Kerala SET Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 (History) - KTET MCQ

Explanation:

Let's look at the options mentioned here:

• The rulers of Aryavarta.
  • There were nine rulers who were uprooted, and their kingdoms were made a part of Samudragupta’s empire.
• The rulers of Dakshinapatha.
  • There were twelve rulers in the Dakshinapatha.
  • They surrendered to Samudragupta after being defeated and he then allowed them to rule again.
  • Thus, statement C is true.
• Inscription inscribed on the Ashokan pillar at Allahabad was composed as a Kavya by Harishena in praise of Samudragupta.
  • He was a poet and a minister at the court of Samudragupta.
  • This inscription is of a special kind known as a Prashasti, a Sanskrit word, meaning ‘in praise of’.
• Aihole, the capital of the Chalukyas, was an important trading centre.
  • It developed as a religious center, with a number of temples.
  • The Pallavas and Chalukyas frequently raided one another’s lands, especially attacking the capital cities, which were prosperous towns.
  • Thus, statement D is false.

Thus, we can say that only statement C is true.

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points

• The self-respect movement led by E. V. Ramaswami Naicker and the Mahad Satyagraha by Dr B.R Ambedkar was caste-based movements. Hence statement 1 is correct.
  • They fought against the oppression by upper castes and for the upliftment of the depressed classes and untouchables. Hence statement 2 is correct.
• These movements did not occur as an offshoot of the NonCooperation movement.
  • They happened after the Non- Cooperation movement but were the result of the awakened consciousness of the educated amongst the depressed classes. Hence statement 3 is incorrect.

​Self-respect movement

• Self-Respect Movement was a dynamic social movement aimed at destroying the contemporary Hindu social order in its totality and creating a new, rational society without caste, religion and god.
• The self-Respect Movement was started by E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker in Tamil Nadu in 1925.
• It was an egalitarian movement that propagated the ideologies of breaking down the Brahminical hegemony, equal rights for the backward classes and women in the society and revitalization of the Dravidian languages like Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, and Malayalam

The Mahad Satyagraha

• In 1926, the Municipal Board of Mahad, Maharashtra passed orders to throw open the famous tank of Mahad city to all communities.
• Earlier, untouchables were not allowed to use water from the Mahad tank.
• High-caste Hindus opposed this order of the Municipal Board.
• In response, Ambedkar organized a conference of ten thousand untouchable delegates at Mahad on March 20, 1927, to support the decision of the Municipal Board.
• Ambedkar, in his presidential address, stressed the necessity of rooting out ideas of highness or lowness and inculcating self-elevation through self-help, self-respect and self-knowledge.
• After the conference, all delegates marched to the tank and asserted their right to drink and take water from the tank.
• A Satyagrah Conference was organised at Mahad on December 25, 1925, which demanded that Hindu society should be organised on the basis of equality and the absence of casteism.
• It was also resolved to burn Manusmriti, as according to Ambedkar, it perpetuated the social, economic, religious and political slavery of the untouchables.
• As per the resolution, Manusmriti was burnt on December 25, 1927.

Legacy of Mahad Satyagraha

• Mahad Satyagraha was the first collective protest of untouchables under the leadership of Dr Bhim Rao Ambedkar.
• This movement was withdrawn but gave confidence to the untouchables to fight against social disability.
• Every year, March 20 is observed as Social Empowerment day in India to commemorate the Mahad Satyagrah

​So, option 1 is correct.

The correct chronology of the given events that occurred during the reign of Akbar is: b, d, a, c

Key Points

• Akbar laid the foundation of an empire based on equal rights to all citizens, irrespective of their religious beliefs.
• After marrying Jodha Bai of Amber, he abolished jizya in 1564 CE and also the pilgrim tax in 1563 CE.
• The liberal principles of the empire were strengthened by bringing able Hindus into the nobility.
• For instance, Raja Todar Mal rose to the post of diwan and Birbal who was a constant companion of Akbar.
• Akbar was deeply interested in religion and philosophy.
• In 1575 CE, Akbar built a hall called Ibadat Khana or the Hall of Prayer at his new capital, Fatehpur Sikri wherein he invited learned scholars from all religions like Hinduism, Jainism, Christianity and Zoroastrianism and used to conduct religious discussions with them.
• In 1579 CE, Akbar also issued a declaration or mahzar which was called “Decree of Infallibility” by which he asserted his religious powers.
• He was entitled to choose any of the interpretations of the holy book, Quran, if there were a difference of opinion among the ulamas.

• In 1582 CE, he set up a new religion called Din-i-Ilahi/Tawhid-i-Ilahi (Divine Monotheism) which believes in one God and Sulh-i-Kul i.e, equal toleration and respect to all religious sects. It contained the good points of various religions.

Hence, we can conclude that the correct chronology of the given events that occurred during the reign of Akbar is:

Administration in Delhi Sultanate:

• Finance: Diwan-i-Wizrat
• Military: Diwas-i-Ariz
• Judicial: Diwan-i-Qaza
• Foreign Affairs: Diwan-i-Rasalat. Hence, option A is correct.
• Cooperation: Diwan-i-Insha

The correct answer is (a), (b), (e), (d) are false & (c) (f) are true.

Key Points

• Harishena composed a prashasti in praise of Gautamiputra Shri Satakarni. False
• The rulers of Aryavarta brought tribute for Samudragupta. False
• There were twelve rulers in Dakshinapatha. True
• Taxila and Madurai were important centres under the control of the Gupta rulers. False
• Aihole was the capital of the Pallavas. False
• Local assemblies functioned for several centuries in south India. True

• The Varmans of Kamarupa are remembered for their Expansion through military conquests
• The Varman dynasty, which ruled the Kamarupa kingdom located in the region corresponding to present-day Assam and surrounding areas, is primarily known for its expansion through military conquests and its strong rulers who extended the kingdom's boundaries.
• This dynasty, which flourished between the 4th and 7th centuries, is remembered for stabilizing and consolidating the kingdom, thereby laying the foundation for the future growth and prosperity of the region.
• The Varmans were significant in the early historical context of Assam, not for the patronage of Christianity, the invention of the Bengali script, or the establishment of Islamic universities, but for their contributions to the territorial expansion and consolidation of their kingdom.
  Additional Information
• ​Territorial Expansion and Consolidation:

  The Varman kings were adept at military strategy, which allowed them to extend their domain significantly. Through a series of conquests and the assertion of power over neighboring territories, they managed to enlarge their kingdom. This not only increased their realm but also their influence over a larger geographic region, contributing to the political unification and stability of the area under their control.

• Establishment of a Strong Kingdom:
  The military conquests under the Varman dynasty were instrumental in establishing Kamarupa as a formidable kingdom in Northeast India. Their successful campaigns against various tribes and neighboring kingdoms laid the groundwork for a stable and centralized administrative system, paving the way for the prosperity and cultural development of the region.

• Defense against External Aggression:
  The Varmans also played a crucial role in defending their kingdom against external aggressions. Their military prowess was not just about expansion but also about protecting their territory from invasion and influence by neighboring powers. This defense capability helped maintain the sovereignty and cultural identity of Kamarupa during their rule.

• Legacy:
  The legacy of the Varman dynasty in military expansion contributed significantly to the socio-political scenario of ancient Northeast India. Their rule is marked by not just territorial gains but also the establishment of a structured governance system that influenced subsequent periods.

• The Varman dynasty's focus was on the expansion through military conquests and the subsequent stabilization of their rule, which laid the foundations for the growth of the Kamarupa kingdom. Their contributions are a significant part of the region's history, highlighting their importance in the early political formations and state-building processes in ancient India.

All given statements are correct. Jain philosophy rejected the existence of created god. They denied the authority of vedas. They accepted the doctrine of Karma and rebirth. They separate body from the soul.

The Vijayanagar army was well-organized and efficient. It consisted of the cavalry, infantry, artillery and elephants. High-breed horses were procured from foreign traders. The top-grade officers of the army were known as Nayaks or Poligars. They were granted land in lieu of their services. These lands were called “Amaram”. Soldiers were usually paid in cash.

The correct answer is Only three​.

Key Points

Societal Condition during Rashtrakutas:

• Varna system prevailed during the Rashtrakutas.
• Numerous social groups existed. The Brahmans had the highest prestige of the four varnas.
• The Kshatriyas' advantages were equal to those of the Brahmana in actuality.
• The Vaishyas' position had significantly deteriorated.
• In actual practice, the privileges of the Kshatriyas were no less than those of the Brahmana.
• The Bhakti movements led by Nayanars and Alvars which preached the footing equality of man with man narrowed down the gulf between the high and low castes. Hence, the period witnessed improvement in the position of the Sudras. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• The untouchables had come to be excluded from mainstream life.
• The joint family system was the order of the day. Widows and daughters were recognized as heirs to the property. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Sati system was not popular in the Deccan. Child marriage had become common in society. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.
• The Hindu sects of Vaishnavism and Saivism flourished during the period of Rashtrakutas. Hence, statement 4 is correct.
  • Yet, they did not affect the progress of Jainism under the patronage of Rashtrakuta kings and officers.
  • There were some prosperous Buddhist settlements in places like Kanheri, Sholapur and Dharwar.
  • There was harmony among various religions.
• There was a college at Salatogi, situated in modern Bijapur district. An inscription gives details of this educational centre.
• The social and economic conditions during this period find mentioned in many literary sources such as Dharmasastras and the accounts of the Arab writers.

Ramananda was the first Bhakti Saint to use Hindi for the propagation of his message in 14th century, which popularised his preaching among local people.

Ajanta Paintings are considered to be the ‘fountainhead of all the classic paintings in Asia’. It is the most beautiful embodiment of buddhist art. the artistic impulses and traditions born in ajanta, travelled along the trade routes to inspire painters in afghanistan, central asia and china and from there to korea and japan. along another trade route, travelling southwards, the art of ajanta reached sri lanka and thence onwards to the countries of south east asia.

The correct answer is None of the above.
Key-Points

• On February 18, 1946, some 1100 Royal Indian Navy (RIN) ratings of HMIS Talwar went on a strike to protest against
  • racial discrimination (demanding equal pay for Indian and white soldiers)
  • unpalatable food
  • abuse by superior officers
  • the arrest of a rating for scrawling ‘Quit India’ on HMIS Talwar
  • INA trials
  • use of Indian troops in Indonesia, demanding their withdrawal. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• Although, there were mass protests in the country extending full support to the RIN. However, Congress did not officially support these upsurges because of their tactics and timing. Patel and Jinnah persuaded the ratings to surrender on February 23 with an assurance that national parties would prevent any victimization. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• The Hindu Muslim unity was not as progressive as it was evident. The Muslim member of RIN sought the advice of the League, while others turned to Congress. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.

Additional Information

Indian National Army (INA)

• In 1939, Subash Chandra Bose resigned from the congress and organized Forward Bloc for a more vigorous national struggle.
• The government first imprisoned him, and thereafter kept him confined to his house under close watch. In 1941, Subash Chandra Bose escaped from India to the Soviet Union for help.
• Later the Soviet Union joined hands with its allies. This made Bose escape to Germany. In 1943 he reached Japan and organize an armed struggle against British rule with Japanese help.
• In 1942 Capitan Mohan Singh formed INA comprising the captured Indian soldiers along with the Indian Independence league of Rash Bihari Bose.
• This first INA collapsed and was disbanded in December that year after differences between the INA leadership (Mohan Singh) and the Japanese military over its role in Japan’s war in Asia.
• It was revived under the leadership of Subhash Chandra Bose after his arrival in Southeast Asia in 1943.
• In July, at a meeting in Singapore, Rash Behari Bose handed over control of the organization to Subhas Chandra Bose.
• In 1944 the INA tried to invade India through Imphal and Kohima but the campaign failed. The INA members were imprisoned and tried. People across the country, from all walks of life, participated in the movement against the INA trials.

Rebellion by Naval Ratings

• On February 18, 1946, some 1100 Royal Indian Navy (RIN) ratings of HMIS Talwar went on a strike to protest against
  • racial discrimination (demanding equal pay for Indian and white soldiers)
  • unpalatable food
  • abuse by superior officers
  • the arrest of a rating for scrawling ‘Quit India’ on HMIS Talwar
  • INA trials
  • use of Indian troops in Indonesia, demanding their withdrawal.
• The rebellious ratings hoisted the tricolor, crescent, and the hammer and sickle flags on the mast of the rebel fleet. Other ratings soon joined and they went around Bombay in lorries holding Congress flags threatening Europeans and policemen. Crowds brought food to the ratings and shop- keepers invited them to take whatever they needed.
• Patel and Jinnah persuaded the ratings to surrender on February 23 with an assurance that national parties would prevent any victimization.

The correct answer is Harprasad Shastri.

Key Points

• Many scholars have opined that either Asoka's political decisions or the effects of these decisions were responsible for the disintegration of the Mauryan empire.
• Their arguments generally focus on the drawbacks of Asoka's religious policy.
• Scholars like Harprasad Shastri suggested that the discontent of the Brahmin community led to the downfall of the Maurya Empire. Hence, option 4 is the correct answer.
• There are those scholars who maintain that Pushyamitra Sunga, who killed the last Mauryan emperor represented a strong Brahmanical reaction against the pro-Buddhist policy of Asoka and the pro-Jain policy of some of his successors.
• Moreover, the Satavahanas who rose to power in the Deccan after the Mauryas were also said to have been Brahmanas.
• These scholars list a series of acts done by Asoka himself which may have antagonized the Brahmanas.
• For example, the ban on animal sacrifices is considered one which was especially resented, since this action was taken by a Shudra King (according to the Purana accounts the Mauryas are listed as Shudras).
• They suggest that the Dhammamahamattas, as special officers of Dhamma appointed by Asoka, destroyed the prestige of the Brahmanas.
• These officials disallowed Bramanas to continue their traditional laws of punishment and other Smriti injunctions.

The correct answer is 1 and 3 only.​
Key-Points

The main points in the CR (C. Rajagopalachari) Plan were:

• Muslim League to endorse Congress's demand for independence. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• League to cooperate with Congress in forming a provisional government at the center.
• After the end of the war, the entire population of Muslim majority areas in the North-West and North-East India to decide by a plebiscite, whether or not to form a separate sovereign state. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• In case of acceptance of partition, agreement to be made jointly for safeguarding defense, commerce, communications, etc. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Additional Information

Objections to CR plan:

• Jinnah wanted Congress to accept the two-nation theory. He wanted only the Muslims of the North-West and North-East to vote in the plebiscite and not the entire population.
• He also opposed the idea of a common center.
• While the Congress was ready to cooperate with the League for the independence of the Indian Union, the League did not care for the independence of the Union. It was only interested in a separate nation.
• Hindu leaders led by Vir Savarkar condemned the CR Plan.

August Offer (Aug 1940)

• The main proposals of the mission were as follows.
  • An Indian Union with a dominion status would be set up; it would be free to decide its relations with the Commonwealth and free to participate in the United Nations and other international bodies.
  • After the end of the war, a constituent assembly would be convened to frame a new constitution. Members of this assembly would be partly elected by the provincial assemblies through proportional representation and partly nominated by the princes.
  • The British government would accept the new constitution subject to two conditions: (i) any province not willing to join the Union could have a separate constitution and form a separate Union, and (ii) the new constitution-making body and the British government would negotiate a treaty to effect the transfer of power and to safeguard racial and religious minorities.
  • In the meantime, the defense of India would remain in British hands and the governor-general’s powers would remain intact.
• It was opposed by: Muslim League, INC, Hindu Mahasabha, Liberals, Depressed class, Sikh.

Bairam Khan
Key Points

• Regent and Chief Minister: Guided Akbar (13) after his father's death, securing the throne against rivals.
• Military Leader: Won crucial battles like Panipat (1556) consolidating Mughal power.
• Administrator: Implemented policies and expanded empire territories.

Additional Information

• In1556, Humayun died while on an expedition to reconquer his lost kingdom. Bairam Khan was at that time leading a campaign in Punjab. He immediately rushed back to Agra and took charge of the Mughal government as the regent of the young Akbar, who was only 13 years old.
• Bairam Khan played a crucial role in the early years of Akbar's reign. He guided and mentored the young emperor, helping him to consolidate his power and expand the Mughal empire. He also introduced a number of important reforms, including the Zabti system of land revenue assessment.
• In 1560, Bairam Khan was dismissed from his position as regent and chief minister. This was due to a number of factors, including his growing power and influence, his disagreements with Akbar over policy, and the jealousy of other nobles.
• After his dismissal, Bairam Khan was given the option of going on pilgrimage to Mecca or being granted a jagir (fiefdom). He chose to go on pilgrimage, but was assassinated on his way to Mecca in 1561.

The correct answer is a, b, and c only.
Key-Points

• The important points of the Mountbatten plan were as follows:
  • Punjab and Bengal Legislative Assemblies would meet in two groups, Hindus and Muslims, to vote for partition. If a simple majority of either group voted for partition, then these provinces would be partitioned. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
  • In the case of partition, two dominions and two constituent assemblies would be created.
  • Sindh would take its own decision.
  • Referendums in NWFP and Sylhet district of Bengal would decide the fate of these areas. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
  • Independence for princely states ruled out—they would join either India or Pakistan. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
  • independence for Bengal ruled out;
  • accession of Hyderabad to Pakistan ruled out (Mountbatten supported the Congress on this).
  • freedom to come on August 15, 1947.
  • a boundary commission to be set up if the partition was to be effected.

Additional Information

Quit India Movement

• AICC Meeting at Gowalia Tank, Bombay
  • Quit India resolution ratified. Gandhi was named the leader of the movement.
  • Demanded an immediate end to British rule.
  • Form a provisional government in India after the British withdrew.
  • Sanction a civil disobedience movement against British rule.
• Directions were given to other sections of the society
  • Government servants- Do not quit, but support Congress.
  • Soldiers- Do not quit the army but do not fire on the Indians.
  • Students- If confident, quit schools and participate.
  • Peasants- Pay mutually agreed rent to anti-government zamindars, else don’t pay.
  • Princely states- Support your Ruler only if he is anti-British.
• Spread of the Movement
  • Gandhiji carefully created tempo from individual satyagraha to mass movements.
  • The government did not wait long and immediately arrested all senior leaders.
  • Youth engaged in actions all across the provinces- hoisting flags, blowing up railway lines, telegraph lines, individual satyagraha, and even offered themselves to be arrested.
  • Underground leadership to guide youth, provide arms and ammunition.
  • Usha Mehta started an underground radio in Bombay.
  • Parallel governments were being formed-
    • Ballia, UP - Chittu Pandey.
    • Tamluk, Midnapore, Bengal - relief activities, grants to schools, supply paddy from rich to poor. Organized “Bidyut Bahinis” .
    • Satara, Maharastra - named “Prati sarkar” .Leaders like YB Chavan, Nana Patil headed the movement. Activities like village libraries, nyayadan mandals, Gandhi marriages conducted.

The Vedic literature was composed in Sanskrit. The correct sequence of Vedic literature is Vedic Samhitas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upnishadas.

The correct order is (iii), (iv), (ii), (i)

Key Points

• Revolt of Mahabat Khan:
  • Mahabat Khan was a noble who had served Jahangir's father, Akbar, and Jahangir himself.
  • He became angry with Jahangir after being demoted from his position as governor of Punjab.
  • In 1626, Mahabat Khan led a rebellion against Jahangir, which was quickly put down by the emperor's forces.
  • Mahabat Khan was captured and imprisoned, and eventually died in captivity.
• Khurram was Viceroy of the Deccan:
  • Khurram was one of Jahangir's sons, who would later become the emperor Shah Jahan.
  • In 1615, Jahangir appointed Khurram as the viceroy of the Deccan region of India, which was a very important and lucrative post.
  • Khurram carried out several successful military campaigns in the Deccan during his tenure as viceroy, which increased his prestige and power.
• Captain Hawkins visit to his court:
  • Captain William Hawkins was an English trader who visited Jahangir's court in 1609.
  • He was the first Englishman to receive permission to establish a trading factory in India, which he did in Surat.
  • Hawkins' visit to Jahangir's court was marked by several misunderstandings and cultural clashes, but he was eventually able to establish a friendly relationship with the emperor.
• Sir Thomas Roe's arrival at Jahangir's court:
  • Sir Thomas Roe was an English diplomat who arrived at Jahangir's court in 1615.
  • He was sent by King James I to establish better trade relations with the Mughal Empire.

  • Roe was able to negotiate several important trade agreements with Jahangir, which helped to increase English trade in India.

Hence the correct chronological order is:

The correct answer is 3 only.​
Key Points

The Cripps Mission was sent to India because-

• The main proposals of the mission were as follows.
• After the end of the war, a constituent assembly would be convened to frame a new constitution solely by Indians. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• Members of this assembly would be partly elected by the provincial assemblies through proportional representation and partly nominated by the princes. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• The British government would accept the new constitution subject to two conditions: (i) any province not willing to join the Union could have a separate constitution and form a separate Union, and (ii) the new constitution-making body and the British government would negotiate a treaty to effect the transfer of power and to safeguard racial and religious minorities. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.

Additional Information

Cripps mission

• The main proposals of the mission were as follows.
  • An Indian Union with a dominion status would be set up; it would be free to decide its relations with the Commonwealth and free to participate in the United Nations and other international bodies.
  • After the end of the war, a constituent assembly would be convened to frame a new constitution. Members of this assembly would be partly elected by the provincial assemblies through proportional representation and partly nominated by the princes.
  • The British government would accept the new constitution subject to two conditions: (i) any province not willing to join the Union could have a separate constitution and form a separate Union, and (ii) the new constitution-making body and the British government would negotiate a treaty to effect the transfer of power and to safeguard racial and religious minorities.
  • In the meantime, the defense of India would remain in British hands and the governor-general’s powers would remain intact.
• It was opposed by: Muslim League, INC, Hindu Mahasabha, Liberals, Depressed class, Sikh.

In 1667 AD Francois Caron establish First French Factory in India.Key Points

• In 1667 AD, François Caron, a Dutch-born merchant who was working for the French East India Company, established the first French factory in India.
• The factory was located in Surat, a major port city in Gujarat.
• This was the beginning of French colonial expansion in India, which would eventually lead to the establishment of French India.
• The factory in Surat was a success, and it helped to pave the way for the establishment of other French factories in India.
• In 1669, another French factory was established in Masulipatnam, a port city in Andhra Pradesh.
• In 1673, the French East India Company established a trading post in Pondicherry, which would eventually become the capital of French India.
• The French East India Company was one of the three major European trading companies that competed for control of trade in India during the 17th and 18th centuries.
• The other two companies were the Dutch East India Company and the British East India Company.
• The French company was never as successful as the British company, but it did manage to establish a number of colonies in India, including Pondicherry, Chandannagar, and Mahé.
• The French colonies in India were eventually annexed by the British during the 19th century.

• However, the French legacy can still be seen in India today, in the form of French-style architecture, French cuisine, and the French language.

Therefore the correct answer is 1667 AD.

The correct answer is (A), (B) and (C) all are true.Key Points

• The Palaeolithic period is a prehistoric era that lasted for around 2 million years until 12,000 years ago.
• It is divided into three stages: lower, middle, and upper palaeolithic, based on the development of stone tools and technology.
• Statement (A) is true as it correctly defines the time span of the Palaeolithic period.
• Statement (B) is also true as it describes the division of the period into three stages.
• Statement (C) is correct as it highlights that the palaeolithic period covers 99% of human history, indicating its significance in shaping the evolution of humans.

The correct answer is Rigveda.

Key Points

• Rigveda contains the Gayatri mantra.
• Gayatri mantra is a highly revered mantra dedicated to Savitri.
• Veda, a collection of poems or hymns composed in archaic Sanskrit.
• There are four types of Vedas – Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda.

Important Points

• Rigveda
  • It is the oldest known Vedic Sanskrit text(1800 – 1100 BCE)
  • It has more than 10000 verses.
  • Out of 10 mandalas, Mandala number 1 and 10 are the youngest ones as they were written later than Mandala 2 to 9.
  • The ninth Rigvedic mandala is solely dedicated to Soma.

The fiscal system was established on a firm basis.

1) Warriors and priests, i.e., the Kshatriyas and the Brahmanas, were exempted from the payment of taxes, and the burden fell on the peasants who were mainly vaishyas or grihapatis.

2) Bali, a voluntary payment made by the tribesmen to their chiefs in Vedic times, became a compulsory payment to be made by the peasants in the age of Buddha, and officers called balisadhakas were appointed to collect it.

3) Artisans and traders also had to pay taxes. The tolls were collected by officers known as shulkika or shulkadhaksha.

The correct answer is 2 only.

Key Points

Alha and Udai

• Alha was a legendary general of the Chandella king Parmardi-deva (also known as Parmal), who fought Prithviraj Chauhan in 1182 CE, immortalized in the Alha-Khand ballad. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• The last prominent Chandella ruler was Parmardi-deva or Parmal is still popular due to the heroic deeds of his two Generals ‘Alha’ and ‘Udala’ who own many battles.
• The court poet Jagnik Rao has made their names immortal through his popular ballad (Veer-Kavya) ‘Alha-Khand’. It is recited through-out the hindi speaking masses in the country.
• In 1860 AD an English Officer of the East India Company, Mr. William Waterfield was so impressed with the ballad that he translated it into English under the title name of ‘Lay of Alha’ which was published by the Oxford University Press of England.

• According to the Bhavishya Purana, a text with several interpolated sections that cannot be reliably dated, Alha's mother, Devaki, was a member of the Ahir caste. The Ahirs are among the "oldest pastoralists" and were rulers of Mahoba.

Important PointsBaghelkhand

• Baghelkhand, historical region, eastern Madhya Pradesh state, central India. Known as Dahala before the Muslims, Baghelkhand was held by the warlike Kalacuri dynasty (6th–12th century), whose stronghold was at Kalinjar.
• Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• With the advent of the Baghela Rajputs (warrior caste) in the 14th century, after whom the tract is named, it was absorbed into Rewa state.

Jugantar Patrika was a Bengali revolutionary newspaper founded in 1906 in Calcutta by Barindra Kumar Ghosh, Abhinash Bhattacharya and Bhupendranath Dutt. It was a political weekly. It was founded in March 1906 and served as the propaganda organ for the nascent revolutionary organisation, Anushilan Samiti, that was taking shape in Bengal at the time.

Anushilan Samiti was a Bengali Indian organisation that existed in the first quarter of the twentieth century. It propounded revolutionary violence as the means for ending British rule in India.

Jama Masjid is also known as ‘Shan-i-Fatehpur’.

In British India, the Vernacular Press Act (1878) was enacted to curtail the freedom of the Indian press and prevent the expression of criticism toward British policies—notably, the act was proposed by Lord Lytton, the then Viceroy of India, and was unanimously passed by the Viceroy's Council on 14 March 1878.

The administrative policy of the Company underwent frequent changes during the long period between 1757-1857, however, it never lost sight of its main objects which were to increase the Company’s profit, to enhance the profitability of its Indian possessions to Britain, and to maintain and strengthen the British hold over India; all other purposes were subordinated to these aims. The administrative machinery of the Government of India was designed and developed to serve these ends. The main emphasis in this respect was placed on the maintenance of law and order so that trade with India and exploitation of its resources could be carried on without disturbance.