone Area Programme, Integrated Tribal Development Projects, Desert Development Program were being implemented and in certain hilly areas which were identified by the State Governments.
  • Under this scheme, the beneficiary was to give up to 20 kg of grains per card.

Additional Information

• PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (PDS)
  • It was introduced by the British in World War II as a wartime rationing measure.
  • The Public Distribution System (PDS) is a system of management of food scarcity through the distribution of foodgrains at affordable prices. 
  • PDS is operated under the joint responsibility of the Central and the State/UT Governments.
  • Under the PDS, wheat, rice, sugar, and kerosene are being allocated to the States/UTs for distribution. 
  • Some states/UTs also distribute additional items through the PDS outlets such as pulses, edible oils, iodized salt, spices, etc.
  • PDS comes under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution.
• TARGETED PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (TPDS)
  • Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) was launched in June 1997 with a focus on the poor.
  • Under TPDS beneficiaries are divided into two categories:
    • Households, Below the Poverty line (BPL)
    • Households, Above the Poverty Line (APL)
• ANTYODAYA ANNA YOJANA (AAY)
  • ​The aim of AAY is to reduce hunger among the poorest section of the BPL population.
  • It was launched in December 2000 for the poorest of the poor families.
  • Under Antyodaya Anna Yojana, the beneficiaries get 35 kg ration which includes 20 kg wheat and 15 kg rice.
  • Beneficiaries can buy wheat at ₹2 per kg and rice at ₹3 per kg.

The correct answer is a high-yield variety programme.

Key Points

• Green Revolution is the set of research technology transfer initiatives occurring between 1950 and the 1960s.
• It led to the great increase in the production of food grains that resulted in large part from the introduction into developing countries of new, high-yielding varieties, beginning in the mid- 20th century.
• The new varieties require large amounts of chemical fertilizers and pesticides to produce their high yields, raising concerns about cost and potentially harmful environmental effects.
• The Green Revolution in India was initiated in the 1960s by introducing high-yielding varieties of rice and wheat to increase food production in order to alleviate hunger and poverty.

 Thus, we can say that Green Revolution means a high-yield variety programme.

The correct answer is Agriculture.

Important Points 

• The primary sector of the economy is related to agriculture.
• The primary sector is also called 'agriculture and related sector'.
• The primary sector is related to the extraction and harvesting of natural products.
• The primary sector consists of agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry.

Additional Information 

• The secondary sector is also called the manufacturing sector.
• The tertiary sector is well known as the service sector.
  • The goods that are produced in the primary or secondary sector are transported and then sold in wholesale and retail shops through the tertiary sector.
  • Services based on information technology such as an internet cafe, ATM booths, call centers, and software companies are coming under the tertiary sector.