KVS TGT Social Science Mock Test - 6 - KVS PGT/TGT/PRT MCQ

शाम होते ही लौट आना।
Explanation: इस वाक्य मै शाम होते ही लौट आने के लिए कहा गया है, जिसका मतलब है कि जिस समय शाम हो जाए उसी समय लौट आना होगा।

मुहावरे का सही युग्म है - 'आँख में चर्बी छाना - घमंड से चूर होना'

• वाक्य प्रयोग - अजय अपना अभावग्रस्त जीवन भूल गया है, अब तो उसकी "आंखों में चर्बी चढ़ गई है"।

Key Points

• मुहावरा एक ऐसा वाक्य होता है जो वाक्य की रचना करने पर अपना एक अलग अर्थ या विशेष अर्थ प्रकट करता है।
• इनका प्रयोग करने से भाषा,आकर्षक, प्रभावपूर्ण तथा रोचक बन जाती है।

Additional Informationकुछ महत्वपूर्ण मुहावरा, अर्थ और उनके वाक्य प्रयोग:-

• आंख दिखाना - बहुत क्रोध करना

वाक्य प्रयोग - राम से मैंने सच बातें कह दी, तो वह मुझे "आँख दिखाने लगा"।

• आग लगाना - झगड़ा कराना

वाक्य प्रयोग - दीपक ने झूठ बोलकर राहुल और दीनेश के बीच "आग लगा दी"।

• आँख बिछाना - प्रेम से स्वागत करना

वाक्य प्रयोग - जब प्रधानमंत्री आए तो स्कूल में सबने "आँखें बिछा दीं"।

सही उत्तर है - “देख रहा था।”

• अशुद्ध वाक्य:- मैं दो घंटे से आपकी प्रतीक्षा देख रहा था।
• शुद्ध वाक्य:- मैं दो घंटे से आपकी प्रतीक्षा कर रहा था।

Key Points

• ‘मैं दो घंटे से आपकी प्रतीक्षा देख रहा था' वाक्य में ‘देख’ शब्द वाक्य अशुद्धि का कारण है।
• अत: वाक्य में वर्तनी संबंधी अशुद्धता है।

Additional Information

• अशुद्ध वाक्यों में एक से अधिक विषय और एक से अधिक क्रिया होती है।
• दूसरी ओर, अशुद्ध वाक्यों में त्रुटियाँ या गलतियाँ हो सकती हैं।
• शुद्ध वाक्यों में एक ही विषय और एक क्रिया होती है।
• शुद्ध वाक्य वे हैं जो किसी भी त्रुटि या गलतियों से मुक्त हैं।

Important Points

• वर्तनी वाले शब्द का अर्थ:- भाषा के किसी शब्द को को लिखने में प्रयुक्त वर्णों के सही क्रम को वर्तनी कहते हैं।
• भाषा की समस्त ध्वनियोँ को सही तरीके से उच्चारण करने के लिए वर्तनी की एकरुपता स्थापित की जाती है।

Yen, Lira and Dollar are currency. Ounce is used for weight.

As 'Calf' is the youngest of 'Cow' similarly 'Kitten' is the young one of 'Cat'.

Explanation:

• Integration: Integration refers to the process of combining or merging two or more software applications to work together.


• MS Word and Excel: MS Word is a word processing software, while MS Excel is a spreadsheet software.


• Client-Server Model: In computing, the client-server model is a distributed application structure that partitions tasks or workloads between the providers of a resource or service, called servers, and service requesters, called clients.


• Integrating MS Word and Excel: When integrating MS Word and Excel, the Word application is usually considered as the client.


• Functionality: MS Word acts as a client to request data or perform operations on the Excel application, which acts as the server.


• Examples: Some examples of integrating MS Word and Excel include importing data from Excel into Word for creating reports, generating mail merges using Excel as a data source, or embedding Excel charts or tables within Word documents.


• Benefits: Integrating Word and Excel allows users to combine the features of both applications to enhance productivity and create more comprehensive documents.

Therefore, the correct answer is C: Client.

The CBSE has adopted Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE) as a school-based approach of evaluation. For students in the sixth to tenth grades and the twelfth in some institutions, the Central Board of Secondary Education in India and the state governments of India have proposed this evaluation.

Key PointsCCE refers to a school-based evaluation, which covers all aspects of school activities related to a child's development. The fundamental goal of CCE was to evaluate every aspect of the kid while they were in the classroom.

• CCE aids in reducing children's stress.
• Make assessments thorough and frequent.
• Make room for the instructor to educate effectively.
• Make a tool for detection and adjustments available.
• Create students with better skills

The goals of Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation range widely:

• to transform instruction and learning into a student-centered activity.
• to establish assessment as a crucial component of teaching and learning.
• to assess a learner's development, learning process, learning pace, and learning environment fairly and promptly.
• to provide students the opportunity to self-evaluate.
• through detection and correction, use the evaluation process to raise student success.

Hence, it is concluded that continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE) refers to school-based evaluation, which covers all aspects of school activities related to children.

One should carefully understand the difference between syllabus and curriculum as they are two important words in the field of education that are often confused as if they mean the same. Strictly speaking, they are two different words that give different meanings. 

Key PointsCurriculum:

• In education, a curriculum is broadly defined as the totality of student experiences that occur in the educational process.
• The term often refers specifically to a planned sequence of instruction, or a view of the student's experiences in terms of the educator's or school's instructional goals.
• The curriculum may incorporate the planned interaction of pupils with instructional content, materials, resources, and processes for evaluating the attainment of educational objectives Curriculum is split into several categories: the explicit, the implicit (including the hidden), the excluded, and the extracurricular. 

Syllabus:

• A syllabus refers to the program or outline of a course of study. In other words, syllabus refers to the portions of the study prescribed in a particular subject meant for a particular course of study.
• For example, if Physics is a subject meant for a course of study called ‘material science’, then the portions of study prescribed in the subject of Physics are called a syllabus.
• A syllabus may be set out by an examination board or prepared by the tutor or instructor who teaches or controls the course and the syllabus is a part of the curriculum. 

Important Points 

What is the difference between Syllabus and Curriculum?

• The curriculum has many activities as compared to the Syllabus.
• The curriculum has a wide scope than Syllabus.
• A syllabus is descriptive and A curriculum is prescriptive or specific. 
• The syllabus is for a subject while the curriculum is for a course.
• The curriculum is a broad term and the syllabus is a part of the curriculum.

Hence, the right answer to this question is curriculum is a broad term and syllabus is a part of the curriculum.

Behavior is simply a response to environmental stimuli. The behavioristic approach states that all behaviours are learned through the interaction with the environment through a process named “conditioning”.

• Giving strict punishments to the students will only arouse the feeling of inferiority among them.
• Conditioning is used to remove the bad habits and to form good habits among students.

Key Points

Stimulus-Response theory is a theory that proposes that all learning consists primarily on the strengthening of the relationship between the stimulus and the response. Theory was propounded by Thorndike.

• Educational implication of the stimulus-response theory: The S-R approach to learning has a very wide implication. Mainly these theories emphasize providing a conducive and supporting environment to facilitate learning with intelligently manipulated reinforcements.

Some basic principles emphasizing the implication of the behaviorist view are as follows:

The learners should be active:

• As has been observed repeatedly, learning is an active process. Hence, for effective learning,) the learners should be active. "Learning by doing" is the best technique for effective learning. Hence there is a need to include exercises within the printed text.

Practice leads to perfection:

• To acquire any skill frequent repetition or practice is a must. Activities, exercises, etc. offer scope/ for practice.

Appropriate reinforcement should be there:

• There are many types of reinforcements. If you want to strengthen the behaviour, you should apply certain types of reinforcements like praise, reward, a nod, etc. And if you want to weaken some behavior, then a different type of reinforcement should be used. The clues and model answers at the end of the units give you feedback and reinforce your answers.

Readiness help learning:

• If you are ready and mentally prepared to learn, it will be easier to learn.

Thus, Thorndike has propounded Stimulus-Response theory.

Additional Information

Planning for instruction is a part of a teacher's day-to-day activity for teaching. Lesson plans, specify the learning objectives, content, methods, materials, application, and evaluation for each lesson that is taught. Such planning prepares a teacher to teach and is invaluable to substitute teachers who will need to know what and how to teach. 

Key PointsLesson plan is defined as the teacher's mental and emotional visualization of the classroom experience as he plans it to occur. It is the core of effective teaching. It is the blueprint of what a teacher is going to do. Planning of lesson helps the teacher to deliver the goods across the table more effectively.  The best characteristics related to plenaries work of your lesson plan:

• It makes teaching systematic and well-organized.
•  It helps teachers in identifying adequate content and its proper sequencing for teaching a lesson. 
• It helps teachers to learn to foresee and tackle the learning difficulties of children.
•  It enables teachers to utilize the available time properly.
• It is used to monitor or evaluate learning in order to inform future teaching and learning.
•  It helps in developing insights about the learning needs and abilities of children.
•  It helps teachers to develop the habit of undertaking immediate corrective measures.
•  It gives confidence to teachers during teaching. 
• The teacher must be fully conversant with new methods and techniques of teaching.
• Teachers must have good knowledge of psychology, culture, and community and cite various examples accordingly.
• Ensure active learner participation during a class and maintain the interest and motivation of students. 

Thus, it is concluded that it is used to monitor or evaluate learning in order to inform future teaching and learning is the best characteristic related to plenaries work of your lesson plan.

Reliability: An assessment is said reliable if there is consistency in the assessment of the knowledge, skills, abilities being assessed. For example, a student getting the same score on two different writing tests. Reliability refers to the consistency of a research study or measuring test. 

There are two types of reliability:

• Internal reliability:- Assesses the consistency of results across items within the tests.
• External reliability:- Refers to the extent to which a measure varies from one use to another.

Important Points

Split -half method:

• The split-half method assesses the internal consistency of a test, such as psychometric tests and questionnaires.
• It measures the extent to which all parts of the test contribute equally to what is being measured.
• It is done by comparing the results of one half of a test with the results from the other half.
• A test can be spilt in half in several ways. e.g. first half and second half, or by odd and even numbers. If the two halves of the test provide similar results this would suggest that the test has internal reliability.
• The split-half method is a quick and easy way to establish reliability.

Hence, we can conclude that the most common method of estimating internal consistency of test reliability is the Split-half method.

Additional Information

Test-retest method- The test-retest method assesses the external consistency of a test. It measures the stability of a test over time.

Herbert Spencer put forth the idea of "education for complete living". This aim virtually tries to put all the aims of education into one. He believed that education to be a preparation and training for a complete life.

Important Points

A curriculum is a formal plan of educational experiences and activities offered to a learner under the guidance of an educational institution. It is more structured in schools and more flexible in higher education.

Principle of curriculum development: The curriculum has to change by the change in social class relationships due to industrial growth, scientific process, and social advancement. 

• The principle of correlation: The curriculum is related to the aims and objectives of society. The aims and objectives of the people in a society have to be fulfilled through the experiences provided. These experiences are planned and spelled out in the curriculum. 
• The different stages involved in the curriculum process viz., objectives, content experiences, organization, and evaluation makes the curriculum scientific process
• Principle of including all the activities: The curriculum is a broad and comprehensive process. The curriculum is much more than classroom instruction. It is not confined to the four walls of the classroom. It should be a focus on the overall development of the student. All the experiences provided during the course both inside and outside the institution are included in the curriculum.
• The curriculum cannot be allowed to remain fixed or static. Changing conditions in social life make it necessary for a curriculum to be in a continuous state of evolving
• Principle of Flexibility: The curriculum should be flexible to serve the educational objectives of curriculum Development of the nation and suitable for the needs of the learners at every stage. Any adult education attempt to force uncongenial activities is found to lead to frustration in learners. It should make provision for freedom for learners to choose a course, subjector program of their choice
• Relevance: As society and the social needs change from time to time, the curriculum should reflect the changing patterns of daily life, with the change in social strata due to industrial growth, scientific process, and social advancement
• The principle of future orientation: Learning should be closely linked with the specific life situations which confront the learner groups and should motivate them towards taking concrete and practical steps to lessen the strain under which they live and work. s

Hence, we can conclude that Herbert Spencer's statement that education should aim at complete development relates to the principle of including all activities of curriculum development.

The lesson plan is defined as the teacher's mental and emotional visualization of the classroom experience as he plans it to occur. It is the core of effective teaching. It is the blueprint of what a teacher is going to do. 

Key Points The objective of the lesson plan should be:

•  It guides the teacher in the presentation of the subject matter.
•  It focuses on the consideration of goals and objectives, the selection of subject matter, the selection of procedure, the planning of activities, and the preparation of test of progress.
•  It keeps the teacher on track; ensures steady progress and a definite outcome of the teaching and learning procedure.
•  It creates confidence in the teacher in conducting a class.
•  It encourages the organization of subject matter and activities and prevents haphazard teaching.
•  It serves as a check on unplanned curriculum-continuity and interconnectedness can be planned and at the same time avoid repetition.
•  The teaching plan minimizes the chances of omitting some vital information points.
• It provides the basis for evaluation. 

Thus, it is concluded that option D is the correct answer. 

Teaching is traditionally seen as an attempt to bring about desirable changes in the behavior of the learners or their cognitive structure. To accomplish this, teachers analyze and organize the content they are to teach, decide the objectives for teaching it, select the appropriate methods, and even the techniques for evaluation.

• In the teaching-learning process, the teacher planned the content and methods as per the stages of development of the learner. 
• So they can psychologically understand the concept and link it with their prior learning experiences about the topic get integrated, and as a result, knowledge, and skills are constructed. 
• Whether the grouping should be homogeneous or heterogeneous. Teachers have to provide, during pre-instructional tasks, instruction as to what students are expected to do while working in learning teams.

Key Points

Role of teacher as a community:

• Aligns the three major components of instruction - share common learning objectives, assessments, and instructional activities.
• Focuses attention on student-centered learning where the teacher encourages the students to indulge in self-learning techniques.
• Progressively refining the learning experiences based on reflection and feedback.
• It includes some steps like- design, content selection, delivery, assessment, and reflection.
• Teachers who are skilled at communication, classroom management, and appropriate discipline techniques create a positive learning environment.
• Discussion methods are a variety of forums for the open-ended, collective exchange of ideas among a teacher and students or among students for furthering students thinking, learning, problem-solving, critical thinking, understanding, or literary appreciation that initiate a discussion and participation.
• Interactive or collective classroom discussion is one of these skills that may help students to grab ideas and collective knowledge quickly and effectively.
• Instructional technology and techniques is the branch of education concerned with the scientific study of instructional design and development.
• The main purpose of instructional designers is to create engaging, effective learning experiences.
• It is the systematic application of strategies and techniques derived from behavioral and physical sciences concepts and other knowledge to the solution of instructional problems.
• Instructional technology includes practical techniques of instructional delivery that systematically aim for effective learning, whether or not they involve the use of media.
• It is a basic purpose of the field of instructional technology to promote and aid the application of these known and validated procedures in the design and delivery of instruction.

Hence, we can conclude that role of the teacher as a community of learners share common academic goals, attitudes, interests, problems, promote collective knowledge, and incorporate effective instructional techniques.​

Childhood can be conceptualized as one of the several stages that human beings pass through in their journey to adulthood.

• It is regarded as one of the most innocent and free phases of human development.
• Developments in childhood will determine the direction that the life of the individual will follow, for character traits adopted at childhood are hard to shed in later years.

Key Points Views on childhood:

• A lot of studies have been dedicated to this stage of human development. These studies emanate from a wide range of academic fields, given that it is hard to constrict childhood studies into one particular discipline. The academic fields include, among others, sociology, psychology, education, philosophy, and theology.
• Several perspectives  on childhood have been adopted in contemporary society:

1. Children are innocent
2. Childhood is the age of apprenticeship.
3. Childhood is a unique period of growth and change: Childhood remarks Goldstein (2009) is a unique stage in one’s development. A person is both “being” and “becoming” at this stage. They are becoming because this is a transitional stage to adulthood. They are “being” because the child is a unique, complete individual.
4. Children are vulnerable

Hence, it can be concluded that childhood is a unique period of growth and change that defines contemporary views.

Socialization is the process through which communities transact or educate their members about the norms and values of society to be socially acceptable.

Key Points

Socialization has 4 major agents namely family, school, peers, and mass media. Mass media is an agent of secondary socialization that takes place throughout one's life.

Mass Media is becoming a very important agency of socialization as mass media is a form of media which:

• helps us to connect with a large number of people at one time.
• helps individuals to form and shape their opinions, beliefs, and values. 
• helps children to directly interact with the world through various online portals.

Hence, it could be concluded that the statement 'access to mass media is growing and mass media influences attitudes, values, and beliefs' is most appropriate in the context.

Jean Piaget has divided development into different stages. He believed that a child’s mind passes through a series of stages of thought from infancy to adolescence.

Key Points

• In this question, Baby Bhavya starts to look for her toys that were hidden by her mother because she is aware of her toys even when it is not in front of her, i.e., She has developed object permanence, so she is in the Sensory-motor Stage​.
• Object permanence means knowing that an object still exists, even if it is hidden. It requires the ability to form a mental representation (i.e. a schema) of the object.

Additional Information

Hence, it becomes clear that Bhavya lies in the Sensory-motor Stage.

 Inclusion in education means education for all children in school as it refers to the inclusion of all children in the education system, regardless of their differences and disabilities.

• ‘Locomotor Disability’ refers to a person’s inability to execute distinctive activities associated with the movement of self and manipulation of objects resulting from affliction of the musculoskeletal and/or nervous system.

Key Points Characteristics of the inclusive education:

• Inclusive education can help break the cycle of poverty and exclusion.
• It makes the curriculum flexible and easy to access the infrastructure for the students.
•  It encourages children to stay with their families and communities.
•  The school atmosphere can improve to the benefit of all the learners.
• The practice can help overcome discrimination which is widespread in every sphere of society.
• The evaluation of the students is a comprehensive way, not o a particular ability/disablility.
• No segregation of children with learning/physical disabilities, children who are socially, economically, culturally, marginalized children, gifted, creative, and linguistically disadvantaged.
• The education system will make suitable modifications to suit the needs of children.
• Students are never made to feel inadequate as curricular and co-curricular activities are modified to the requirement of specific.
• All the required support will be made available to the students in the regular classroom.
• Thus we can say that if a student has a locomotor disability that he can not easily access the infrastructure of inclusive education.​

Important PointsSome common conditions that can cause locomotor disability are

• Soft Tissues
• Muscular Dystrophies
• Dwarfism
• Spinal Injuries
• Injuries of Head
• Amputation
• Fractures.

The 'Zolleverin' system contributed to economic unification in Germany before Political Unification.

Important Points

• In the 19^th century,  the new commercial classes argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital. 
• In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states.
• The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.
• The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification.
• A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing at the time.
• Economists began to think in terms of the national economy.
• They talked of how the nation could develop and what economic measures could help forge this nation together.
• Friedrich List wrote:
  • The aim of the zollverein is to bind the Germans economically into a nation.
  • It will strengthen the nation materially as much by protecting its interests externally as by stimulating its internal productivity.
  • It ought to awaken and raise national sentiment through a fusion of individual and provincial interests.

  • The German people have realised that a free economic system is the only means to engender national feeling.

Thus, we can conclude that the 'Zolleverin' system contributed to economic unification in Germany before Political Unification.

The correct answer is that only statements I and III are correct.

Key Points

• Olympe de Gouges was a playwright and political activist during the French Revolution.
• She became increasingly politically engaged and an outspoken advocate against the slave trade in the French colonies in 1788. 
•  In 1791 she wrote and published the "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Citizen." Modeled after the 1789 "Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen" by the National Assembly.
• Olympe de Gouges was arrested in July 1793, four years after the Revolution began. She was sent to the guillotine in November of that year and was beheaded by the National Convention.

Hence, from the above it is clear that only statements I and III are correct. And Statement II is incorrect.

the correct answer is option 1.

Key Points

• Uttar Pradesh comes under the top farming state in India and Uttar Pradesh is one of the major crop-producing states in India.
• Uttar Pradesh has produced 22.5 million tons of wheat and the weather condition is appropriate for growing wheat. U.P. is the largest hub for the sugarcane, 
• Punjab is the most fertile state on earth, it is best to produce wheat, sugarcane, rice, vegetables, and fruits.
  •   Around 93% of the total productive land is used to produce food grain in Punjab.
  •   Punjab is the 2nd largest producer of food grains.
• Madhya Pradesh is known for its pulses production, followed by Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh.
  • Madhya Pradesh is popular for soybean and garlic production too. Wheat and Maize are the main sources of the earing of farmers in Madhya Pradesh.
• West Bengal is also a large food grain-producing state in India. it is known for its rice production. With rice, it is famous for jute, sesamum, tobacco, and tea too.

The correct answer is Congo.

 Key Points

• Pygmies
  • Pygmies are found in the Congo river basins, they are native to Africa.
  • They are short people scattered across equatorial Africa.
  • They hunt and gather food in diverse ways and inhabit different types of forests.
  • Pygmy tribes are also found in Central African countries like Uganda, Rwanda, and Cameroon.

Additional Information Important tribes of other Regions:

The correct answer is Lake Baikal. Key Points

• Lake Baikal is an ancient, massive lake in the mountainous Russian region of Siberia, north of the Mongolian border. Considered the deepest lake in the world, it’s circled by a network of hiking paths called the Great Baikal Trail. 
• The freshwater lake with the greatest volume is Lake Baikal in Siberia, Russia, with an estimated volume of 23,615.390 cubic kilometers.

Additional Information

• Lake Malawi, also known as Lake Nyasa in Tanzania and Lago Niassa in Mozambique, is an African Great Lake and the southernmost lake in the East African Rift system, located between Malawi, Mozambique, and Tanzania. 
• Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. It is the second-largest of the Great Lakes by volume and the third-largest by surface area, after Lake Superior and Lake Huron.
• Great Bear Lake is a lake in the boreal forest of Canada. It is the largest lake entirely in Canada, the fourth-largest in North America, and the ninth-largest in the world.

Thus, the largest freshwater lake in the world by volume of water is Lake Baikal.

The Correct Answer is B, C and D only.

Key Points

• The rock cycle is a process that explains the basic relationships among igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. The process depends on bedding planes, pressure, time, and changes in environmental conditions in the Earth's crust and at its surface.
• Water, acids, salt, plants, animals, and changes in temperature are all agents of weathering and erosion.

Additional Information

• Lithification:
  • It refers to the process that loose and under-consolidated sediment particles transform into hard and solid rocks.
  • This process includes a number of geological processes, such as consolidation, deep bury, cementation, recrystallization, and dehydration.
• Igneous Rocks
  • As igneous rocks form out of magma and lava from the interior of the earth, they are known as primary rocks.
  • The igneous rocks (Ignis – in Latin means ‘Fire’) are formed when magma cools and solidifies.
  • Granite, gabbro, pegmatite, basalt, volcanic breccia, and tuff are some examples of igneous rocks
• Sedimentary Rocks
  • The word ‘sedimentary’ is derived from the Latin word sediment, which means settling.
  • These deposits through compaction turn into rocks.
  • In many sedimentary rocks, the layers of deposits retain their characteristics even after lithification.
  • Hence, we see a number of layers of varying thickness in sedimentary rocks like sandstone, shale, geyserite, chalk, limestone, coal, etc.
• Metamorphic Rocks
  • Metamorphic means ‘change of form’.
  • Metamorphic rocks are formed due to the proximity of sedimentary rocks to molten magma.
  • Mechanical disruption and reorganization of the original minerals within rocks due to breaking and crushing without any appreciable chemical changes are called dynamic metamorphism.
  • Examples- Marble, Quartzite, Schist, etc.

The correct answer is A - 1, B - 2, C - 3, D -  4.Key PointsCorrect match is:

Additional Information

• Lalbagh Lake is a spot of splendid beauty located in the heart of the city of Bangalore.
  • The lake is situated at the southern end of the very famous Lalbagh Botanical Gardens that is well known for its exotic flora and is host to the world famous flower show.
• Ashtamudi lake is an estuary which lies in the Kollam district.
  • This is the second largest wetland in Kerala with a palm-shaped extensive water body and eight prominent arms, adjoining the Kollam town.
  • All the arms converge into a single outlet at Neendakara near Kollam, to enter the Arabian sea.
  • This estuary is the deepest among all the estuaries of Kerala with a maximum depth of 6.4 m at the confluence zone.
• The Lonar Lake is a crater lake in Buldhana district of is in Maharashtra.
  • It is a saline and alkaline lake which is created by a crater.
  • It is the only major hover back in the basalt rock.
  • The lake was in news due to its change in colour to pink which was due to the presence of the growth of halophilic microbes, mainly Haloarchaea.
• Chilika is Asia’s largest and world’s second-largest lagoon.
  • It spreads over Puri, Khurda and Ganjam districts of Odisha on the east coast of India, at the mouth of the Daya River.
  • It is the largest wintering ground for migratory birds on the Indian subcontinent.
  • In 1981, it was designated the first Indian wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention.

Green Revolution in India:

• The term green revolution was first used by William Gaud and Norman Borlaug is the Father of the Green Revolution.
• In the year 1965, the government of India launched the Green Revolution with the help of a geneticist, now known as the father of the Green revolution (India) M.S. Swaminathan.
• The movement of the green revolution was a great success and changed the country’s status from a food-deficient economy to one of the world’s leading agricultural nations.
• It started in 1967 and lasted till 1978.

Important Points

Major aspects:

1. High Yielding Varieties (HYV)
2. Mechanization of Agriculture
3. Use of Chemical Fertilizers and Pesticides
4. Irrigation

Impacts of Green Revolution:

• Green Revolution has remarkably increased Agricultural Production.
• Foodgrains in India saw a great rise in output.
• The biggest beneficiary of the revolution was the Wheat Grain. The production increased to 55 million tonnes in the early stage of the plan itself.
• Not just limited to agricultural output the revolution also increased per Acre yield.
• Green Revolution increased the per hectare yield in the case of wheat from 850 kg per hectare to an incredible 2281 kg/hectare in its early stage.
• With the introduction of the Green revolution, India reached its way to self-sufficiency and was less dependent on imports.
• The production in the country was sufficient to meet the demand of the rising population and to stock it for emergencies.
• Rather than depending on the import of food grains from other countries India started exporting its agricultural produce.
• The introduction of the revolution inhibited a fear among the masses that commercial farming would lead to unemployment and leave a lot of the labor force jobless. But the result seen was totally different there was a rise in rural employment.
• The tertiary industries such as transportation, irrigation, food processing, marketing, etc created employment opportunities for the workforce.
• Green Revolution ensured mechanization in farms
• The Green Revolution in India majorly benefited the farmers of the country.
• Farmers not only survived but also prospered during the revolution their income saw a significant rise which enabled them to shift from sustenance farming to commercial farming.

Negative impacts:

• Retardation of agricultural growth
• Regional dispersal of the evolution created regional inequalities
• Interpersonal inequalities between large and small scale farmers

Therefore it can be said the option 'A' is not true for the green revolution in India.

The social differences are mostly based on the accident of birth.

• For example, people around us are male or female, they are tall and short, have different kinds of complexions, or have different physical abilities or disabilities.
• But some of the differences are based on our choices.
• For example, some people are atheists i.e they don’t believe in God or any religion. While some people believe in God. There are various other choices such as choosing what to study, which occupation to take up and which games or cultural activities to take part in.
• Social differences divide similar people from one another, but they also unite very different people.
• People belonging to different social groups share differences and similarities cutting across the boundaries of their groups.

Important Points

The combination of politics and social divisions is very dangerous and explosive.

• Democracy involves competition among various political parties.
• If they start competing in terms of some existing social divisions, it can make social divisions into political divisions and lead to conflict, violence or even disintegration of a country.
• The range of outcomes of politics of social divisions:
  • In Northern Ireland, the difference between the two major sectors of Christianity i.e 53% of Protestants and 44% of Roman Catholics took the form of politics.
  • The Catholics were represented by Nationalist parties who demanded that Northern Ireland be unified with the Republic of Ireland, a predominantly Catholic country.
  • The Protestants were represented by Unionists who wanted to remain with the UK, which is predominantly Protestant.
  • Later on, it took a drastic form which ended by taking the lives of hundreds of people.
  • In Yugoslavia, political competition along religious ending ethnic lines led to the disintegration of Yugoslavia into six independent countries.
  • At the same time, every expression of social divisions in politics does not lead to such disasters.
  • But, it affects voting in most countries, especially in India.

Thus, it is clear that Social divisions lead to political divisions and lead conflict.

Additional Information

Three factors are crucial in deciding the outcome of the politics of social divisions:

• ​The outcome depends on how people perceive their identities. If people see their identities in singular and exclusive terms, it becomes very difficult to solve.
• It depends on how political leaders raise the demands of any community. It is easier to accommodate demands that are within the constitutional framework and are not at the cost of another community.
• It depends on how the government reacts to the demands of different groups.

The correct answer is the State list.

Key Points

Panchayati Raj

• Panchayati Raj is the system of local self-government of villages in rural India as opposed to urban and suburban municipalities.
• It consisted of the Panchayati Raj institutions through which the self-government of villages is realized.
• Part IX of the Indian Constitution is the section of the Constitution relating to the Panchayats.
• The Panchayats must include members of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the same proportion as in the general population.
• One-third of all seats and chairperson posts must be reserved for women, in some states half of all seats and chairperson posts.
• The modern Panchayati Raj system was introduced in India by the 73^rd constitutional amendment in 1992 and added as an Eleventh Schedule of the Constitution.
• The Panchayati Raj now functions as a system of governance in which gram panchayats are the basic units of local administration.

State list 

• ​The State List or List-II is a list of 61 items Schedule Seven of the Constitution of India. 
• The State List consists of the subjects that are handled and seen by the state government, such as transportation, etc.

Additional Information

• Concurrent list: The Concurrent list consists of the subjects that are seen and controlled by both the State and the Union government. Ex: Forest
• Union list: The Union list details the subjects on which Parliament may make laws.​ Ex: Banking
• Residuary Power:
  • Residuary Power is special powers given by the Constitution to the Union Government.
  • The Parliament has powers to make any law with respect to any matter which is not a part of the Concurrent List or State List.