Kerala SET Paper 2 Mock Test - 2 (History) - KTET MCQ

The correct answer is 2 and 3 only.

Key Points

Burials:

• Archaeologists use certain strategies to find out about the social or economic differences amongst people living within a particular culture. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
  • These include studying burials.
  • Example: the massive pyramids of Egypt, (some of which were contemporaneous with the Harappan civilization).
• Many of these pyramids were royal burials, where enormous quantities of wealth were buried.
• At burials in Harappan sites, the dead were generally laid in pits.
• Sometimes, there were differences in the way the burial pit was made.
  • Sometimes, ​the hollowed-out spaces were lined with bricks.
• Some graves contain pottery and ornaments, perhaps indicating a belief that these could be used in the afterlife. Hence, Statement 2 is incorrect.

Weights:

• Exchanges were regulated by a precise system of weights, usually made of a stone called chert and generally cubical
• The lower denominations of weights were binary (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, etc. up to 12,800), while the higher denominations followed the decimal system. Hence, Statement 3 is incorrect.
• The smaller weights were probably used for weighing jewelry and beads.
• Metal scale pans have also been found.

The correct answer is Neither 1 nor 2.

Key Points

• Statement 1- While the cost of maintaining an army was high, there is no source to identify with the number. So, it's finally up to the UPSC to decide if the first option is correct.
• Statement 2 - Lord Wellesley intervened in the administration of the local royal families by his Subsidiary Alliance.
• According to this, in exchange for payment or subsidy, the company would place garrison troops in that ruler’s territory to fight against their enemies.
• It was accepted by Mysore, Jodhpur, Jaipur, Bundi, Macheri, Bharatpur, Oudh, Tanjore, Berar, Peshwa, and the Nizam of Hyderabad.
• Hence, the second statement is wrong.

Additional Information

• Lord Wellesley (1798 AD-1803 AD ):
  • He introduced the system of the Subsidiary alliance.
  • Madras Presidency was formed during his tenure.
  • The fourth Anglo-Mysore War was fought during his tenure in 1799 AD, and Tipu Sultan died.
  • First subsidiary treaty with Nizam of Hyderabad.
  • He set up Fort William College in Calcutta in 1800 AD.
    • He was also known as Bengal Tiger.
  • He brought the censorship of the Press Act, 1799 AD.
  • Treaty of Bassein was signed during his tenure in 1802 AD.

• Ilbert Bill was a controversial measure proposed in 1883 that sought to allow senior Indian judges to try European offenders.
• Earlier only European judges could try European offenders.
• The bill was introduced by the then viceroy, Lord Ripon.
• The bill had to face intense criticism from the Europeans and Britishers as they looked at as a humiliation as it placed Indian judges at par with European Judges.
• The bill was named after the framer of the bill, Courtenay Ilbert, who was appointed as legal adviser to the Council of India.
• It did not put back the Vernacular press on a footing of equality with the English press. as the bill was withdrawn due to opposition in Britain and from British settles in India and was reintroduced in the much-diluted state.
• Hence, A) is true but R) is false.

Additional Information ​

• Lord Ripon is known as the Father of local self-Government in India
• His efforts granted more powers and autonomy to rural and urban bodies at the local level.
• Other Important reforms by Lord Ripon-​

The Somavamsis dynasty is credited with the construction of the Lingaraja Temple in Bhubaneswar, which is one of the most celebrated temples in Odisha, showcasing the architectural brilliance of the era.

Key Points

• The Lingaraja Temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva, is one of the largest and most prominent temples in Bhubaneswar, the capital of Odisha, India.
• This temple is a splendid example of Odisha (formerly known as Kalinga) architecture and represents the architectural prowess of the Somavamshi dynasty, which is credited with its construction

Additional Information

Somavamshi Dynasty and Their Contribution:

• The Somavamshis, also known as the Somavamsis, held sway over the Odisha region from around the late 9th century to the 11th century. They were great patrons of religion and the arts, under whose reign the region saw a significant transformation in its cultural and religious landscape. The Somavamshis were ardent devotees of Hinduism, particularly Shaivism (worship of Lord Shiva), and their rule marked a period of extensive temple building.

Architectural Significance of the Lingaraja Temple:

• The Lingaraja Temple stands as a testament to the peak of Kalinga architectural achievement, which is characterized by its grand structure, intricate carvings, and the towering spire (rekha deula) that dominates the Bhubaneswar skyline. Constructed in the 11th century, this architectural marvel showcases the development of temple architecture under the Somavamshis.
• The temple complex encompasses a vast area with the main deity being Harihara, a form of Shiva. It artfully combines elements that are symbolic of Shiva and Vishnu, reflecting a synthesis of Shaivite and Vaishnavite traditions. The Lingaraja Temple's construction is significant not just for its religious implications but also for its role in the evolution of regional art and architecture. Its style influenced the construction of later temples in Odisha and is celebrated for its aesthetic and spiritual importance.
• The construction of the Lingaraja Temple under the Somavamshis is emblematic of the dynasty's dedication to promoting and preserving Hindu practices, alongside their investment in creating monumental works that would bear lasting cultural significance. Their patronage extended beyond the religious to the cultural and educational realms, helping to cultivate a rich heritage that would influence succeeding generations.

The biography of Jawahar Lal Nehru is written by Frank Moraes. Frank Moraes was born in Bombay in 1907. He was the son of a Catholic civil engineer. He was the editor of many prominent newspapers in post-Independence India, including The Indian Express.

It was Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan who called the partition as ‘an act of treachery on the part of Congress’. All the four Muslim leaders were opposed to the partition of India, but Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, better known as Frontier Gandhi, who had actively supported the Civil Disobedience Movement, was sidelined on the partition issue. He remained opposed to it till the end and even boycotted the plebiscite held in the N.W.F.P. under the Mountbatten Plan.

The correct answer is option 3, Propose a multi-faceted model considering environmental, social, and political factors, offering a more holistic understanding.

Key Points

• The Indus Valley Civilization, or Harappan Civilization, was a Bronze Age Society that existed from around 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE. Despite its significant achievements, the civilization eventually declined, and various theories have been proposed to explain this fall. Here are a couple of prevailing theories along with their strengths and weaknesses:

1.Aryan Invasion Theory: This was once a popular idea suggesting that the decline of the Harappan Civilization was caused by an invasion by a group called the Aryans.

• Strength: This could explain the cultural shift around this time, with a transition to the Vedic culture.
• Weakness: There is little archaeological evidence of large-scale conflict or an invasion. This theory has declined in favor in recent decades.

2.Environmental and Climate Change Theory: The theory suggests shifts in monsoon patterns, overuse of the landscape leading to decreased agricultural yields, or a major natural disaster like an earthquake or flood led to the decline.

• Strength: There's geological evidence supporting shifts in climate and river courses around this time, which could have significantly affected a civilization primarily based on agriculture.
• Weakness: While climate change could have played a role, it might not be the sole reason for the decline as civilizations frequently adapt to shifting environmental conditions.

Proposing a combined, multi-faceted approach to this decline might offer a more holistic understanding. The Harappan Civilization, like any complex society, would have been influenced by a multitude of both internal and external factors. Here's how it could look:

A. Environmental Factors: Climate change and shifts in the course of rivers could have caused a significant strain on agricultural production, placing pressure on the societal structure and economy.

B. Sociopolitical Factors: Over time, the complex urban society could have experienced issues related to governance and control, possibly leading to internal social conflicts, economic instability, and the decentralization of political power. The lack of centrally coordinated response to environmental threats could have compounded these difficulties.

C. Cultural Interchange or Migration: Simultaneously, the arrival of new people (like the speculated Aryans) in the region could have led to cultural shifts and changes in societal organization, art, and religion over extended periods, adding an additional layer of complexity to the process of decline.

This multi-faceted approach considers that societal collapse often results from a combination of factors rather than a singular cause. It acknowledges that both internal dynamics (social, political) and external forces (environmental change, cultural contact) likely played significant roles in the decline of the Harappan Civilization. Such a holistic perspective helps avoid simplifications and is more in line with contemporary archaeological understandings of societal change and collapse.

The rajas who performed big sacrifices were then recognized as being rajas of Janapadas rather than Janas.

• The word Janapada means the land where the Jana set its foot and settled down.
• Archaeologists have excavated several settlements in these Janapadas such as Purana Qila in Delhi, Hastinapura near Meerut, and Atranjikhera near Etah.
• They found that people lived in huts, and kept cattle as well as other animals.
• They also grew a variety of crops such as rice, wheat, barley, pulses, sugarcane, sesame, and mustard.
• They made earthen pots. One special type of pottery found at these sites is known as Painted Grey Ware.

​Thus, all of the statements A, B, C all are true.

• The recruitment of soldiers for the Indian National Army (INA) primarily from Axis prisoner-of-war (POW) camps demonstrates the complexity of international alliances during World War II. This complexity is highlighted by several factors:

• Recruitment from Axis POW Camps:
  The INA sourced a significant portion of its manpower from Indian soldiers who had initially served in the British Indian Army but were captured by Axis powers, particularly Japan, during the early stages of World War II. These soldiers were given a choice by Subhas Chandra Bose and the INA leadership to join the fight against the British for India's independence, rather than remain as prisoners. This recruitment strategy underscores the pragmatic use of the circumstances created by the global conflict, leveraging the resources of Axis powers to fuel the independence movement.

• Complex Allegiances:
  The fact that Indian soldiers, who were once part of the colonial military force loyal to the British Empire, switched allegiances to join the INA under Bose's leadership, illustrates the layered loyalties and the impact of nationalist sentiment among colonized peoples. These soldiers were willing to ally with their captors (the Axis powers), who were adversaries of their colonial rulers, to fight for India’s freedom. This reflects a strategic, albeit uneasy, alignment of interests between Indian nationalists and Axis powers based on a common enemy—the British.

• Contribution to the Complexity of International Alliances:
  The involvement of Indian nationalists with Axis powers, primarily Japan, adds a layer of complexity to the traditional understanding of World War II alliances. It shows that the global conflict was not solely about the military and ideological confrontation between the Axis and Allied powers but also involved colonial struggles for independence that intersected with these larger dynamics. The INA's formation and operations signify how the war provided a unique geopolitical opportunity for independence movements to advance their causes by navigating the complex international alignments of the time.

• The INA's recruitment of soldiers from Axis POW camps and their participation in the broader conflict against British colonial rule exemplifies how World War II facilitated unusual and strategic partnerships. It highlights the multifaceted nature of international relations during the war, with colonial liberation movements exploiting the shifting alliances and conflicts among major world powers to achieve their own political objectives.

• Catalyzed a significant erosion of British moral authority and the loyalty of the Indian armed forces
  The trials of soldiers of the Indian National Army (INA) had profound repercussions for British colonial rule in India, most notably by significantly eroding British moral authority and undermining the loyalty of the Indian armed forces towards the British. Here's a detailed explanation of this consequence:

• Erosion of British Moral Authority:
  The INA trials, held in the Red Fort of Delhi, attracted widespread attention across India. The British intended to use these trials to deter any future dissent within the Indian army by punishing those who had sided with the INA and, by extension, against the British Empire during World War II. However, the trials had the opposite effect on public sentiment. Instead of reaffirming the legitimacy of British rule, they highlighted the repressive nature of colonial authority and the extent to which Indian soldiers had been willing to fight for the cause of independence.

• Impact on the Loyalty of the Indian Armed Forces:
  A significant consequence of the INA trials was the impact on the loyalty of the Indian armed forces towards the British colonial government. The Indian armed forces had been a crucial pillar of British authority in India, not only in maintaining internal order but also in securing the empire's interests across the globe. The trials and the public outcry against them revealed a growing discontent within the Indian military ranks towards British rule. Solidarity for the INA prisoners was evident not only among the general population but also within the British Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force, leading to instances of unrest and mutiny, most notably the Royal Indian Navy mutiny in 1946.

• Galvanizing Public Opinion and Nationalist Sentiment:
  The trials galvanized public opinion against British rule and fostered a united front among Indians across diverse political and social spectrums. The defence of the INA soldiers was taken up by leading figures in the Indian National Congress, including Jawaharlal Nehru, who donned his lawyer's robes after years to appear in court for them. This legal and moral support bridged ideological divides within the Indian independence movement, bringing nationalist leaders and the general populace closer in their shared aspiration for an end to colonial rule.

• While the trials did not directly lead to immediate independence for India, they fundamentally weakened British authority and paved the way for the eventual withdrawal of British colonial rule. The INA trials underscored the untenability of British imperial control in the face of widespread nationalist sentiment and eroding loyalty within the very forces that underpinned British power in the region. They contributed significantly to the events that eventually led to India's independence in 1947.

The Dutch East India Company established their first factory in India in Masulipattanam in 1605, followed by Pulicat in 1610, Surat in 1616, Bimilipatam in 1641 and Chinsura in 1653.

Indian Nationa Army was actually founded by Capt. Mohan Singh consisting of 20,000 Indian war prisoners captured by Japan. Bose took over the commandership of INA, and changed its name to ‘Azad Hind Fauj’. The INA founded the first provincial government of free India at Singapore. It entered Burma and destroyed Mandalay Jail. From Burma, it came up to Kohima in Assam. As Japan withdrew its forces in the war front, INA was defeated and its commanders were imprisoned in the Red Fort.

First statement is correct though this did not mean non-official elected majorities, as Governor nominated some non-officials thus official control over the council was retained.

Second statement is incorrect as the stated two fold Division was made in Indian Council act 1919 which was known as system of Dyarchy. Otherwise Minto-Morley reforms, officially known as Indian Council act 1909, was mostly infamous for Introducing communal representation aimed at dividing politically active province of Bengal into groups of Hindu - Muslim.

The correct answer is The Indian National Congress.

Key Points

Rajani Palme Dutt ​:

• Rajani Palme Dutt (R. Palme Dutt) was a leading journalist and theoretician in the Communist Party of Great Britain.
• He founded a monthly magazine called Labour Monthly in 1921.

Indian National Congress:

• The Indian National Congress was founded by AO. Hume at Bombay in 1885.
• W.C. Bannerjee was the first President of the INC session at Bombay.
• George Yule was the first English President of the fourth session held in Allahabad in 1888.
• Annie Besant was the First Woman President of Congress session held in Calcutta in 1917.
• The Belgaum session was presided by Mahatama Gandhi in 1924.
• The INC was split into Moderates and the Extremists in 1907 at the Surat session after the Bengal split.
• The INC reconciled in 1916.

The correct answer is Bhagwanpura.

Key Points

• From Bhagwanpura sites, evidences have been found for the first time regarding co-existence of the people of Late Harappan culture and Painted Grey Ware (PGW) culture.
• Bhagwanpura, also known as Baghpur, is a village in Thanesar sub-district of Kurukshetra district, Haryana, India.
  • It is an archaeological site that lies on the bank of the Hakra Ghaggar channel.
• Painted Grey Ware culture is one of the significant archeological cultures of northern India.
  • Fine grey ware painted with black paintings is known as Painted Grey Ware.
  • It is associated with village and town settlements, domesticated horses, ivory-working, and the advent of iron metallurgy.
  • The most crucial aspect about this culture has been its chronology and its proposed relation to the Mahabharata.
  • The main concentration of PGW is in the area of northern India which covers core area of four Mahajanapadas namely Surasena, Panchala, Kuru and Matsya.
• Late Harappan Phase existed during 1900 BCE and 1300 BCE.
  • The period marks the gradual decline of the civilisation, with a breakdown of urban centres and the establishment of rural networks.
  • Towards the end of the phase, most post-urban sites were abandoned.

Uddyotana Suri is the author of Jain literature Kuvalayamala.

Key Points

• In 779 AD, the scholarly monk Uddyotana Suri composed a long novel named Kuvalayamala.
• This Jain literature was written in kavya style and in a mixed form of prose and verse.
• It was named after name of its central character the Princess Kuvalayamala.
• Much like Bana, who recounts the story of the love affair between Prince Candraplda and the Apsaras Kadambari, Uddyotana presents to his readers the quest of Prince Kuvalayacandra for Princess Kuvalayamala.
• Uddyotana Suri skillfully integrates this story into the adventure of religious initiation undergone by the characters struggling against their own passions who attain deliverance in the end.

• The author was able to present a mirror of the complexity of the world with all its sufferings and all of its joys and to convey to his audience the fundamental value of Jainism.

Therefore, we can conclude that Uddyotana Suri is the author of Jain literature Kuvalayamala.

Additional Information

The correct answer is All of the above.

• It was the Portuguese who first discovered an instantaneous sea route to India.
  • Portuguese sailor Vasco da Gama received Calicut, a crucial seaport located in South-West India on May 20, 1498 AD.
  • King Zamorin, the local rule, received him and bestowed on him certain privileges. After staying in India for a period of three months Vasco da Gama returned with an upscale cargo which he sold within the European market at an exorbitant price- 60 times the cost of his voyage.
• The last European people to arrive in India were the French.
  • The French East India Company was formed in 1664 AD during the reign of King Louis XIV to trade with India.
  • In 1668 AD the French established their first factory at Surat and in 1669 AD established another French factory at Masaulipatam.
  • In 1673 AD the Mughal Subedar of Bengal allowed the French to line up a township at Chandernagore.
• The arrival of the British and thus the establishment of the British East India Company was the result of the Portuguese traders who earn enormous profit by selling their merchandise in India.
  • After the good successful business stories of the Portuguese a gaggle of English merchants -‘Merchant Adventurers’ formed a company- the Malay Archipelago Company in 1599 AD.
  • The Company received a charter from Queen Elizabeth on New Year's Day Eve, 1600 AD authorizing it to trade the East.
• Queen Elizabeth was a shareholder within the East India Company.
• So, All the above statements given in the Question are correct.​

Sarojini Naidu was first Indian woman to become President of INC; first woman was Annie Besant. Thus, first statement is incorrect. Second is correct. Third is incorrect because she was awarded by British “Kaiser-i-Hind medal” for her work during the plague epidemic in India.

The correct answer is Both (A) and (B) are true.Key Points

• The question is about two statements related to Provincial Autonomy in India.
• Option 1 is the correct answer as both statements (A) and (B) are true.
• The government announced elections to the Provincial legislatures in 1937, which was a significant step towards Provincial Autonomy.
• After the election results, the Congress formed governments in 7 out of 11 Provinces, which further strengthened the idea of Provincial Autonomy.
• This led to the formation of Provincial Governments that had the power to make decisions in their respective regions.
• This was a crucial step towards India's eventual independence from British rule.
• Option 2 is incorrect as both statements are not false.
• Option 3 is incorrect as statement (A) is true.
• Option 4 is incorrect as statement (B) is true.

The correct answer is 2, 3, 1, 4.Key Points

• The correct hierarchy of rule in the Pala dynasty is as follows:
  • Gopala (around c.750 CE)
  • Dharmapala (c.770−810 CE)
  • Devapala (c. 810−850 CE)
  • Ramapala (c. 1072−1126 CE)

Additional Information

• Gopala (around c.750 CE)
  • Gopala was an ardent Buddhist and according to Buddhist scholar Taranatha, Gopala built the famous monastery at Odantapuri.
• Dharmapala (c.770−810 CE)
  • Though he initially suffered defeats at the hands of the Pratiharas and the Rashtrakutas (he was defeated by the Rashtrakuta king, Dhruva, who had earlier defeated the Pratihara ruler too), later he conquered large parts of northern India and raised the Pala empire to great heights.
• Devapala (c. 810−850 CE)
  • Extended the empire to include Pragyoytishpur/Kamarupa (Assam), parts of Orissa(Utkala), and modern Nepal.
  • He claimed to have extracted tribute from the whole of northern India, from the Himalayas to the Vindhyas, and from the eastern to the western oceans.
• Ramapala (c. 1072−1126 CE)
  • The last strong Pala ruler, who gained control of Kamarupa and Kalinga and again revived Pala fortunes in the 11th century.
  • He was mentioned in Sandhyakar Nandi’s Ramcharita, which describes the Kaivarta peasant rebellion.

Lord Wellesley came to India with purpose of making EIC the sole arbiter of India's fate. He, indiscriminately, used the "Subsidiary Alliance policy” to subjugate princely states in Indian subcontinent. In the process he fought Fourth Anglo-Mysore war, second Anglo-Maratha war and made significant territorial gains Upper Doab, in Rajputana etc. He also forced the Subsidiary Alliance treaty on the Nawab of Oudh and acquired Allahabad, Gorakhpur etc. He by bringing coastal states under protection of company not only checked menace of Napoleon but through his territorial gain also ensured direct land connectivity and communication between presidencies of Calcutta, Madras, Bombay, thus strengthening administration and defence of company’s interest.

Megasthenes has mentioned an Officer Astynomoi who was related with 'Town Officials'.

Key Points

• Megasthenes was an ambassador who was sent to the court of Chandragupta Maurya by the Greek ruler, Seleucus Nicator.
• He wrote a book entitled ‘Indica’ which gives information about the Mauryan period.
• In his book, Megasthenes mentioned about the administration of the capital city, towns and rural areas.
• The capital city and towns was administered by officials called 'Astynomois'.
• The rural areas were administered by officals called 'Agronomois'.
• The 'Astynomois' were 30 in number and were divided into 6 committees of 5 members each.
• These committees were in charge of:
  • ​industrial arts
  • entertainment and surveillance of foreigners
  • maintaining records of births and deaths
  • trade and commerce
  • supervising the public sale of goods

  • collection of taxes on merchandise sold in the market

Hence, we can conclude that an officer Astynomoi was related with 'Town Officials'.

Permanent Settlement was introduced in Bengal and Bihar in 1793 by Lord Cornwallis.

1) The man who planned the system was John Shore, who succeeded Cornwallis as Governor-General.

2) The zamindars were not only to act as agents of the government in collecting land revenue from the ryots but also to become the owners of the entire land in their zamindaris.

3) Their right of ownership was transferable but hereditary.

The correct match is as follows: 

List I

A-Subhash Chandra Bose

B-Vallabhbhai Patel

C-Iqbal

D-Batukeshwar Dutt

List II

2- Haripura convention of Indian National Congress

3- Operation Polo

4- The Muslim League's Allahabad convention of 1930

1- Bombing of Central Government Bombing

The Public Works Department in India in 1848 was started by Lord Dalhousie. Before this, the job of the Public Works Department was done by the Military Board. Dalhousie created a separate Public Works Department and allotted more funds for making canals and roads.

The founder of the autonomous kingdom of Awadh was Saadat Khan Burhan-ul Mulk who was appointed Governor of Awadh in 1722. He was an extremely bold, energetic, iron-willed, and intelligent person. The state of Hyderabad was founded by Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jha in 1724. He was one of the leading nobles of the post-Aurangzeb era. Murshid Quli Khan was made governor of Bengal as late as 1717, he had been its effective ruler since 1700, when he was appointed his dewan. He soon freed himself from the central control though he regularly sent large tribute to the Emperor. At the beginning of the 18th century Kerela was divided up among a large number of feudal chiefs and rajas. Martanda Varma used his new army to expand northwards and the boundaries of Travencore soon extended from Kanya Kumari to Cochin.

The correct answer is ​option 1.

• Early classical Tamil literature is known as Sangam literature meaning fraternity‘, indicating mainly 2 schools of poets, aham (subjective love poems), and Puram (objective, public poetry and heroic).
• Aham deals purely with the subjective emotions of the lover.
• Puram deals with all kinds of emotions, mainly the valour and glory of kings, and about good and evil.
• The Aham and Puram poems belong to post Sangam period (100 to 500 A.D).
• Based on Period of Composition, Patinenmelkanakku works composed between 200 BCE to 100 BCE. It is the oldest surviving Tamil poetry. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Thirukkural is the first Dravidian work for ethics.
• It has been translated into many languages including foreign languages.
• It discusses epics, love, and polity and governance.
• They are the earliest available literary works. Hence, statement 2nd is incorrect.

Important Points

Sangam literature :

• It was produced over a period of 3 to 4 centuries by poets who assembled in colleges patronised by chiefs and kings, such colleges were called Sangam.
• It comprises about 30,000 lines of poetry, which are arranged in 8 anthologies called Ettuttokai.
• It is secular in nature. it doesn't contain religious literature.
• They are not primitive songs, but they show a high quality of literature.
• It can be divided into two groups,

Narrative - called Melkannakku or 18 major works.

• Work of heroic poetry, in which heroes are glorified and wars and cattle raids mentioned.
• The narrative Sangam text also gives some idea of the state formation in which the army consisted of groups of warriors; a taxation system and Judiciary.

Didactic - called Kilkanakku or 18 minor works.

• It was the work of Brahmana Prakrit-Sanskrit scholars.
• It covers the early centuries of the Christian era.
• Also, prescribe a code of conduct not only for the king and his court but also for various social groups and occupations.

People have lived along the banks of rivers for several hundred thousand years. Some of the earliest people who lived there were skilled gatherers, that is, the people who gathered food.

Important Points

• The earliest people who lived in Narmada Valley were skilled hunters and gatherers. They lived by hunting animals and gathering food. So the correct match for Narmada Valley is "Hunting and Gathering".
• Magadha is the kingdom located to the south of River Ganga. it was a very powerful kingdom with powerful rulers. And hence it was obvious it was the first big kingdom. So the correct match for Magadha is "First big kingdom".
• The areas around Garo hills were the places where early agriculture developed. So the correct match for Garo hills is "Early agriculture".
• About 4700 years ago, some of the earliest cities flourished on the banks of Indus and Its tributaries. So the correct match for Indus and its tributaries is "The first cities'.
• About 2500 years ago, cities developed on the banks of the Ganga and its tributaries, and along the seacoasts. So the correct match for Ganga Valley is "Cities about 2500 years ago".

From the above, we can conclude that the pair 'Garo Hills - The big kingdom' is incorrect.

The Nalanda University was founded by Gupta emperor Kumargupta I. He adopted the title of Mahendraditya. It was established in 5th century.

All the given festivals are actually regional. Different states celebrate these festivals based on their customs and rituals.

The correct match is:

FESTIVAL

1. Navreh

2. Cheti Chand

3. Ugadi

4. Rongali Bihu

PLACE

a. Kashmir

b. Sindh

c. Andhra Pradesh

d. Assam